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All Periodic Signals of Practical Interest Satisfy These Conditions

1) The document discusses the Fourier series representation of periodic signals and the conditions under which the Fourier series converges to the original signal. 2) It states that if a periodic signal satisfies the Dirichlet conditions of having a finite number of discontinuities and maxima/minima per period and being absolutely integrable, its Fourier series representation will be equal to the signal except at discontinuities. 3) It provides three equivalent forms for representing the Fourier series of a real periodic signal using Fourier coefficients, cosine/sine terms, or a combination of both.

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Istiaque Ahmed
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142 views2 pages

All Periodic Signals of Practical Interest Satisfy These Conditions

1) The document discusses the Fourier series representation of periodic signals and the conditions under which the Fourier series converges to the original signal. 2) It states that if a periodic signal satisfies the Dirichlet conditions of having a finite number of discontinuities and maxima/minima per period and being absolutely integrable, its Fourier series representation will be equal to the signal except at discontinuities. 3) It provides three equivalent forms for representing the Fourier series of a real periodic signal using Fourier coefficients, cosine/sine terms, or a combination of both.

Uploaded by

Istiaque Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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234 Frequency Analysis of Signals and Systems Chap.

and therefore the expression for the Fourier coefficients in terms of the given
periodic signal becomes

Since to is arbitrary, this integral can be evaluated over any interval of length T,,
that is, over any interval equal to the period of the signal x ( r ) . Consequently, the
integral for the Fourier series coefficients wiIl be written as

An important issue that arises in the representation of the periodic signai


x(t)by the Fourier series is whether or not the series converges to x ( t ) for every
value of t , that is, if the signal x ( t ) and its Fourier series representation

are equal at every value of t . The so-called Dirichler conditions guarantee that
the series (4.1.5) will be equal to x ( t ) , except at the values of r for which x ( r ) is
discontinuous. At these values of r. (4.1.5) converges to the midpoint (average
value) of the discontinuity. The Dirichlet conditions are:

1. The signal x ( t ) has a finite number of discontinuities in any period.


2. The signal x ( t ) contains a finite number of maxima and minima during any
period.
3. The signal x ( r ) is absolutely integrable in any period, that is.

All periodic signals of practical interest satisfy these conditions.


The weaker condition, that the signat has finite energy in one period.
(4.1.7)

guarantees that the energy in the difference signal

e(f) =x(f) - 2
k=- x
ckcj2rkhr

is zero, although x ( t ) and its Fourier series may not be equal for a11 values of t .
Note that (4.1.6) implies (4.1.7), but not vice versa. Also, both (4.1.7) and the
Dirichlet conditions are sufficient but not necessary conditions (i.e., there are sig-
nals that have a Fourier series representation but do not satisfy these conditions).
In summary, if x ( t ) is periodic and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions, it can
be represented in a Fourier series as in (4.1.1), where the coefficients are specified
by (4.1.4). These relations are summarized below.
Sec. 4.1 Frequency Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals 235

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS-TIME PERIODIC SIGNALS

Analysis equa:ion I=
. 41 dt
~ c - 2 n k r l l ~ (4.1.9)

In _general. the Fourier coefficients c~ are complex valued. Moreover. ir is


easil!, shown that if the periodic signal is real. L.L and c-A are complex conjusates.
As a result. if
cA = 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ' ~ '
then
C-L = IcLI-Jr'k
e

Consequently, the Fourier series may also be represented in the form

where c,, is real valued when .4 ( 1 ) is real.


Finall). we should indicate that yet another form for the Fourier series can
be obtained by expanding the cosine function in (4.1.10) as
cos(?n k FOI + Cli ) = cos 2rrk For cos HL - sin 2rr k For sin HL
Consequently, we can rewrite (4.1.10) in the form

where

The expressions in (4.1.8). (4.1.10). and (4.1.11) constitute three equivalent forms
for the Fourier series representation of a real periodic signal.

4.1.2 Power Density Spectrum of Periodic Signals

A periodic signal has infinite energy and a finite average power, which is given as

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