Prof. Hilaria M. Barsabal Cagayan State University
Prof. Hilaria M. Barsabal Cagayan State University
Barsabal
Cagayan State University
“No amount of experimentation
can ever prove me right; a
single experiment can prove me
wrong.”
Comprehensive Sample
Constant
Variables
Types of variables
Quantitative Qualitative
continuous nominal
Quantitative Qualitative
descrete ordinal
Data and Data Sets
Data are the facts and figures collected,
summarized, analyzed, and interpreted.
The data collected in a particular study are referred
to as the data set.
Elements, Variables, and Observations
Data
Qualitative Quantitative
Nominal
Example:
Students of a university are classified by the
cources they enrolled. BSLMS, BSRT, BSPH,
BSEd and so on.
A numeric code can be used for
the school variable (e.g. 1: BSLMS, 2: BSRT
3: BSPH, and so on).
Scales of Measurement
Ordinal
Ordinal
Example:
Students of a university are classified by their
class standing using a nonnumeric label such as
Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, or Senior.
A numeric code can be used for
the class standing variable (e.g. 1 denotes
Freshman, 2 denotes Sophomore, and so on).
Scales of Measurement
Interval
Interval
Ratio
Example:
The salaries of Policemen is 2.5 times higher
than the salaries of nurses in the Philippines
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
y = f(x)
Which is which here?
Key Factors for High Quality
Experimental Design
Data should not be contaminated by poor
measurement or errors in procedure.
4 Key Elements