C1 – Part 3 - Word Formation

Read the text and then write the correct form of the word on the right. There is an example at the beginning:

(0) UNUSUAL

Turn A Hobby into a Business

It is not (0) ... to make a hobby pay for itself USUAL

even if initially you had no (1) ... of turning it INTEND
into a business.
For those looking to make a profit on their (2) ..., CREATE
these days an audience for products can range from
the local to the truly global. Some (3) ... begin HOBBY
by donating a piece of work to a charitable sale
just to see how quickly and (4) ... it sells. PROFIT
Local shops can be the next outlet for items,
often the step taken by those making things like
hand-made greetings cards for instance. And for the
truly ambitious, websites like eBay enable the
hobbiest to reach a (5 ) ... audience. WORLD
As with any business idea, an honest (6) ... should be APPRAISE
undertaken regarding the demand for the work and the
price the customer is prepared to pay in (7) ... . REAL
However, do not forget the degree of personal (8) ... SATISFY
as well.

Part 4 -Key' Word Transformations

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and
six words, including the word given.

1. Apparently, the restaurant in town has been bought out by someone else.
UNDER
I hear the restaurant in town ......................................... 
2. Sarah cried her eyes out immediately she was told she'd failed her driving test.
BROKE
Sarah ...................................................... soon as she heard she'd failed her driving test.

3. The Government recently said our problems are the fault of the worldwide economic slowdown.
PLACED
The Government have ........................................ the worldwide economic slowdown for our
problems. 

4. You led me to believe the job was mine if I wanted it. 

IMPRESSION
I ............................................................. that the job was mine if I wanted it. 

5. He would never have guessed that at the age of 17 he would be playing for his country.
LITTLE
................................................... that at the age of 17 he would be playing for his country. 
6. Feel free to telephone if you have any further problems.
CALL
Do not .................................................................. if you have any further problems. 
Part 1 Multiple Choice Cloze
For Questions 1-8 read the text and then select the correct answer, A, B, C or D. There is an
example below:

(0) A reason B POINT C fact D logic

Phobias

The (0) ... of Phobia Awareness Week is to highlight the difficulties that many people face in
everyday situations. It is important to (1) ... between a fear and a phobia. It's (2) ... usual for all
of us to have our own peculiar fears, for example being anxious around snakes or nervous about
flying. However, only a very small proportion of us actually have a phobia of these things. When
these fears begin to (3) ... you embarrassment or you feel that your life is being disrupted then
you would be wise to seek treatment for what could potentially be a phobia. By far the most (4) ...
phobia and potentially the most disruptive is agoraphobia. The word derives from Greek and (5) ...
means 'fear of the marketplace' but we apply it today to describe a distressing condition in which
people (6) ... going outside because of the awful feelings of anxiety that arise. Treatment of
phobias usually consists of the patient (7) ... behavioural therapy during which they gradually get
used to being near the object or the situation that causes them fear. Drugs may be prescribed to
treat anxiety and many people opt for alternative therapy such as acupuncture or hypnosis to help
them come to (8) ... with their fear and conquer it. 

1   A    choose  B  distinguish C  select D  pick

2   A    very   B  absolutely C  quite D  truly
3   A    cause  B  make C  create D  give
4   A    standard  B  average C  normal D  common
5   A    precisely  B  specifically   C  literally D  exactly
6   A    dodge  B  avoid C  miss D  slip
7   A    undergoing  B  taking C  experiencing D  doing
8   A    acceptance  B  terms C  realisation D  comfort

Part 2. Open Cloze

For questions 1-8, read the text below and type the word which best fits in each space. Use only
one word in each space. There is an example below: 

