De Facto Corporation
De Facto Corporation
De Facto Corporation
Filing or articles and issuance of certificate of incorporation are essential for the existence of a
de facto corporation.
ACTOF REGISTRATION WITH SEC through issuance of certificate of incorporation that marks the
beginning of an entity’s corporate existence
LIM TONG LIM vs. PHIL FISHING GEAR
o Under law on estoppel, those acting on behalf of a corporation and those benefitted by
it, knowing it to be without valid existence, are held liable as general partners
PURIFICATION CASE
o Donated parcels of land to Peach Sisters of Laguna thru its superior general
o SEC registration of PS – 2001
o Donation was again executed
o 2001- Purification died
o One who assumes an obligation to an ostensible corporation cannot resist performance
thereof on the ground that there was in fact no coporation
CONTROL TEST
If percentage of Filipino ownership is atleast 60% the corpo is considered a Phil natl for
investment purposes
Subject to:
o Gamboa/Herbosa ruling
o Voting shares/beneficial owner
REMAINS TO BE THE PREVAILING MODE OF DETERMINING
GRANDFATHER RULE
o Only resorted when there exist a doubt in the 60-40 equity
o Only when control test is first complied with that the grandfather rule can be applied
o If the subj corpo equity falls below 60% based solely as to direct owners, immediately
considered foreign ownership
DOUBT
HERBOSA CASE
A corp may be charged and prosecuted for a crime if the imposable penalty is fine. Even if the
statute prescribes both fine and imprisonment as penalty, a coporation may be prosecuted and,
if found guilty, may be fined (Alfredo Ching vs. Secretary of Justice GR No. 164317)
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
EX: If shown by clear and convincing proof that the separate and distincet personality of the
coporatuon was purposefully employed to evade a legitimate and binding commitment and
perpetuate a fraud or like wrongdoings
Plaintiff seeks to reach the assets of a corporation to satisfy claims against a corporate insider
Permit a creditor to pierce the veil to satisfy the debts of an individual out of the corporation’s
assets (International Academy)
Question of policy or management are left solely to the honest decision of officers and directors
of a corporation and the courts are without authority to substitute thier judgment for the
judgment of the board of directors
Board is the business manager of the corporation and so long as it acts in good faith its orders
are not reviewable by the courts or the SEC (Saber v. CA)