3 Modeling with First-Order

Differential Equations
Exercises 3.1

1. Let P = P(t) be the population at time ¿, and Pq the initial population. From dP/dt = kP we obtain P =
Poekt. Using P(5) = 2Po we find k = 1/5 ln2 and P = Poe (ln2)t/5. Setting P(t) = 3Po we have

3 = e(in2)t/5 => ln 3= (ln2)t /5 => t= 5ln5 /ln2 = 7 9 years.

Setting P(t) = 4Po we have

(ln2)t/5
4=e => ln 4 = ( ln 2 ) t => t = 10 years

2. Setting P =10,000 and t = 3 in Problem 1 we obtain

10,000 = Poe(ln 2)3/5 => Pq = 10,000e -0.,61n2 6597.5.

Then P(10) = P0e2In2 = 4P0 = 26,390.

3. Let P = P(t) be the population at time t. From dP/dt = kt and P(0) = Po = 500 we obtain
P = 500ekt. Using P(10) = 575 we find k = 1/10 ln 1.15. Then P(30) = 500e 3ln1.15 ~ 760 years..

4. Let N = N(t) be the number of bacteria at time t and No the initial number. From dN/dt = kN we
obtain N = Noekt. Using N(3) = 400 and N(10) = 2000 we find 400 = Noe3k or ek = (4OO/ No) 1/3.
From N(10) = 2000 we then have
2000 -7/3 =>
2000 = No e10k = No (400/No)10/3 => = No
40010/3

5. Let I = I(t) be the intensity, t the thickness, and I(0) = lo. If di/dt = kl and I(3) = 0.25 Io then
I = I 0ekt , k = 1/3 ln 0.25, and I (15) = 0.00098 Io.
6. From dS/dt = rS we obtain S = Soert where S(0) = So-
(a) If So = $5000 and r = 5.75% then S(5) = $6665.45.
(b) If S(t) =$10,000 then t — 12 years.
(c) S= $6651.82
7. Let N = N (t) be the amount of lead at time t. From dN/dt = kN and N(0) = 1 we obtain
N = ekt. Using N(3.3) = 1/2 we find k = 1/3.3 ln 1/2. When 90% of the lead has decayed, 0.1 grams

71
 Exercises 3.1

will remain. Setting N(t) = 0.1 we have

_t_ 3.3 ln 0.1
e t(1/3.3 ln(1/2) = 0.1 => ln (1/2) = 0.1 => t = = 10.96
3.3 ln 1/2

8. Let N = N(t) be the amount at time t. From dN/dt = kt and N(0) = 100 we obtain N = 100efct.
Using N(6) = 97 we find k = 1/6 ln 0.97. Then N (24) = 100e (1/6) (ln 0.97) 2 = 100(0.97)4 =88.5 mg.
9. Setting N(t) = 50 in Problem 8 we obtain

ln 1/2
50 = 100ekt ==> fct = ln 1/2 ==> t = (1/6) ln 0.97 = 136.5 hours.

10. (a) The solution of dA/dt — kA is A(t) = Aoekt. Letting A = |Ao and solving for t we obtain the
halfdife T= -(ln2)/¿.

(b) Since k = — (In2)/T we have

A(t) = 40(T(ln2)É/T = A02-í/T

(c) Writing ^Ao = Ao2-É/r as 2“3 = 2-í/T and solving for t we get t = 3T. Thus, an initial
amount Ao will decay to |Ao in three half lives.
11. Assume that A = Aoekt and k = -0.00012378. If A(¿) = 0.1454o then t ^15,600 years.

12. From Example 3, the amount of carbón present at time t is A(t) = 4oe“0,00012378í. Letting t = 660
and solving for 4o we have 4(660) = 4oe~0,0001237^660^ = 0.92 15534o. Thus, approximately 92%
of the original amount of C-14 remained in the cloth as of 1988.
13. Assume that dT/dt = k(T - 10) so that T — 10 + cekt. If T(0) = 70° and T(l/2) = 50° then c = 60
and k — 21n(2/3) so that T(l) = 36.67°. If T(í) = 15° then t = 3.06 minutes.
14. Assume that dT/dt = k(T — 5) so that T ~5 + cekt. If T(l) = 55° and T(5) = 30°then k = —| ln2
and c = 59.4611 so that T(0) = 64.4611°.
15. Assume that dT/dt = k(T — 100) so that T = 100 + cekt. If T(0) = 20° and T(l) = 22°then
c = -80 and k = ln(39/40) so that T(t) = 90° implies t = 82.1seconds. If T(¿) = 98°then
t = 145.7 seconds.
16. Using separation of variables to solve dT/dt = k(T — Tm) we get T(t) — Tm + cekt. Using T(0) = 70
we find c = 70 — Tm, so T(t) = Tm + (70 — Tm)ekt. Using the given observations, we obtain

