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    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Is The Study of Crystals

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    Akhil Sai Krishna
    Crystals are classified into six crystal systems based on their symmetry elements. These systems are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. The cubic system has the highest symmetry with three equal crystallographic axes intersecting at 90 degrees and exhibiting four three-fold axes of symmetry. The triclinic system has the lowest symmetry with all three unequal crystallographic axes intersecting at angles not equal to 90 degrees and no planes or axes of symmetry. The other systems have varying levels of symmetry between these two extremes as defined by their unique axis lengths, intersection angles, and symmetry elements.

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    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Is The Study of Crystals

    Uploaded by

    Akhil Sai Krishna
    284 views9 pages
    Crystals are classified into six crystal systems based on their symmetry elements. These systems are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. The cubic system has the highest symmetry with three equal crystallographic axes intersecting at 90 degrees and exhibiting four three-fold axes of symmetry. The triclinic system has the lowest symmetry with all three unequal crystallographic axes intersecting at angles not equal to 90 degrees and no planes or axes of symmetry. The other systems have varying levels of symmetry between these two extremes as defined by their unique axis lengths, intersection angles, and symmetry elements.

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    Crystals are classified into six crystal systems based on their symmetry elements. These systems are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. The cubic system has the highest symmetry with three equal crystallographic axes intersecting at 90 degrees and exhibiting four three-fold axes of symmetry. The triclinic system has the lowest symmetry with all three unequal crystallographic axes intersecting at angles not equal to 90 degrees and no planes or axes of symmetry. The other systems have varying levels of symmetry between these two extremes as defined by their unique axis lengths, intersection angles, and symmetry elements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    284 views9 pages

    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Is The Study of Crystals

    Uploaded by

    Akhil Sai Krishna
    Crystals are classified into six crystal systems based on their symmetry elements. These systems are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. The cubic system has the highest symmetry with three equal crystallographic axes intersecting at 90 degrees and exhibiting four three-fold axes of symmetry. The triclinic system has the lowest symmetry with all three unequal crystallographic axes intersecting at angles not equal to 90 degrees and no planes or axes of symmetry. The other systems have varying levels of symmetry between these two extremes as defined by their unique axis lengths, intersection angles, and symmetry elements.

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    of 9

    CRYSTAL SYSTEM

    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY: The study of crystals and the laws that govern their
    growth, external shape, and internal structure is called crystallography. It is a division
    of the entire study of mineralogy.
    TYPES OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY: Geometrical, physical, and chemical
    CRYSTAL: Any solid bounded by different definite geometrical faces, having
    repetitive ordered arrangement of atoms or units is called a crystal.
    Crystal Forms
    A crystal may possess only certain combinations of symmetry elements. Only 32
    possibilities exist, and these are the 32 crystal classes that are grouped into six crystal
    systems. Every mineral belongs to one of these crystal classes.
    PLANES OF SYMMETRY
    Any two dimensional surface that, when passed through the center of the crystal,
    divides it into two symmetrical parts that are mirror images is a plane of symmetry.

    AXES OF SYMMETRY
    Any line through the center of the crystal around which the crystal may be rotated so
    that after a definite angular revolution the crystal form appears the same as before is
    termed an axis of symmetry. Depending on the amount or degrees of rotation
    necessary, four types of axes of symmetry are possible when you are considering
    crystallography:
    When rotation repeats form every 60 degrees, then we have 6-fold or HEXAGONAL
    SYMMETRY.
    When rotation repeats form every 90 degrees, then we have 4-fold or
    TETRAGONAL SYMMETRY.
    When rotation repeats form every 120 degrees, then we have 3-fold or TRIGONAL
    SYMMETRY.
    When rotation repeats form every 180 degrees, then we have 2-fold or BINARY
    SYMMETRY.

