Angular momentum diagrams (quantum

mechanics)
In quantum mechanics and its applications to quantum many-particle systems, notably quantum chemistry,
angular momentum diagrams, or more accurately from a mathematical viewpoint angular momentum
graphs, are a diagrammatic method for representing angular momentum quantum states of a quantum system
allowing calculations to be done symbolically. More specifically, the arrows encode angular momentum states
in bra–ket notation and include the abstract nature of the state, such as tensor products and transformation
rules.

The notation parallels the idea of Penrose graphical notation and Feynman diagrams. The diagrams consist of
arrows and vertices with quantum numbers as labels, hence the alternative term "graphs". The sense of each
arrow is related to Hermitian conjugation, which roughly corresponds to time reversal of the angular
momentum states (c.f. Schrödinger equation). The diagrammatic notation is a considerably large topic in its
own right with a number of specialized features – this article introduces the very basics.

They were developed primarily by Adolfas Jucys (sometimes translated as Yutsis) in the twentieth century.

Contents
Equivalence between Dirac notation and Jucys diagrams
Angular momentum states
Inner product
Outer products
Tensor products
Examples and applications
See also
References
Further reading
Notes

Equivalence between Dirac notation and Jucys diagrams

Angular momentum states

The quantum state vector of a single particle with total angular momentum quantum number j and total
magnetic quantum number m = j, j − 1, ..., −j + 1, −j, is denoted as a ket |j, m⟩. As a diagram this is a
singleheaded arrow.

Symmetrically, the corresponding bra is ⟨j, m|. In diagram form this is a doubleheaded arrow, pointing in the
opposite direction to the ket.

In each case;
 the quantum numbers j, m are often labelled next to the arrows to refer to a specific angular
momentum state,
arrowheads are almost always placed at the middle of the line, rather than at the tip,
equals signs "=" are placed between equivalent diagrams, exactly like for multiple algebraic
expressions equal to each other.

The most basic diagrams are for kets and bras:

Ket |j, m⟩ Bra ⟨j, m|

Arrows are directed to or from vertices, a state transforming according to:

a standard representation is designated by an oriented line leaving a vertex,

a contrastandard representation is depicted as a line entering a vertex.

As a general rule, the arrows follow each other in the same sense. In the contrastandard representation, the
time reversal operator, denoted here by T, is used. It is unitary, which means the Hermitian conjugate T† equals
the inverse operator T−1 , that is T† = T−1 . Its action on the position operator leaves it invariant:

but the linear momentum operator becomes negative:

and the spin operator becomes negative:

Since the orbital angular momentum operator is L = x × p, this must also become negative:

and therefore the total angular momentum operator J = L + S becomes negative:

Acting on an eigenstate of angular momentum |j, m⟩, it can be shown that:[1]

The time-reversed diagrams for kets and bras are:

 Time reversed Time reversed
ket |j, m⟩. bra ⟨j, m|.

It is important to position the vertex correctly, as forward-time and reversed-time operators would become
mixed up.

Inner product

The inner product of two states |j1 , m1 ⟩ and |j2 , m2 ⟩ is:

and the diagrams are:

Inner product of |j1, m1⟩ and Time reversed equivalent.

|j2, m2⟩, that is ⟨j2, m2|j1, m1⟩.

For summations over the inner product, also known in this context as a contraction (c.f. tensor contraction):

it is conventional to denote the result as a closed circle labelled only by j, not m:

Inner product contraction.

Outer products

The outer product of two states |j1 , m1 ⟩ and |j2 , m2 ⟩ is an operator:

and the diagrams are:

Outer product of |j1, m1⟩ and Time reversed equivalent.

|j2, m2⟩, that is |j2, m2⟩⟨j1, m1|.

For summations over the outer product, also known in this context as a contraction (c.f. tensor contraction):

where the result for T|j, m⟩ was used, and the fact that m takes the set of values given above. There is no
difference between the forward-time and reversed-time states for the outer product contraction, so here they
share the same diagram, represented as one line without direction, again labelled by j only and not m:

Outer product contraction.

Tensor products

The tensor product ⊗ of n states |j1 , m1 ⟩, |j2 , m2 ⟩, ... |jn , mn ⟩ is written

and in diagram form, each separate state leaves or enters a common vertex creating a "fan" of arrows - n lines
attached to a single vertex.

Vertices in tensor products have signs (sometimes called "node signs"), to indicate the ordering of the tensor-
multiplied states:

a minus sign (−) indicates the ordering is clockwise, , and

 a plus sign (+) for anticlockwise, .

Signs are of course not required for just one state, diagrammatically one arrow at a vertex. Sometimes curved
arrows with the signs are included to show explicitly the sense of tensor multiplication, but usually just the sign
is shown with the arrows left out.

