Indices and Logarithms

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

1.1 Finding the value of number given in the form of :-

Type of indices In General Examples
(a) Integer indices (i) positive indices 35  3  3  3  3  3
a n  a  a  a  .....  a
n factors (4)2 
a = base(non zero number)
n = index(positive integer)
(0.2) 3 

3
1
  
5

(ii) negative indices 1

21 =
1 2
a n 
an
32 

 4
2


(b) Fractional indices 1 1

(i) a n  n a 42  42
1
n = positive integer
16 4  [2]
a 0 1
32  5
[2]

 a
m 2
m
(ii) a n
 a 
n m n
27  ( 3 27)2  32  9
3

2
83  [4]
3
16 4  [8]

Notes : Zero Index : a 0  1, where a  0

0
1
Examples : 50  1, 2.20  1, (3)0  1,    1
2
 Indices and Logarithms

ACTIVITY 1:
Find the value for each of the following;
1 1
(a) 64 2  64  8 (b) 8 3
[2]

1 2
4 5
(c) 16 (d) 32
[2] [4]
2 1

(e) 27 3 (f) 25 2

1
[ ]
[9] 2
1 2
1

3 1
(g)   (h)  
8 4
[2] [16]

1 2
 1  1
(i)   (j)  
 32  3
[32] [9]

EXERCISE 1
1. Evaluate the following:
3 1 1
(a) 4 2
(b) (16) 4  1 
(c)  
 25 
[8] [2] [25]

1
(e) (51 )2 
1
 32  5 (f) 4 2
(d)  
 81 
2 1 1
[ ]
[ ] 25 [ ]
3 2

2. Write in index form

1 1 1
(a) (b) 1
p q3 (c)  
 p
[p-1] [q-3]
[p1]
 Indices and Logarithms

LAWS OF INDICES

a m  a n  a m n a m  a n  a mn (a m ) n  a mn

n
a an
(ab)  a b
m m m
   n
b b

ACTIVITY 2:
1. Simplify each of the following:
(a) a 2  a 5  a 25 (b) 52 n  53n
 a7

[55n ]
x6 (d) 4n  2n  23n
(c)
x2

[ x4 ] [1]
1 1
(e) p q 6 4 2
(f) a b 
4 12 4

[ p3 q 2 ] [ab3 ]
1
(h) 16  2n 4
(g)  81p8 q 2  2

[9 p 4 q 1 ] [28 n ]

(i) 32  63  2 1 1
(j)  32  5  125 3

[35  24 ] 2
[ ]
5
(k) 2n1  4  2n1 a 2 n  a 3n
(l)
a2  a4

[4] [a 5 n 6 ]
 Indices and Logarithms

2. LOGARITHMS AND THE LAW OF LOGARITHMS.

_____________________________________________________________________
2.1 Express equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa

Definition of logarithm
If a is a positive number and a  1 , then
Loga N is read as ‘logarithm of N
to the base a’
N  ax  log a N  x
`
(INDEX FORM) (LOGARITHM FORM)
N = Number
a = base
Notes! x = index
 Since a1 = a then loga a = 1
 Since a0 = 1 then loga 1 = 0

We can use this relation to convert from index form to logarithm form or vice versa.

ACTIVITY 3:
1. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithm form:
INDEX FORM LOGARITHM FORM
(a) 43 = 64 log 4 64  3

(b) 34 = 81

1
(c) 2-3 =
8

(d)10-2 = 0.01

1
(e) = 31
3

2. Convert each of the following from logarithm form to index form:

LOGARITHM FORM INDEX FORM
(a) log7 49 = 2 49  7 2

(b) log3 27 = 3

1
(c) log9 3 =
2

(d) log10 100 = 2

1
(e) log5 =-4
16
 Indices and Logarithms

3. Find the value of x .

a) log2 x = 1 b) log10 x = -3
x  21  2
[0.001]
c) log3 x = 4 d) loga x = 0
[81]