T(|) =Tm + (70-Tm)eV2 = no

T(l) = + (70 - Tm)ek = 145.

72
 Exercises 3.1

Then ek/2 = (110 - T m)/(70 - Tm) and

k k/2\2 /110 - 145 - Tm

1 1 k 70 — T ) 70 — T
m m

(110-Pm)2
= 145 - Tm
70-Tm

12100 - 220Tm + = 10150 - 250Tm 4-

Tm = 390.

The temperatura in the oven is 390°.

17. From dA/dt = 4 — A/50 we obtain A = 200 + ce t/50. If >1(0) = 30 then c = —170 and A ~
200 - 170e“¿/50.

18. From dA/dt = 0 — >1/50 we obtain A = ce_t/50. If A(0) = 30 then c = 30 and A = 3Oe~¿/50.

19. From dA/dt = 10 — A/100 we obtain A = 1000 + ce-*/100. If >1(0) = 0 then c = -1000 and
A = 1000 - lOOOe"*/100. At t = 5, A(5) « 48.77 pounds.

20. From = 10---------------——----------r- = 10--------— we obtain A = 1000 - lOt + c(100 - t)2. vIfJ
dt 500 —(10 —5)¿ 100 -t
A(0) = 0 then c = —-^ . The tank is empty in 100 minutes.
dA 4A 2A 2. If >1(0) = 10 then
21. From — = 3------- ——7------- r- = 3------------ we obtain A = 50 + t 4-c(50v+1)~
7 v7
dt 100 4-(6 - 4)1 50 4-1
c = —100,000 and >1(30) = 64.38 pounds.

22. (a) Initially the tank contains 300 gallons of solution. Since brine is pumped in at a rate of
3 gal/min and the solution is pumped out at a rate of 2 gal/min, the net change is an increase
of 1 gal/min. Thus, in 100 minutes the tank will contain its capacity of 400 gallons.

(b) The differential equation describing the amount of salt in the tank is A'(t) = 6 — 2 A/(300 4- t)
with solution

A(t) = 600 + 2t - (4.95 x 107)(300 + t)“2, 0 < t < 100,

as noted in the discussion following Example 5 in the text. Thus, the amount of salt in the
tank when it overflows is

A(100) = 800 - (4.95 x 107) (400)~2 = 490.625 lbs.

(c) When the tank is overflowing the amount of salt in the tank is governed by the differential

73
 Exercises 3.1

equation
j4 A
— = (3 gal/min)(2 Ib/gal) - (— lb/gal)(3 gal/min)

3A
=6 “ 400 ’ A(W0) = 490'625'

Solving the equation we obtain A(í) = 800 + ce“3£/400. The initial condition yields
c — —654.947, so that
A(¿) = 800 - 654.947e’3£/400.

When t = 150, A(150) = 587.37 lbs.

(d) As ¿ > oo, the amount of salt is 800 lbs, which is to be expected since
(400 gal) (2 lbs/gal)= 800 lbs.

