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Selected Answers Problem Set 1: 4.1 Antenna Gain

This document contains solutions to problems related to wireless communications. It examines antenna gain calculations, satellite link budgets, and exposure to electromagnetic waves. Key points include: 1) Antenna gain is calculated as the ratio between the antenna's effective area and an isotropic antenna's effective area. 2) For a satellite link at 35,000 km with 11 GHz frequency, the free space path loss is 204 dB, requiring a transmit power of 60 dBW. 3) For antennas 90m apart, Friis' transmission equation cannot be accurately applied due to the distance being much less than the Rayleigh criterion.

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Firas Zeki
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30 views3 pages

Selected Answers Problem Set 1: 4.1 Antenna Gain

This document contains solutions to problems related to wireless communications. It examines antenna gain calculations, satellite link budgets, and exposure to electromagnetic waves. Key points include: 1) Antenna gain is calculated as the ratio between the antenna's effective area and an isotropic antenna's effective area. 2) For a satellite link at 35,000 km with 11 GHz frequency, the free space path loss is 204 dB, requiring a transmit power of 60 dBW. 3) For antennas 90m apart, Friis' transmission equation cannot be accurately applied due to the distance being much less than the Rayleigh criterion.

Uploaded by

Firas Zeki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Selected answers*

Problem set 1
Wireless Communications, 2nd Ed.

4.1 Antenna gain


Antenna gain can be calculated as the ratio between the antenna's effective area and the effective
area of the isotropic antenna. The parabolic antenna has, according to the problem statement, an
effective area of 55% of its physical opening area. The effective area of the isotropic antenna is
. Hence, the antenna gain of the parabolic antenna is

. (1)

4.2 Satellite link


a) At a distance of 35,000 km and a carrier frequency of 11 GHz, the free space propagation loss
is

(1)

The rest of the data needed to draw a link budget is given in the problem statement. The link
budget from the satellite to the ground station becomes:

20 dB

204 dB

60 dB

b) With , the link budget gives us a required transmit power


(2)

4.3 Antenna gain calculations


a) Friis' law can be used if the antennas are “far enough” apart. One distance to compare against
is the Rayleigh distance, which in this case is

. (1)

The 90 m distance considered is way below the Rayleigh distance. We cannot expect Friis' law
to work well. Let's see …
* Note: Solutions provided here are less detailed than the ones expected during the exam. Many steps are excluded.

Ove Edfors Version: 2013-04-24 (14:34)


b) The antenna gains are

(2)

and the free space loss

. (3)

If we assume that Friis' law is valid, the received power at the output power of the receiving
antenna becomes
. (4)
This result can obviously not be true, since it implies that an entirely passive system delivers
11.1 dB more power on its output than what is put into the system.
c) Using the formula for antenna gain for the parabolic antenna, we get an aperture (diameter)

(5)

which we can insert into the formula for the Rayleigh distance and get

. (6)

[4.9] Exposure to electromagnetic waves

BS
10 m

ref MS 1.5 m

3m
dm

The three propagation losses needed are


(1)

(2)

(3)

a) Using simple link budget calculations, the power expressions become


i.

Ove Edfors Version: 2013-04-24 (14:34)


ii.

iii.

iv.

b) The difference (in dB) between and as a function of distance is

(4)
which, plotted between 5 m and 5 km, is shown below.

If distances are beyond about 100 m the “exposure” to electromagnetic waves from the MS is
higher than from the BS. At 5000 m the “exposure” from the MS is about 7 orders of
magnitude higher than from the BS.

Ove Edfors Version: 2013-04-24 (14:34)

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