02 October 2020 Computer Communication Networks

Lecture Notes 4

02 October 2020 Lecture Notes : 4

B.Tech. (ECE) 7th Semester
Computer Communication Networks
(BTECE 702)

Topics
1. TCP / IP Protocol suite.
2. Difference between OSI and TCP/IP
3. Acknowledgement Frame.
 Normal Case
 Fault Case - No Acknowledgement Received
 Fault Case - Acknowledgement Received Late
4. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
5. Packet Switching - Method, Advantages and Disadvantages.
6. Circuit Switching - Method, Advantages and Disadvantages.
7. Difference between TCP and UDP

Faculty :
Dr. Siddhartha Sankar Biswas
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA 1

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model for
Communication was just a conceptual model designed by ISO.

The layers of OSI were proposed before most of the protocols and
applications required for communication and transmission were
actually invented.

As some major protocols like IP, TCP, UDP were invented and
applications such as Telnet, FTP were developed, it was found that
instead of 7 layers the same job can be managed more efficiently if
some layers were combined.

This gave rise to more practical approach of layered architecture for

communication which we call as TCP/IP Protocol Suite which has 4
layers.
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application Layer
Telnet FTP SMTP DNS HTTP

Transport Layer
TCP UDP

IP Internet Layer

Packet
ARPANET SATNET
Radio LAN Link Layer
(Host-to-Network Layer)

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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Application Layer (Sender Side)

 Application Layer interacts with user and accepts data and instructions.
 Process the instruction with the help of various Application Layer protocols.
 Passes the data down to the Transport Layer.
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Transport Layer (Sender Side)

 Transport Layer accepts the data from the Application Layer.
 Port Number is added to the data received from Application Layer. This is done by
using protocols like TCP or UDP are added as header file.
 Passes the data down to the Internet Layer
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Internet Layer (Sender Side)

 Internet Layer accepts the data from the Transport Layer.
 IP address (Logical Address) is assigned to the data received from the Transport Layer by
adding IP header.
 Passes the data down to the Link Layer.
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer)
> > >
Link Layer (Sender Side)
(Host-to-Network Layer)

 Link Layer accepts the data from the Internet Layer.

 Physical Address (Link address) is assigned to the data received from the Internet Layer.
 Decides various Physical/Electricals signal issue.
 Passes the data to the Link Layer of the receiver side.
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer)
> > >
Link Layer (Receiver Side)
(Host-to-Network Layer)

 Link Layer on the receiver’s side accepts the data from the Link Layer of the sender’s side.
 Processes the Physical Address and if physical address is found to be correct the datagram is
further processed.
 It is then passed up to the Internet Layer.
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Internet Layer (Receiver Side)

 Internet Layer accepts the data from the Link Layer.

 Processes the IP Address and if IP address is found to be correct the datagram is processed
and passed up to the Transport Layer.

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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Transport Layer (Receiver Side)

 Transport Layer accepts the data from the Internet Layer.
 Processes the Port Address (Port Number) of the concerned application requested
 Process the data and then passed it up to the Application Layer.
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User
User TCP/IP Working (Receiver)
(Sender)

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Internet Layer

Link Layer Link Layer

(Host-to-Network Layer) (Host-to-Network Layer)

Application Layer (Receiver Side)

 Application Layer accepts the data from the Transport Layer.
 Processes the data and then passes it up to the user.
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Application Layer
 Application Layer is the highest layer in TCP/IP suite
and contains all higher-level protocols.

 Some of the earlier included applications and protocols

were TELNET in which via virtual terminals
communication devices can access each other.

 Later on File Transfer Protocols (FTP) was added

which empowered the users to exchange stored
file/data via network.

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Application Layer
 More efficient and specialized file transfer mechanism
was developed in form of electronic mail which uses the
philosophy of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

 One of the most recent protocol addition is

Domain Name Service (DNS)

and

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which helped in

transferring web pages over World Wide Web

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Transport Layer
Depending upon the throughput of the end-to-end
connection Transport Layer decideds/ensures the following:

(1) If the transmission of a particular data stream

must takes place in serial transmission or by
parallel transmission.