(0) is 

Stress

Stress (0) ... often called a 21st century illness but it has always been with us if perhaps with
different names. These days we regard stress (1) ... a necessary evil of modern living. Yet stress is
not negative and without (2) ... we would not enjoy some of the highpoints in life (3) ... as the
anticipation before a date or the tension leading up to an important match. All these situations
produce stress but (4) ... you can control it and not the other way around, you will feel stimulated,
not wornout. However, unlike these situations, (5) ... are generally positive and easier to deal with,
sitting in a train that is running late, (6) ... stuck in a traffic jam or working to a tight deadline are
much harder to manage and control and can be a significant cause of stress. 
Stress is now recognised as a medical problem and as a signficant factor (7) ... causing coronary
heart disease, high blood pressure and a high cholesterol count. Patients are often unwilling to
admit to stress problems since they feel they are a form of social failure and it is important that
symptoms (8) ... identified in order to avoid unnecessary suffering.
Part 1 Multiple Choice Cloze
For Questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each
space. There is an example below: 

(0)    A   series   B   ISSUE   C   programme   D   release

Sound Advice for Language Learners

A recent (0) ......... of a language learning magazine has consulted a number of experts in the
(1) ........ of second language acquisition. Their advice may prove invaluable for those (2) ........ a
language course. One suggestion is that you assess whether you are likely to be successful at
learning a language. Did you enjoy studying languages at school, for example? Do you have
enough time to learn a language? The major cost will be your own time and effort. Therefore you
must make sure that the course on offer leads to a (3) ........ qualification. Also, be realistic in your
goals. If you don't set achievable aims you are more likely to give up. Do not be deceived
(4) ........... thinking that the most expensive courses are the best. (5) ........... around to get the
best possible value for money. You should also bear in mind that the quicker you learn a language
the more quickly you forget it. Sandra Miller, a French teacher, tried to teach herself German by
enrolling on a (6) .......... course. Already fluent in four languages and with a sound knowledge of
teaching methodology her chances of making progress were high. Three years (7) ........ she
remembers very little. She feels her biggest mistake was not to follow (8) ............ her first
experience. "I should have consolidated what I'd learn by continuing to study, even if it were by
myself."

1 A   domain B branch C field D area

2 A   wondering B thinking C looking D considering
3 A  recognised B understood C valued D regarded
4 A  by B about C into    D in
5 A  Nose B Push C Run D Shop
6 A  rapid B crash C quick D fast
7 A  on B forward C from D onward
8 A  up B on C through D out

Part 2. Open Cloze

For questions 1-8, read the text below and write the word which best fits in each space. Use only
one word in each space. 

Example (0) the

Pre-History

That fragment of pottery, that little piece of bone or (0) ... remains of an early human tool are
often the only evidence we have of our early history. However, (1) ... a consequence of the work of
archaeologists and others in this field, we have over the years built up an extremely good
understanding of early human development. This is the case (2) ... the fact that there is no written
evidence of the period we term Pre-History. (3) ... is startling to note is that this period, which
predates the invention of writing, accounts for 99% of human existence. It was (4) ... this time
that discoveries that shaped the human race were made, early settlements created that (5) ... to
become our major cities and in general was the time when the very foundations of human
civilisation were laid. The evidence of our pre-history can be found everywhere, from remnants of
human existence buried deep in the ground (6) ... ancient pathways and burial grounds. The first
and easiest place to start your exploration of prehistory is of (7) ... your local museum, particularly
(8) ... you are interested in discovering more about the area where you live. You may also have a
local archaeological group that would be prepared to let you work as a volunteer.
Part 1- Multiple Choice Cloze

(0)    A   mates    B   aquaintances   C   colleagues   D   counterparts

How to Have Perfect Posture

Bad posture normally starts in our teenage years when we slouch around with our
(0) ..................... trying to look cool. But hands up those who now while away their days
sitting in front of a computer where it’s (1) ............... too easy to neglect something as
essential as good posture.
As we grow older these poor (2) .................. are exacerbated, but by taking action
immediately we can not only look and feel better but protect our body for the future. Make
sure you sleep on a firm mattress at night. (3) .......... lying flat on your back; instead try
sleeping in a curled position on your side. The (4) .............. revival in platform shoes
doesn’t help and wearing shoes with heels more than several centimetres high is just
asking for (5) ............... Don’t load everything into a bag that you wear on one shoulder
or you’ll end up lopsided. (6) ............... the weight evenly by wearing a rucksack or even
a bag around your waist. When you get home from a day’s studying or work it’s all too (7)
.................. to slump on the sofa in front of the telly. Sitting in this way may feel
comfortable but it prevents you from breathing properly. Try to sit (8) ................ with
the stomach pulled firmly in. 