23. Assume Ldi/dt + Ri = E(t), L = 0.1, R = 50, and E(t) = 50 so that i = | + ce 500£. If i(0) = 0
then c = —3/5 and lim¿_oo i(t) = 3/5.
24. Assume Ldi/dt + Ri = E(t), E(t) = Eq sin oré, and ¿(0) = íq so that
Eq R . ,
x= sincuí - coscjí + ce-fíí/L.
¿W + R2 L2lü2 + R2
.. . , EqLciJ
Smce 2(0) = 2o we obtain c = xq + •
L¿uj¿ + R¿
25. Assume Rdq/dt + (l/c)# = E(t), R = 200, C = 10“4, and E(t) = 100 so that q = 1/100 + ce“50£.
If q(0) = 0 then c = -1/100 and i = |e“50£.
26. Assume Rdq/dt + (l/c)<? = E(t)y R = 1000, C = 5 x 10“6, and E(t) = 200. Then q = í¿jo+ce~“OOt
and 2 = —200ce“2Q0£. If ¿(0) = 0.4 then c = — g(0.005) = 0.003 coulombs, and 2(0.005) =
0.1472 amps. As ¿ > oo we have q —> -^q.
27. For 0 < t < 20 the differential equation is 20 di/dt + 2t — 120. An integrating factor is e£/L0, so
[e£/102] = 6e£//1° and i = 60 + cie-¿/10. If 2(0) = 0 then c¡ = -60 and i — 60 — 6Oe“£/10.

For t > 20 the differential equation is 20 di/dt 4- 2i = 0 and i = ¿26”^10.

74
 Exercises 3.1

At t = 20 we want c^e 2 = 60 — 60e 2 so that C2 = 60 (e2 — l). Thus

í 60 - 6Oe_í/10, 0 < t < 20;

[ 60 (e2 - l) t > 20.

28. Separating variables we obtain

dq (Eq ~ q/CTC
Eo-7/C (Aj + k.2ty/k2
(E0 - qo/C')~c
Setting <?(0) = qo we find C2 = so
k}/k>

(Eo - q/crc (Eo - q0/CTC ,, Zp 90 VC/ fcl

(k1 + k2i)i/fc2 feiA-2 c) \E ° c) \k + k2tj

29. (a) From mdv/dt = mg — kv we obtain v = gm/k + ce kt/m, If u(0) = fo then c = vq — gm/k and
the solution of the initial-valué problem is

(b) As í —> oo the limiting velocity is gm/k.

(c) From ds/dt = v and s(0) = 0 we obtain

30. (a) Integrating d2s/dt2 = —g we get v(t) = ds/dt = —gt + c. From v(0) = 300 we find c = 300, so
the velocity is v(t) = —32¿ + 300.
(b) Integrating again and using 5(0) = 0 we get s(t) = —16¿2 + 300t. The máximum height is
attained when v = 0, that is, at ta = 9.375. The máximum height will be s(9.375) = 1406.25 ft.
31. When air resistance is proportional to velocity, the model for the velocity is mdv/dt = —mg -
kv (using the fact that the positive direction is upward.) Solving the differential equation using
separation of variables we obtain v(t) = —mg/k + ce~kt'm. From u(0) = 300 we get

v(t) = + (300+ ^)e^í7’n.

kv k7

75
 Exercises 3.1

Integrating and using 5(0) = 0 we find

s(í) = _^í + ^300+7)(l-e-^).

Setting k = 0.0025, m = 16/32 = 0.5, and g = 32 we have

s(t) = 1,340,000 - 6,400i - 1,340,000e~0 005í

and
v(t) = -6,400 + 6,700e~° 005í.

The máximum height is attained when v = 0, that is, at ta = 9.162. The máximum height will be
5(9.162) = 1363.79 ft, which is less than the máximum height in part (a).
32. Assuming that air resistance is proportional to velocity and the positive direction is downward, the
model for the velocity is m dv/dt = mg — kv. Using separation of variables to solve this differential
equation we obtain v(t) = mg/k 4- ce~kt¡m. From v(0) = 0 we get v(t) = (mg/k)(l —
Letting k = 0.5, m = 160/32 = 5, and g — 32 we have v(t) — 320(1 — e_0,lí). Integrating,
we find s(t) — 320¿ 4- 3200e“°-1¿. At t = 15, when the parachute opens, v(15) = 248.598 and
5(15) = 5514.02. At this point the valué of k changes to k = 10 and the new initial velocity
is vq = 248.598. Her velocity with the parachute open (with time measured from the instant of
opening) is vp(t) — 16 4- 232.598e_2t. Integrating, we find sp(t) = 16¿ — 116.299e_2t. Twenty
seconds after leaving the plañe is five seconds after the parachute opens. Her velocity at this
time is vp(5) = 16.0106 ft/sec and she has fallen 5(15) 4- 5P(5) = 5514.02 4- 79.9947 = 5594.01 ft.
Her terminal velocity is limt_>0O^p(¿) = 16, so she has very nearly reached her terminal velocity
five seconds after the parachute opens. When the parachute opens, the distance to the ground is
15,000 — 5514.02 = 9485.98 ft. Solving sp(¿) = 9485.98 we get t = 592.874 s = 9.88 min. Thus, it
will take her approximately 9.88 minutes to reach the ground after her parachute has opened and
a total of (592.874 4- 15)/60 = 10.13 minutes after she exits the plañe.
33. (a) The differential equation is first-order, linear. Letting b = k/p, the integrating factor is
e/3bdt/(6t+ro) = (ro + bt)3. Then