(2) If Multiplexing/Demultiplexing is required, and if

required provides the mechanism to carry out
these processes.

(3) To ensures Flow Control so that a fast host cannot over

run a slow one during transmission thus avoiding
bottleneck problem.

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(4) Functions such segmenting or splitting on the data done

by layer four that is transport layer.

Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small

units so that they are handled more efficiently by the
network layer and manages the packets sequence.

In simple layman’s term we can say that Transport layer’s

main work is to guarantee the successful and smooth
transmission of data from one end to the other.

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Internet Layer
The requirement of the fact that

even in the event of absence or failure of a particular

subnet or network hardware,

the transmission must continue between the end nodes,

as long as the sender node is ready to inject data packets

into the network and the receiver node is ready to accept
those packets,

formed the basis of the designing of the internet layer in

TCP/IP Suite which provides a mechanism for
packet-switching connection-less network architecture.
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The goal of this layer is to provide a mechanism so that

every data packet can independently travel of the network
and reach its intended recipient.

This is done by using Internet Protocol (IP) addressing

system where the addressing related information is
encapsulated to each data packet.

Along with routing mechanism, congestion control is another

important issue being looked up by the Internet Layer in
the TCP/IP protocol suite.

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Link Layer (Host-to-Network Layer)

 The Link Layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a
communication channel.

 The design issue have to do with making sure that when one side
sends 1 bit, it is received by other side as a 1 bit, not 0 bit.

 This is ensured by prefixing/deciding how many volts should be used

to represent 1 bit and how many volts should be used to
represent 0 bit.

Sender’s side Receiver’s side

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Another important function for Link Layer is

deciding the type of direction for transmission.

Link Layer must find out if

Half-duplex or Full-duplex transmission is required

and commit to the particular transmission direction

only after ensuring if similar facilities are
available at both ends.
In short we can conclude that main issues
pertaining Link layer are largely confined to
electrical, mechanical, physical media and
procedural interfaces.
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Difference between
OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Suite
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Suite

Layer Layer Layer Layer

No. Name Name No.

7 Application Layer
Application Layer 4
6 Presentation Layer
5 Session Layer
Transport Layer 3
4 Transport Layer
3 Network Layer Internet Layer 2
2 Data Link Layer Link Layer 1
(Host-to-Network Layer)
1 Physical Layer

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Sl.No OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Suite

1 It is 7 layers model. It is 4 layers model.

The TCP/IP model is an

2
The OSI model is a
practical implementation
reference model
of the OSI model
No presentation layer,
Separate Presentation
3 characteristics are provided
Layer.
by application layer.

Separate Session No session layer,

4 characteristics are provided
Layer.
by transport layer.

Network layer provides Network layer provides

5 only connection oriented both connectionless and
services. connection oriented
services
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Sl.No OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Suite

It defines the services, It does not clearly

interfaces and protocols distinguishes between
6 very clearly and makes a service interface and
clear distinction between protocols.
them.

The protocol are better

hidden and can be easily It is not easy to replace
7
replaced as the technology the protocols
changes

Most of the protocols TCP/IP model was designed

and applications came according to the protocols
8 after the OSI and applications that were
Reference Model was earlier invented
described
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Acknowledgement Frame Mechanism in Computer Networks

Normal Case

Sender Receiver
T1
T2

T3

Tn

Time
Time

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Acknowledgement Frame Mechanism in Computer Networks

Fault Case : No Acknowledgement Received

Sender Receiver
T1
T2

Tn
T3
Time
Time

T4

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Acknowledgement Frame Mechanism in Computer Networks

Fault Case : Acknowledgement Received Late
Sender Receiver
T1
T2

Tn
T3

T4

Time
Time

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Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

Host A Host A wants to send to Host B an
IP datagram of size = 2500 Bytes

Router MTU = 1400

? Host B

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Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

Packet Size = 2500 Bytes Packet Size = Packet Size =

1200 Bytes 1300 Bytes

MTU = 1400

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Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

A maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the largest size packet
or frame, specified in octets (eight-bit bytes), that can be
sent in a packet or frame based network such as the
Internet.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses the MTU to

determine the maximum size of each packet in any
transmission.