1 A   so B really C all D rather

2 A  customs B habits C rituals D practices
3 A  evade  B prevent   C avoid D restrain
4 A  existing B topical C contemporary    D current
5 A  concern B problem C trouble D fuss
6 A  scatter B circulate C disseminate   D distribute
7 A  enticing B attractive C irresistible D tempting
8 A  level B erect C vertical D upright

Part 2- Open Cloze

Example: (0) does

Thai Food

No other national cuisine enjoys quite the degree of popularity that Thai food (0) ... . Ten years ago it was a
rarity in Europe and the United States and prior (1) ... that it was virtually unknown. Now Thai cooking has
become (2) ... of the West’s favourite exotic styles of cooking. As well as the growing popularity of Thai
restaurants throughout the world, there has been an increase little by little in (3) ... availability of
ingredients on supermarket shelves.
One of the things that makes Thai cooking (4) ... challenging is the sheer variety of types of dish.
Thai food lies between Chinese and Indian cuisine, with influences from Burma, Cambodia and Malaysia,
(5) ... of which has had an effect on Thailand at different stages of its history. Some of the ingredients come
from far afield. Chillies, to give (6) ... one example, are originally from Central and South America but were
incorporated quickly (7) ... the national diet. Taken all (8) ..., these influences from abroad have made Thai
cooking a strongly regional set of cuisines.
Part 3- Word Formation

People of the Forest

This TV (0) ... documentary follows a family of chimpanzees DOCUMENT

who live in the forest of Tanzania. Set in (1) ... SPECTACLE
scenery the programme gives us a fascinating insight into
the life and social (2) ... of these creatures. ACTION
(3) ... we humans share 98% of our genes with APPEAR
chimpanzees; indeed, they are our closest relative in the
animal (4) ... and scenes in the documentary offer clear KING
evidence of our (5) ... . The focus of the film is on Fifi and SIMILAR
we first see her as a (6) ... five-year-old who spends all her PLAY
time annoying her younger brother. Meanwhile, the older male
chimps seem to be involved in an endless fight for (7) ... . And it SUPREME
is no surprise to learn that while all this is taking place the
females are left to deal with day-to-day matters.
Make sure you set aside an hour to watch this. The splendour
of the location makes this programme worthwhile viewing,
although our (8) ... to these animals will make you think. LIKE

PART 4 'Key' Word Transformations

1. You could have been seriously injured not wearing a seat belt.
THINK
You should ..................................................................... seriously injured not wearing a seat belt.
2. Would you give us your answer as soon as possible.
CONVENIENCE
Please respond ...........................................................................................

3. I wasn't expecting my colleagues to organise a farewell party on my last day at the company.
TAKEN
I .......................................................................... when my colleagues organised a farewell party on my last day.

4. It's not likely to happen but if you're not satisfied with the product we'll refund your money.
EVENT
......................................................... that you are not satisfied with the product your money will be refunded.

5. It's one thing to think there's a demand for your product and another to actually make a sale.
WORLD
There's ...................................... between thinking there's a demand for your product and actually making a sale.

6. I'm so sorry, I didn't realise it was so late.

TRACK
Sorry, I ................................................................................. time.
Part 1
0 A deposits B piles C stores D stocks

New uses for salt mines

Geological (0) …….. of salt were formed millions of years ago, when what is now land, lay under the sea. It is
hard to believe that salt is now such a cheap (1) …….. , because centuries ago it was the commercial (2) ……..
of today’s oil. The men who mined salt became wealthy and, although the work was (3) …….. and frequently
dangerous, a job in a salt mine was highly (4) …….. .
Nowadays, the specific microclimates in disused mines have been (5) …….. for the treatment of respiratory
illnesses such as asthma, and the silent, dark surroundings in a mine are considered (6) ……. in encouraging
patients to relax.
In addition, some disused mines have been (7) …….. to different commercial enterprises, although keeping
up-to-date with the technology of mining is essential to (8) …….. visitors’ safety. Some of the largest
underground chambers even host concerts, conferences and business meetings.