The solution of the differential equation is u(¿) = (g/4b)(ro 4- bt) + c(ro + bt) 3. Using v(0) = 0
we find c = —^rg/4&, so that

(b) Integrating dr/dt — k/pwe get r = kt/p+c. Using r(0) = ro we have c = ro, so r(¿) = kt/p+r$.

76
 Exercises 3.1

(c) If r = 0.007ft when t = 10 s, then solving r(10) = 0.007 for k/p, we obtain k/p — —0.0003 and
r(t) = 0.01 — 0.0003Í. Solving r(t) = 0 we get t = 33.3, so the raindrop will have evaporated
completely at 33.3 seconds.
34. Separating variables we obtain p

dP
— — kcQstdt => ln\P\ = ksint + c ==> P = cie/csm£.

If p(0) = PQ then C] = PQ and P = PQeksint.

35. (a) From dP/dt — — kz)P we obtain P = Poe^kl where Pq = P(0).

(b) If > k2 then P —* 00 as t —* 00. If k\ — &2 then P — Po for every t. If ki < kz then P —> 0
as t —* 00.

36. The first equation can be solved by separation of variables. We obtain x — c\e Al£. From rr(O) = xo
we obtain = so and so x = zoe~Al£. The second equation then becomes

= i0>ie ÁIÍ - Xry or ~ + A22/ = zoAie Al£

at dt

which is linear. An integrating factor is e^2t. Thus

From ?/(0) = yo we obtain C2 = (2/0A2 — 2/o-Ai — zo^i)/(^2 — Ai). The solution is

y- Z0A1 _Alt , 7/0A2 - 2/oAi - xoAi

------ _A t
----------
e e
A2 - Ai A2 - Ai

37. (a) Solving k\(M — A) — kzA = 0 for A we find the equilibrium solution A = k\M/4- kz}. From
the phase portrait we see that lim^oo A(t) = k\M/(ki 4-/02)-

----------- --------------- 1------------- 4------------A

ktM
k-j + kg

Since &2 > 0, the material will never be completely memorized and the larger ¿2 is? the less
the amount of material will be memorized over time.

77
 Exercises 3.1

(b) Write the differential equation in the form dA/dt+(ki 4-^2) A =

k\M. Then an integrating factor is e^1+/C2^, and

d [e(fci+^)í.4j = fc1A'íe^1+*2^
k^L.^ k )t
e(^l+^2)í^ — l+ 2 + c
ki 4- Aj2

=> .4- k'M + Ce~('kl+k2',t

k\ 4-

Using A(0)
v
= 0 we find c = — ■ and A = - — CX?,
ki 4- k2 ki+k2

k], + k2
Solving r - kx = 0 for x we find the equilibrium solution x — r/k. When x < r/k, dx/dt > 0
and when x > r/k, dx/dt < 0. From the phase portrait we see that lim¿_oox(t) = r/k.

---------- >---------- 1--------- 4------------ X

r
k
(b) From dx/dt = r — kx and z(0) = 0 we obtain x — r/k — {r/k)e~kt
so that x —> r/k as t —> 00. If x(T) — r/2/c then T = (In2)/A?.

39. It is necessary to know the air temperature from the time of death until the medical examiner
arrives. We will assume that the temperature of the air is a constant 65°F. By Newton’s law of
cooling we then have
drT'
— = k(T-65), TÍO) = 82.
dt
Using linearity or separation of variables we obtain T = 65+cekt. From T(0) = 82 we find c = 17, so
that T = 65 4- 17 ekt. To find k we need more information so we assume that the body temperature
at t = 2 hours was 75°F. Then 75 = 65 4- 17e2/c and k = —0.2653 and
T(t) = 65 4- I7e“°'2653t.