Too large an MTU size may mean retransmissions if the

packet encounters a router that can't handle that large a
packet.

Too small an MTU size means relatively more header overhead

and more acknowledgements that have to be sent and
handled.
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Rough Notes
The Internet de facto standard MTU is 576, but ISPs
often suggest using much more than that.

Recent Windows systems, is able to sense whether your

connection should use 576 or higher and select the
appropriate MTU for the connection.

Fragmentation is carried out in such manner that no. of

bytes in the individual fragments are always divisible by 8.
the reason we would see later on as we study more about
IP Datagram format , IPv4 header, etc
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Packet Switching

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In packet-based networks, the message

gets broken into small data packets.

These packets are sent out from the senders computer

and
they travel around the network seeking out the most
efficient route to the receiver as per real-time
situation and availability.

Each packet traverse the network independently and

may go on a different route from the other packets.

Also the individual packets may not necessarily always

follow the shortest route.
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Advantages of Packet Switching

1. Security.

2. Bandwidth used to full potential.

3. Devices of different speeds can communicate.

4. Not affected by line failure (redirects signal).

5. Availability – no waiting for a direct connection to
become available.
6. During a crisis or disaster, when the public
telephone network might stop working, e-mails and
texts can still be sent via packet switching.

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Disadvantages of Packet Switching

1. Under heavy use there can be a delay

2. Data packets can get lost or become corrupted

3. Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer

4. Not so good for some types data streams

(e.g. real-time video streams can lose frames due to
the way packets arrive out of sequence)

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Circuit Switching

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Circuit Switching
Circuit switching was designed in 1878 in order to send
telephone calls down a dedicated channel.

There are three phases in circuit switching:

1. Establish
2. Transfer
3. Disconnect

The communication channel once established, remains open and

in use throughout the whole call and cannot be used by any
other data or phone calls.

The telephone message is sent all together; it is not broken

up and also the message arrives in the same order that it
was originally sent.

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In modern circuit-switched networks, electronic signals

pass through several switches before a connection is
established.
During a transmission no other network traffic can use those
switches and the resources remain dedicated to the circuit
during the entire data transfer and the entire message
follows the same path.

Circuit switching can be analog or digital.

With the expanded use of the Internet for voice and video,
analysts predict a gradual shift away from circuit-switched
networks.
A circuit-switched network is excellent for data that needs a
constant link from end-to-end, for example, real-time
video.
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Advantages of Circuit Switching

1. Circuit is dedicated to the call with no

interference, no sharing.

2. It guarantees the full bandwidth for the

duration of the transmission.

3. It guarantees quality of service.

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Disadvantages of Circuit Switching

1. Inefficient – the equipment may be unused for

a lot of the call; if no data is being sent, the
dedicated line still remains open.

2. It takes a relatively long time to set up the

circuit.

3. During a crisis or disaster, the network may

become unstable or unavailable.

4. It was primarily developed for voice traffic

rather than data traffic.
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Difference between TCP and UDP

One of the important work of Transport Layer is to

decide upon which type of communication service it
should offer for the data it is receiving from
Application layer.

Depending upon the requirement of the Application

Layer protocols and user instructions received
Transport layer goes for one of the following services:

1.Connection Oriented Service.

2.Connection Less service.

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If the Transport Layer offers Connection Oriented Service

for the data it receives from the Application Layer,

then Transport layer Information like Sequence Number,

Post Number, etc are encapsulated using
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Header.

If the Transport Layer offers Connection Less Service for

the data it receives from the Application Layer,

then Transport Layer Information like Sequence Number,

Post Number, etc are encapsulated using
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Header.

Good Luck
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