1 A provision B utility C material D commodity

2 A match B similarity C parallel D equivalent
3 A critical B demanding C extreme D straining
4 A regarded B admired C approved D honoured
5 A exploited B extracted C exposed D extended
6 A profitable B agreeable C beneficial D popular
7 A put down B turned over C made out D set about
8 A enable B retain C ensure D support

Part 2
Example: 0 T
O
Managing change
Most people find change unsettling and difficult to adapt (0) …….. . Many societies have experienced (9) ……..
rapid change in the early years of the 21st century that life can feel very daunting (10) …….. times. Various
commentators have (11) …….. forward suggestions for coping with change on a personal level.
One suggestion involves thinking of three solutions to a problem, rather (12) …….. two. Apparently, many people
faced (13) …….. change respond by considering two possible courses of action, but invariably tend to reject both
of these. However, thinking instead of three potential solutions is a strategy which, according to research,
provides a reliable way of finding a solution to the initial problem.
Another strategy advocates learning to avoid set patterns of routine behaviour. Something simple,(14) ……..
taking another route to work at (15) …….. once a week, is seen as encouraging confidence in the face of
uncertainty. (16) …….. the simplicity of these ideas, they nevertheless help prepare people mentally to manage
major change if necessary.

Part 3
Example: 0 D I S S I M I L A R
Fashion and Science
At first glance science and fashion could not be more (0) …….. . Science is SIMILAR
generally considered to be a (17) …….. that is slow-paced, serious and worthy, PURSUE
whereas fashion is frivolous, impulsive and often (18) …….. . PREDICT
But fashion owes more to science than some (19) …….. might like to admit. ENTHUSE
Fashion houses adopt new materials in order to (20) …….. themselves from DISTINCT
their various (21) …….. . One designer recently showed off a liquid that can be COMPETE
used to produce clothes that are seamless.
As cotton is (22) …….. having to compete with other crops for land, and oil based
fabrics become less acceptable, scientists are working to develop INCREASE
(23) …….. for these products. Sportswear, for example, has been transformed REPLACE
thanks to the use of (24) …….. materials and scientific designs, greatly INNOVATE
improving the performance of athletes.
Part 4
Example:
0 James would only speak to the head of department alone.
ON James ………………………………… to the head of department alone.
Example: 0 INSISTED ON SPEAKING

25 As long as you explain the process clearly at the conference, your boss will be pleased.
GIVE
If ……………………………….………….... the process at the conference, your boss will be pleased.
26 They say that a visitor to the national art gallery damaged an 18th-century painting.
ALLEGED
A visitor to the national art gallery ………………………………….... an 18th-century painting.
27 I really don’t mind whether Jill chooses to come on holiday with us or not.
DIFFERENCE
It really ………………………………….…….... whether Jill chooses to come on holiday with us or not.
28 Without the help that Joe gave me, I don’t think I’d have finished the course.
BEEN
If it …………………………………………….... help, I don’t think I’d have finished the course.
29 We can assure our customers that we will take every possible measure to maintain the quality
of the products on our shelves.
TAKES
We can assure our customers that we will ……………………………….... to maintain the quality
of the products on our shelves.
30 Following some complaints by local residents, the government withdrew its proposal to build a
new runway at the airport.
LIGHT
The government’s proposal to build a new runway at the airport ………………………………....
some complaints by local residents.

