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Pimbert and Pretty's Types of Participation

Pimbert and Pretty identified 7 types of participation ranging from passive to self-mobilizing. Passive participation involves people being told what will happen without input. Participation for material incentives involves people providing resources like labor in exchange for incentives. Interactive participation involves stakeholders jointly analyzing problems and taking action together. The highest level is self-mobilizing, where people independently take control and make decisions without external influence.

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1K views2 pages

Pimbert and Pretty's Types of Participation

Pimbert and Pretty identified 7 types of participation ranging from passive to self-mobilizing. Passive participation involves people being told what will happen without input. Participation for material incentives involves people providing resources like labor in exchange for incentives. Interactive participation involves stakeholders jointly analyzing problems and taking action together. The highest level is self-mobilizing, where people independently take control and make decisions without external influence.

Uploaded by

muna moono
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pimbert and Pretty’s Types of participation

The idea of the low to high levels of participation is also brought out by Pimbert and Pretty in
1994. The types of participation are summarised in Figure 2 below. In this Figure, the lowest
form of participation is passive participation and the highest is self-mobilizing.

Figure 2 Types of Participation


Type of Participation Characteristics of Participation

Passive Participation People are told what is going to happen or has already
happened. This is a unilateral announcement by an
administration or project management without listening
to people’s responses. Process is top-down. The
information shared belongs only to external
professionals

Participation in information People participate by answering questions posed by


giving extractive researchers, using surveys etc. People are
not able to influence the research as the findings are
neither shared nor checked for accuracy.

Participation by People are consulted and external agents listen to their


consultation views. These external professionals define problems
and solutions and may modify these in light of people’s
responses. Problems are externally defined and
solutions prescribed. People are not really involved in
decision-making

Participation for material People participate by providing resources, for example


incentives labour in return tor food cash or other material
incentives. Much on-farm research falls in this
category, as farmers provide the fields but they are not
involved in the experimentation or the process of
learning. There is little motivation to participate once
the incentives are removed

Functional participation People participate by forming groups to meet


predetermined objectives relating to the project which
involve development or promotion of externally initiated
social organization. Groups are formed to meet
predetermined objectives and usually after major
decisions have been made in the early stages of the
project cycle or the planning phase. The groups are
initially dependent on outsiders but they could become
self reliant afterwards.
Interactive Participation Stakeholders engage in joint analysis and action.
There is possible use of local institutions and
strengthening existing ones. This form of participation
tends to involve interdisciplinary methodologies that
seek multi perspectives and make use of systematic
and structured learning processes. The stakeholders
take control over local decisions, and so people have a
stake in maintaining structures or practices.

Self-mobilizing The already empowered individuals take decisions


independently of external institutions. They develop
contacts with external institutions to resources and
technical advice they need, but retain control over how
resources are used. They may or may not challenge
the existing inequitable distributions of wealth and
power.

Source: Pimbert and Pretty in 1994, Pretty

1.1 Farmers’ Participation in Agricultural Activities


Farmers’ participation in agricultural activities falls in four main forms.

Contractual: The lowest form of participation is contractual where farmers are contracted into
projects of researchers, institutions or organizations to take part in their enquiries, experiments
or business ventures.
Consultative: The second lowest form of participation is consultative where farmers are asked
for their opinions and consulted by researchers before interventions are made.
Collaborative: The third form of participation is collaborative where local farmers work together
on projects designed, initiated and managed by researchers
Collegiate: The fourth and highest form of participation is collegiate where experts or
researchers and local farmers work together as colleagues with different skills to offer, in a
process of mutual respect, necessary insights and where local people have control over the
purpose and the process of the activity.

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