    THE SIX CRYSTAL SYSTEM


    1. CUBIC SYSTEM (ISOMETRIC SYSTEM)
    Characteristics of Cubic Crystals:
     Three crystallographic axes are all equal in length. (a=b=c)
     Intersect at right angles to each other (===90°)
     Four 3-fold symmetry
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: 9
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: 13 axes (3 tetragonal, 4 trigonal, 6 diagonal)
     Crystal shapes include: Cube, Octahedron, Rhombic dodecahedron, Icosi-
    tetrahedron, Hexacisochedron

    Common Cubic Crystals: Diamond, Fluorite, Garnet, Gold, Pyrite, Spinel, Silver

    2. TERTRAGONAL SYSTEM
    Characteristics of Tetragonal Crystals:
     Two axes are of equal length and are in the same plane, the main axis is either
    longer or shorter. (a=bc)
     Intersect at right angles to each other. (===90°)
     Unique 4-fold symmetry
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: 5
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: 5 axes (4 tetragonal, 1 trigonal)
     Crystal shapes include: Four-sided prisms and pyramids, Trapezohedrons,
    Eight-sided and double pyramids, Icosi-tetrahedron, Hexacisochedron

    Common Tetragonal Crystals: Anatase, Apophyllite, Cassiterite, Chalcopyrite, Rutile,


    Scapolite, Wulfenite, Zircon
    3. HEXAGONAL SYSTEM
    Characteristics of Hexagonal Crystals:
     12 crystal classes divided into two groups: Hexagonal division with a 6-fold
    symmetry axis & Rhombohedral division with a 3-fold symmetry axis
     Three out of the four axes are in one plane, of the same length, and intersect
    each other at angles of 60 degrees. The fourth axis is of a different length and
    intersects the others at right angles. (a=bc) & (=120°, ==90°)
     One 6-fold symmetry
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: 7
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: 7 axes (1 hexagonal, 6 diagonal)
     Crystal shapes include: Four-sided prisms and pyramids, Twelve-sided
    pyramids, Double pyramids

    Common Hexagonal Crystals: Apatite, Aquamarine, Beryl, Cancrinite, Emerald,


    Goshenite, Morganite, Sugilite, Quartz, Zincite
    4. ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM
    Characteristics of Orthorhombic Crystals:
     Three crystallographic axes are of unequal length. (abc)
     Intersect at right angles to each other. (===90°)
     Three 2-fold symmetry
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: 3
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: 3 axes (3 diagonal)
     Crystal shapes include: Pinacoids, Rhombic prisms, Pyramids, Double
    pyramids

    Common Orthorhombic Crystals: Alexandrite, Celestite, Chrysoberyl, Iolite, Olivine,


    Tanzanite, Topaz, Zoisite

    5. MONOCLINIC SYSTEM
    Characteristics of Monoclinic Crystals:
     Three crystallographic axes are of unequal length. (abc)
     Intersect at right angles to each other. (===90°)
     One 2-fold symmetry
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: 1
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: 1 axis (1 diagonal)
     Crystal shapes include: Basal, pinacoids and prisms with inclined end faces

    Common Monoclinic Crystals: Azurite, Gypsum, Lazulite, Moonstone, Muscovite


    (Mica), Orthoclase, Serpentine, Sphene, Spodumene, Talc

    6. TRICLINIC SYSTEM
    Characteristics of Triclinic Crystals:
     Three crystallographic axes are of
    unequal length. (abc)
     Make oblique angles to each other.
    (90°)
     No. of Planes of Symmetry: None
     No. of Axes of Symmetry: None

    Common Triclinic Crystals: Amazonite, Aventurine, Feldspar, Kyanite, Labradorite,


    Rhodonite, Turquoise
    MINERALOGY ASSIGNMENT

    name –sonu rajpoot


    ADM. NO: 2013JE0515
    BRANCH: B.TECH MINING ENGINEERING
    TOPIC: CRYSTAL SYSTEM
    DATE OF SUBMISSION:

    SIGNATURE OF TEACHER:

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