Part 5
The internet today
James Baxter reviews two books about the internet: Rewire by Ethan Zuckerman, and Untangling the Web by
Aleks Krotoski.
Open a street map of any city and you see a diagram of all the possible routes one could take in traversing or
exploring it. Superimpose on the street map the actual traffic flows that are observed and you see quite a different
city: one of flows. The flows show how people actually travel in the city, as distinct from how they could. This
helps in thinking about the internet and digital technology generally. In itself, the technology has vast
possibilities,as several recent books emphasise, but what we actually wind up doing with it is, at any point in time,
largely unknown.
Ethan Zuckerman is excited by the possibilities the web provides for linking far-flung populations, for sampling
different ways of life, for making us all digital cosmopolitans. His central thesis, however, is that while the
internet does, in principle, enable everyone to become genuinely cosmopolitan, in practice it does nothing of the
kind. As the philosopher Anthony Appiah puts it, true cosmopolitanism ‘challenges us to embrace what is rich,
productive and creative’ about differences; in other words, to go beyond merely being tolerant of those who are
different. Much of the early part of Rewire is taken up with demonstrating the extent to which the internet, and
our use of it, fails that test.
‘We shape our tools,’ said the philosopher Marshall McLuhan, ‘and afterwards they shape us.’ This adage is
corroborated every time most of us go online. We’ve built information tools (like search and social networking
systems) that embody our biases towards things that affect those who are closest to us. They give us the
information we think we want, but not necessarily the information we might need.
Despite all the connectivity, we are probably as ignorant about other societies as we were when television and
newspapers were our main information sources. In fact, Zuckerman argues, in some ways we were better then,
because serious mainstream media outlets saw it as their professional duty to ‘curate’ the flow of news; there were
editorial gatekeepers who determined a ‘news agenda’ of what was and wasn’t important. But, as the internet went
mainstream, we switched from curation to search, and the traditional gatekeepers became less powerful. In some
respects, this was good because it weakened large multimedia conglomerates, but it had the unanticipated
consequence of increasing the power of digital search tools – and, indirectly, the power of the corporations
providing them.
Zuckerman – a true cosmopolitan who co-founded a web service dedicated to realising the net’s capacity to
enable anyone’s voice to be heard – provides an instructive contrast to excessively optimistic narratives about the
transformative power of networked technology, and a powerful diagnosis of what’s wrong. Where he runs out of
steam somewhat is in contemplating possible solutions, of which he identifies three: ‘transparent translation’ –
simply automated, accurate translation between all languages; ‘bridge figures’ – bloggers who explain ideas from
one culture to another; and ‘engineered serendipity’ – basically, technology for enabling us to escape from filters
that limit search and networking systems. Eventually, the technology will deliver transparent translation; cloning
Ethan Zuckerman would provide a supply of bridge figures, but, for now, we will have to make do with pale
imitations. Engineering serendipity, however, is a tougher proposition.
Aleks Krotoski might be able to help. She is a keen observer of our information ecosystem, and has been
doing the conference rounds with an intriguing contraption called the ‘Serendipity Engine’, which is two parts art
installation and one part teaching tool. Untangling the Web is a collection of 17 thoughtful essays on the impact of
comprehensive networking on our lives. They cover the spectrum of stuff we need to think about – from the
obvious (like privacy, identity and the social impact of the net) to topics which don’t receive enough attention (for
example, what medics, with a sniff, call ‘cyberchondria’ – how the net can increase health anxieties).
Although she’s a glamorous media ‘star’ (having fronted a TV series about the internet), people underestimate
Krotoski at their peril. She’s a rare combination of academic, geek, reporter and essayist, which her chapter on the
concept of friendship online exemplifies: she’s read what the key social theorists say on the subject, but she’s also
alert to what she experiences as ‘emotional anaemia’ – ‘the sense that…you might not feel the online love from
the people you should, because your nearest and dearest may be drowned out in the ocean of sociability.’
Which, in a way, brings us back to Zuckerman’s thoughts about the difference between what networked
technology could do and what it actually does.

31 The reviewer starts with the metaphor of a city map in order to illustrate
A the difficulty in understanding the complexity of the internet.
B the degree to which the internet changes as time passes.
C the difference between potential and real internet use.
D the importance of the internet in people’s lives today.

32 What do the words ‘that test’ in line 13 refer to?

A providing more widespread access to information
B connecting in a substantial way with other cultures
C establishing principles for developing the internet
D accepting that not everyone in the world is the same

33 What point is made about the internet in the third paragraph?

A People often struggle to find what they are looking for on it.
B It influences how people relate to family and friends.
C All users have some responsibility for its evolution.
D The way in which it works is far from neutral.