At the time of death, to, T(¿o) = 98.6°F, so 98.6 = 65 4- 17e~°-2653í, which gives t — —2.568. Thus,
the murder took place about 2.568 hours prior to the discovery of the body.

78
 Exercises 3.2

40. We will assume that the temperature of both the room and the cream is 72°F, and that the
temperature of the coffee when it is first put on the table is 175°F. If we let T\(t) represent the
temperature of the coffee in Mr. Jones’ cup at time t, then

which implies Ti — 72 + ciefcí. At time t — 0 Mr. Jones adds cream to his coffee which immediately
reduces its temperature by an amount a, so that Ti(0) = 175 —a. Thus 175 — a — Ti(0) = 72 + ci,
which implies = 103 - a, so that Ti(t) = 72 4- (103 — a)efcí. At t = 5, Ti (5) = 72 4- (103 — a)e5/c.
Now we let represent the temperature of the coffee in Mrs. Jones’ cup. From T2 = 72 4- C2ekt
and T2(0) = 175 we obtain C2 = 103, so that T2(t) = 72 4- 103efc£. At t = 5, T2(5) = 72 4- 103eofc.
When cream is added to Mrs. Jones’ coffee the temperature is reduced by an amount a. Using the
fact that k < 0 we ha.ve
T2(5) - a = 72 + 103e5/: - a < 72 + 103e5t - ae5k

= 72 + (103 — a)e5/c = Ti (5).

Thus, the temperature of the coffee in Mr. Jones’ cup is hotter.
41. Drop an object from a great height and measure its terminal velocity, vt- In Problem 29(b) we saw
that vt = gm/k, so k = gm/vt.
42. We saw in part (a) of Problem 30 that the ascent time is ta — 9.375. To find when the cannonball
hits the ground we solve s(t) — — 16t2 4- 300¿ = 0, getting a total time in flight of t = 18.75. Thus,
the time of descent is = 18.75 — 9.375 = 9.375. The impact velocity is v¿ = v(18.75) — —300,
which has the same magnitude as the initial velocity.

We saw in part (b) of Problem 30 that the ascent time in the case of air resistance is ta = 9.162.
Solving s(¿) = 1,340,000 —6,400t —1,340,OOOe_oo°5í = 0 we see that the total time of flight is 18.466.
Thus, the descent time is = 18.466 — 9.162 = 9.304. The impact velocity is = v(18.466) =
—290.91, compared to an initial velocity of vq = 300.

_________ Exercises 3.2

1. (a) Solving N(1 — 0.0005TV) = 0 for N we find the equilibrium solutions N = 0 and N = 2000.
When 0 < TV < 2000, dN/dt > 0. From the phase portrait we see that lim¿_*oo TV(t) = 2000.

0 2000

A graph of the solution is shown in part (b).

79
 Exercises 3.2

(b) Separating variables and integrating we have

dN (—---- 1--
A(1 - 0.0005N) VA N - 2000
and
ln N — ln(7V — 2000) = ¿ + c.

Solving for N we get N(t) — 2000ec+t/(l + ec+í) = 2000eceí/(l + ecet). Using N(0) = 1 and
solving for ec we find ec = 1/1999 and so A(¿) = 2000e¿/(1999 + et). Then A(10) = 1833.59,
so 1834 companies are expected to adopt the new technology when t — 10.

2. From = N(a — bN) and A(0) = 500 we obtain N = ——------------------ ,

k7k7
.---- 7 . Since lim N —
dt 5006 -i- (a - 5006)e~aí
% =50,000 and 7V(1) = 1000 we have a = 0.7033, b = 0.00014, and N = ----------- •
o 1 + 99e
S. From = P (lO’1 - 10~7P) and P(0) = 5000 we obtain P = so that

P —> 1,000,000 as t —> oo. If P(t) = 500,000 tlien t = 52.9months.