Tensor product of |j1, m1⟩, Time reversed equivalent.

|j2, m2⟩, |j3, m3⟩, that is
|j1, m1⟩|j2, m2⟩|j3, m3⟩ =
|j1, m1, j2, m2, j3, m3⟩. Similarly
for more than three angular
momenta.

For the inner product of two tensor product states:

there are n lots of inner product arrows:

Inner product of |j′1, m′1, j′2, m′2, j′3, m′3⟩ and Time reversed equivalent.
|j1, m1, j2, m2, j3, m3⟩, that is
⟨j′3, m′3, j′2, m′2, j′1, m′1|j1, m1, j2, m2, j3, m3⟩.
Similarly for more than three pairs of angular
momenta.
Examples and applications
The diagrams are well-suited for Clebsch–Gordan coefficients.
Calculations with real quantum systems, such as multielectron atoms and molecular systems.

Diagram for a 6-j symbol, .

Diagram for a 9-j symbol, .

See also
Vector model of the atom
Ladder operator
Fock space
Feynman diagrams

References
Yutsis, Adolfas P.; Levinson, I. B.; Vanagas, V. V. (1962). Mathematical Apparatus of the Theory
of Angular Momentum (https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19630001624). Translated by
A. Sen; R. N. Sen. Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Wormer and Paldus (2006)[1] provides an in-depth tutorial in angular momentum diagrams.
I. Lindgren; J. Morrison (1986). Atomic Many-Body Theory (https://books.google.com/books?id=
aQjwAAAAMAAJ&q=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+d
iagrams). Chemical Physics. 13 (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-16649-8.

Further reading
G.W.F. Drake (2006). Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=Jj-ad_2aNOAC&pg=PA60&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagram
s#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false) (2nd ed.). springer.
p. 60. ISBN 978-0-387-26308-3.
U. Kaldor; S. Wilson (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy
Elements (https://books.google.com/books?id=0xcAM5BzS-wC&pg=PA183&dq=Jucys+angula
r+momentum+diagrams#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=fals
e). Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics. 11. springer. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4020-
1371-3.
E.J. Brändas; P.O. Löwdin; E. Brändas; E.S. Kryachko (2004). Fundamental World of Quantum
Chemistry: A Tribute to the Memory of Per-Olov Löwdin (https://books.google.com/books?id=w
8RWWZBMlLsC&pg=PA385&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams#v=onepage&q=Jucy
s%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). 3. Springer. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-4020-
2583-9.
P. Schwerdtfeger (2004). Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory: Part 2. Applications (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=VEKdnHFK3J8C&pg=PA97&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diag
rams#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry. 14. Elsevier. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-08-054047-4.
M. Barysz; Y. Ishikawa (2010). Relativistic Methods for Chemists (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=QbDEC3oL7uAC&pg=PA311&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams#v=onepage&q
=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). Challenges and Advances in
Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10. Springer. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-4020-9975-5.
G.H.F. Diercksen; S. Wilson (1983). Methods in Computational Molecular Physics (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=d1cwnu-rRBMC&pg=PA158&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagram
s#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). NATO Science
Series C. 113. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1638-5.
Zenonas Rudzikas (2007). "8" (https://books.google.com/books?id=oPfRs_SQ6HoC&pg=PR8
&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentu
m%20diagrams&f=false). Theoretical Atomic Spectroscopy. Cambridge Monographs on
Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics. 7. University of Chicago: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02622-2.
 Lietuvos Fizikų draugija (2004). Lietuvos fizikos žurnalas (https://books.google.com/books?id=
0hUVAQAAMAAJ&q=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+
diagrams). 44. University of Chicago: Draugija.
P.E.T. Jorgensen (1987). Operators and Representation Theory: Canonical Models for
Algebras of Operators Arising in Quantum Mechanics (https://books.google.com/books?id=dsf
NGMkMHawC&pg=PA311&dq=Jucys+angular+momentum+diagrams#v=onepage&q=Jucys%
20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). University of Chicago: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-
08-087258-2.
P. Cvitanović (2008). Group Theory - Birdtracks, Lie's, and Exceptional Groups (http://birdtrack
s.eu#v=onepage&q=Jucys%20angular%20momentum%20diagrams&f=false). Princeton, NJ:
Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11836-9.

Notes
1. P.E.S. Wormer; J. Paldus (2006). "Angular Momentum Diagrams". Advances in Quantum
Chemistry. Elsevier. 51: 59–124. Bibcode:2006AdQC...51...59W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/
abs/2006AdQC...51...59W). doi:10.1016/S0065-3276(06)51002-0 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS
0065-3276%2806%2951002-0). ISSN 0065-3276 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3276).
These authors use the theta variant ϑ for the time reversal operator, here we use T.

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