34 What does the reviewer suggest about Zuckerman in the fifth paragraph?
A His recommendations are less impressive than his analysis.
B He uses terms that are harder to understand than need be.
C He has the same failings that he identifies in other people.
D His account of important developments is too negative.

35 Which of the following words is used to suggest disapproval?

A rounds (line 36)
B contraption (line 36)
C stuff (line 38)
D sniff (line 40)

36 What does the reviewer suggest about Aleks Krotoski in the final paragraph?
A Her insight into the nature of online friendship is perceptive.
B She has been influenced by Ethan Zuckerman.
C People are often misled by her academic credentials.
Part 6
You are going to read extracts from articles in which four academics discuss the contribution the arts (music,
painting, literature, etc.) make to society. For questions 37 – 40, choose from the academics A – D. The academics
may be chosen more than once.

The Contribution of the Arts to Society

A Lana Esslett
The arts matter because they link society to its past, a people to its inherited store of ideas, images and words;
yet the arts challenge those links in order to find ways of exploring new paths and ventures. I remain sceptical of
claims that humanity’s love of the arts somehow reflects some inherent inclination, fundamental to the human
race. However, exposure to and study of the arts does strengthen the individual and fosters independence in the
face of the pressures of the mass, the characterless, the undifferentiated. And just as the sciences support the
technology sector, the arts stimulate the growth of a creative sector in the economy. Yet, true as this is, it seems
to me to miss the point. The value of the arts is not to be defined as if they were just another economic lever to
be pulled. The arts can fail every measurable objective set by economists, yet retain their intrinsic value to
humanity.

B Seth North
Without a doubt, the arts are at the very centre of society and innate in every human being. My personal, though
admittedly controversial, belief is that the benefits to both individuals and society of studying science and
technology, in preference to arts subjects, are vastly overrated. It must be said, however, that despite the claims
frequently made for the civilising power of the arts, to my mind the obvious question arises: Why are people
who are undeniably intolerant and selfish still capable of enjoying poetry or appreciating good music? For me, a
more convincing argument in favour of the arts concerns their economic value. Needless to say, discovering
how much the arts contribute to society in this way involves gathering a vast amount of data and then evaluating
how much this affects the economy as a whole, which is by no means straightforward.

C Heather Charlton
It goes without saying that end-products of artistic endeavour can be seen as commodities which can be traded
and exported, and so add to the wealth of individuals and societies. While this is undeniably a substantial
argument in favour of the arts, we should not lose sight of those equally fundamental contributions they make
which cannot be easily translated into measurable social and economic value. Anthropologists have never found
a society without the arts in one form or another. They have concluded, and I have no reason not to concur, that
humanity has a natural aesthetic sense which is biologically determined. It is by the exercise of this sense that
we create works of art which symbolise social meanings and over time pass on values which help to give the
community its sense of identity, and which contribute enormously to its self-respect.

D Mike Konecki
Studies have long linked involvement in the arts to increased complexity of thinking and greater self-esteem.
Nobody today, and rightly so in my view, would challenge the huge importance of maths and science as core
disciplines. Nevertheless, sole emphasis on these in preference to the arts fails to promote the integrated
left/right-brain thinking in students that the future increasingly demands, and on which a healthy economy now
undoubtedly relies. More significantly, I believe that in an age of dull uniformity, the arts enable each person to
express his or her uniqueness. Yet while these benefits are enormous, we participate in the arts because of an
instinctive human need for inspiration, delight, joy. The arts are an enlightening and humanising force,
encouraging us to come together with people whose beliefs and lives may be different from our own. They
encourage us to listen and to celebrate what connects us, instead of retreating behind what drives us apart.

Which academic
has a different view from North regarding the effect of the arts on behaviour towards
others? 37
has a different view from Konecki on the value of studying the arts compared to other
academic subjects? 38
expresses a different opinion to the others on whether the human species has a genetic
predisposition towards the arts? 39
expresses a similar view to Esslett on how the arts relate to demands to conform? 40