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    Differential Relay: Power System Protection

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    Abdallah Daldoom
    Differential relays operate when there is a difference between electrical quantities on either side of a protected zone. They compare currents or voltages from both sides to detect internal faults. Current differential relays use two current transformers to compare currents, while voltage differential relays use two voltage transformers. Under normal operation the currents or voltages are balanced and no current flows through the relay. During an internal fault, an imbalance occurs which causes current to flow through the relay, triggering operation to isolate the protected equipment. Differential relays are commonly used to protect transformers from internal faults.

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    Differential Relay: Power System Protection

    Uploaded by

    Abdallah Daldoom
    43 views12 pages
    Differential relays operate when there is a difference between electrical quantities on either side of a protected zone. They compare currents or voltages from both sides to detect internal faults. Current differential relays use two current transformers to compare currents, while voltage differential relays use two voltage transformers. Under normal operation the currents or voltages are balanced and no current flows through the relay. During an internal fault, an imbalance occurs which causes current to flow through the relay, triggering operation to isolate the protected equipment. Differential relays are commonly used to protect transformers from internal faults.

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    Differential Relay

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    Differential relays operate when there is a difference between electrical quantities on either side of a protected zone. They compare currents or voltages from both sides to detect internal faults. Current differential relays use two current transformers to compare currents, while voltage differential relays use two voltage transformers. Under normal operation the currents or voltages are balanced and no current flows through the relay. During an internal fault, an imbalance occurs which causes current to flow through the relay, triggering operation to isolate the protected equipment. Differential relays are commonly used to protect transformers from internal faults.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views12 pages

    Differential Relay: Power System Protection

    Uploaded by

    Abdallah Daldoom
    Differential relays operate when there is a difference between electrical quantities on either side of a protected zone. They compare currents or voltages from both sides to detect internal faults. Current differential relays use two current transformers to compare currents, while voltage differential relays use two voltage transformers. Under normal operation the currents or voltages are balanced and no current flows through the relay. During an internal fault, an imbalance occurs which causes current to flow through the relay, triggering operation to isolate the protected equipment. Differential relays are commonly used to protect transformers from internal faults.

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    of 12

    Differential Relay

    Power system protection


    Introduction:

     The relays used in power system


    protection are of different types. Among
    them differential relay is very
    commonly used relay for protecting
    transformers and generators from
    localized faults.
     Differential relays are very sensitive to
    the faults occurred within the zone of
    protection but they are least sensitive to
    the faults that occur outside the protected
    zone.
    Fig. 1:Diffrantial relay schemes.
    Definition of differential relay:

     Most of the relays operate when any


    quantity exceeds beyond a
    predetermined value for example over
    current relay operates when current
    through it exceeds predetermined value.
     The principle of differential relay is
    somewhat different. It operates
    depending upon the difference between
    Fig. 2:Diffrantial relay schemes with fault.
    two or more similar electrical quantities.
    Principle of work:

     The differential relay is one that operates


    when there is a difference between two
    or more similar electrical quantities
    exceeds a predetermined value.
     In the differential relay scheme circuit,
    there are two currents come from two
    parts of an electrical power circuit. These
    two currents meet at a junction point
    where a relay coil is connected.
    According to Kirchhoff Current Law, the
    resultant current flowing through the
    relay coil is nothing but the summation
    Fig. 3:Diffrantial relay schemes circuit.
    of two currents, coming from two
    different parts of the electrical power
    circuit.
    Principle of work:

     there are two sets of current transformer each connected to either side of the equipment
    protected by differential relay. The ratio of the current transformers are so chosen, the
    secondary currents of both current transformers matches each other in magnitude.
     The polarities of current transformers are such that the secondary current of these CTs
    opposes each other. From the circuit in the previous slide is clear that only if any nonzero
    difference is created between this to secondary currents, then only this differential current
    will flow through the operating coil of the relay. If this difference is more than the peak up
    value of the relay, it will operate to open the circuit breakers to isolate the protected
    equipment from the system.
    Types of Differential Relay:

    1. Current Balance Differential Relay.

    2. Voltage Balance Differential Relay.


    1. Current Balance Differential Relay

     In current differential relay two current


    transformers are fitted on the either side
    of the equipment to be protected. The
    secondary circuits of CTs are connected
    in series
     The operating coil of the over current
    relay is connected across the CT
    secondary circuit. This differential relay
    compares the current at the two ends of
    the alternator winding.
     Under normal operating conditions,
    suppose the alternator winding carries a
    Fig. 4: CT Differential relay under normal condition.
    normal current of 1000 A. Then the
    currents in the two secondaries of CT’s
    are equal [See Fig. 4].
    1. Current Balance Differential Relay

     If a ground fault occurs on the alternator


    winding as shown in [Fig. 5] the two
    secondary currents will not be equal and
    the current flows through the operating
    coil of the relay, causing the relay to
    operate. The amount of current flow
    through the relay will depend upon the
    way the fault is being fed.
     If some current (500 A in this case) flows
    out of one side while a larger current
    (2000 A) enters the other side as shown Fig. 5: CT Differential relay under fault.
    in Fig, 5 then the difference of the CT
    secondary currents i.e. 10 – 2 5 = 7.5 A
    will flow through the relay.
    1. Current Balance Differential Relay

     If current flows to the fault from both


    sides as shown in Fig. then sum of CT
    secondary currents i.e. 10 + 5 = 15 A will
    flow through the relay.

     The current is double from in way fault. Fig. 6:CT Differential relay under fault from booth side.
    2. Voltage Balance Differential Relay
     Fig. 7 shows the arrangement of voltage balance protection. two similar current transformers
    are connected at either end of the element to be protected by means of pilot wires. The
    secondaries of current transformers are connected in series with a relay in such way that under
    normal conditions, their induced e.m.f.s’ are in opposition.

    Fig. 7:VT Differential relay

     Under healthy conditions, equal currents II = I2) flow in both primary windings. Therefore, the
    secondary voltages of the two transformers are balanced against each other and no current will
    flow through the relay operating coil. When a fault occurs in the protected zone, the currents
    in the two primaries will differ from one another (i.e. I1 ≠ I2) and their secondary voltages will
    no longer be in balance. This voltage difference will cause a current to flow through the
    operating coil of the relay which closes the trip circuit.
    Applications:

     current-differential relays for protection of a transformer.


     current-differential relays for delta-wye transformer protection.
     The relay typically trips fault interrupting devices on both sides of the transformer.
     zone of protection
     bus differential relays to a primary-selective system.
    Done by:
    Abdallah Husain Sulieman Daldoom.
    31502020130

    Eng. Esra’a Al-hindi.

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