4. Find the value

1
(a) log4 16= log 4 42  2 (b) log3 27

[3]
1 (d) log8 2
(c) log2  
2
[-1]
[3]
3 4
(e) log2 2 (f) loga a

[3] [4]
 Indices and Logarithms

2.3 Finding logarithm of a numbers by using the Laws of Logarithms

LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS

loga xy = loga x + loga y

loga xm = m loga x

x
log a   = loga x - loga y
 y

ACTIVITY 5:

1. Evaluate each of the following without using calculator.

(a) log 2 32= log 2 25  5 (b) log 3 27

[3]

(c) log 3 1 (d) log 3 9

[ 0] [2]
(e) log 8 64 (f) log 2 8

[2] [3]

2. Find the value of

(a) log 2 6 + log 2 12 – log 2 18 (b) log 3 18 + 2log 3 6 – log 3 72
 6(12) 
 log 2  
 18 
 log 2 4
2

[2]
 Indices and Logarithms

(c) 2log 4 2 - log 4 3 + log 4 12 (d) log 5 45+ log5 100  log5 10  log5 18

[2] [2]

3.. Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322 . Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log 2 15 (b) log 2 75

[3.907] [6.229]
(c) log 2 20 (d) log 2 1.5

[4.322] [0.585]

5. Given that log3 2 = 0.6309 and log3 5 = 1.4650. Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log 3 10 (b) log 3 18

[2.0959] [2.6309]

(c) log 3 45 (d) log 3 0.3

[3.4650] [-1.0959]
 Indices and Logarithms

2.4 Simplifying logarithmic expressions to the simplest form .

ACTIVITY 6
1. Express each of the following in terms of log a , log b and/or log c .
(a) log  ab  (b) log  a3b 2 

[log a + log b] [3log a + 2log b]

(c) log  ab 2   ab 
3
(d) log  
 c 

[3log a +6 log b]
[log a + log b-logc]

2. Express each of the following in term of log a x and log a y .

(a) log a xy (b) log a x2y3

[log a x  log a y] [2log a x  3log a y]

x2 a 2 x3
(c) log a (d) log a
y y

[2log a x  log a y] [2  3log a x  log a y]

 Indices and Logarithms

3. Write each of the following expressions as single logarithm:

(a) lg 3 + lg 25 = lg 3 + lg 5 (b) 3 lg 2 + 2 lg 3– 2 lg 6

= lg 15

[log 2]

(c) log 2 x + log 2 y 2 (d) lg 6 + 2 lg 4 – lg 8

[ log 2 xy 2 ] [log 12]

(e) lg x +2lg y - 1 1
(f) 3 lg x – lg y4 + 2
2

 xy 2  100 x3 
[ log  [ log  ]
] 2
 y 
 10 
(g) 2log a x - 1 + log a y (h) log 3 x + 2log 3 y – 1

 x2 y   xy 2 
[ log a  [ log 3  ]
]  3 
 a 
(i) log b x + log b y + 1 (j) log a x + log a y – 1

 xy 
[ log a  a  ]
[ logb  xyb ]
 Indices and Logarithms

4. EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

4.1 Solving equations involving indices

METHOD:
1. Comparison of indices or base
(i) If the base are the same , when a x  a y , then x = y
(ii) If the index are the same , when a x  b x , then a = b

2. Using common logarithm

ACTIVITY 9:
1. Solve the following equations:
(a) 3x = 81 (b) 16x = 8

3x  34
x4 3
[ ]
4

(c) 8x+1 = 4 (d) 9x+1 = 3

1 1
[ ] [ ]
3 2
(e) 9x. 3x-1 = 81 (f) 2x + 3 - 42x = 0

5
[ ] [1 ]
3

(g) x 4  81 1
 x 3
(h)
125

[3] [5 ]
 Indices and Logarithms

(c) lg x + lg (2x – 1) = 1 (d) log x 8  5  log x 4

5
[ 2, ]
2 [2]

(e) 3  log x 4  5 log x 2 (f) log5 (2 x  5)  2log5 6  log5 4

[2] [7]

(g) log2 x2 = 3 + log2 (x + 6) (h) log 4 ( x  6)  log 2 3

[-4,12] [3]