4. (a) We have dP/dt = P(a — bP) with P(0) = 3.929 million. Using separation of variables we
obtain
3.929a__________________ _a/b___________________
1 ~ 3.9296 + (a - 3.9296)e~aí ~ 1 + (a/3.9296 - l)e~aí

c
= l+’(c/3.929 - l)e-~aí '

At t — 60(1850) the population is 23.192 million, so

1 + (c/3.929 - l)e^
or c = 23.192 + 23.192(c/3.929 - l)e“60a. At i = 120(1910)
91 079 = -_________________________________
1 + (c/3.929 - l)^120*
or c = 91.972 + 91.972(c/3.929 — l)(e'60a)2. Combining the two equations for c we get
Z(c- 23.192)/23.192\2 Z c \ c-91.972
\ c/3.929 - 1 ) 13.929 V 91.972 ’
or
91.972(3.929)(c - 23.192)2 = (23.192)2(c - 91.972)(c - 3.929).
The solution of this quadratic equation is c = 197.274. This in turn gives a = 0.0313. Therefore
197.274
F(t) =
1 + 49.21e-0 0313í '

80
 Exercises 3.2

8. From —— = &(150 — X)2, X(0) = 0, and Á’(o) = 10 we obtain X ~ 150---------------------- —------- where"
dt 15(Jkt + 1
k = .000095238. Then X(20) = 33.3grams and X -+ 150 as t —> oo so that the amount of A —* 0
and the amount of B —> 0 as t -+ oo. If X(t) = 75 then t = 70 minutes.

9- (a) The initial-value problem is dh/dt = — SA^y/h ¡Aw,

/z(0) = H. Separating variables and integrating we have

-^L = —^^-dí and 2V9z = — + c.

vh Ayj Aw
Using A(0) = 77 we find c = 2^/H, so the solution of
the initial-value problem is ^h(t) = (A^^/Td - 4A/lt)/Aw,
h(¿) = (AW^H - lAhtf/Al for 0 < t < AwH/4Ah.
(b) Identifying H = 10, Aw = 4%, and A^ = 7r/576 we have h(t) — t2/331J76 — (^5/2 /144)i +10.
Solving h(¿) = 0 we see that the tank empties in 576^/10 seconds or 30.36 minutes.
10. To obtain the solution of this differential equation we use h(t) from part (a) of Problem 11 in
Exercises 11.3 with A^ replaced by cA^. Then h(t) = {AW\/~H — ^cA^t)2/A2,- Solving h(¿) = 0
with c = 0.6 and the valúes from Problem 11 we see that the tank empties in 3035.79 seconds or
50.6 minutes.
11. (a) Separating variables and integrating we have

6h3/2dh = —5¿ and —h5/2 = —57 + c.

5
Using A(0) = 20 we find c = 1920v/5, so the solution of the initial-value problem is h(t) =
(800\/5 — Solving h(t) = 0 we see that the tank empties in 384-^5 seconds or
14.31 minutes.
(b) When the height of the water is h, the radius of the top of the water is r = h tan 30° = h/y/3
and Aw = irh2/3. The differential equation is
dh tt(2/12)2 2
dt 7r/l2/3 5h3/2 '
Separating variables and integrating we have
5h3//2dh = — 2dt and 2h°/2 = —2t + c.
Using h(0) = 9we find c — 486, so the solution of the initial-value problem is h(t) = (243—¿)2/5.
Solving /z(¿) =0 we see that the tank empties in 24.3 seconds or 4.05 minutes.
12. When the height of the water is /z, the radius of the top of the water is |(20 — h) and Aw =
47t(20 — h)2/25. The differential equation is
dh tt(2/12)2 5 Vh
dt 47t(20-/z)2/25 6 (20-A)2 ’

82
 Exercises 3.2

Census Predicted %
Year Population Population Error Error
1790 3.929 3.929 0.000 0.00
1800 5.308 5.334 -0.026 -0.49
1810 7.240 7.222 0.018 0.24
1820 9.638 9.746 -0.108 -1.12
1830 12.866 13.090 -0.224 -1.74
1840 ■ 17.069 17.475 -0.406 -2.38
1850 23.192 23.143 0.049 0.21
1860 31.433 30.341 1.092 3.47
1870 38.558 39.272 -0.714 -1.85
1880 50.156 50.044 0.112 0.22
1890 62.948 62.600 0.348 0.55
1900 75.996 76.666 -0.670 -0.88
1910 91.972 91.739 0.233 0.25
1920 105.711 107.143 -1.432 -1.35
1930 122.775 122.140 0.635 0.52
1940 131.669 136.068 -4.399 -3.34
1950 150.697 148.445 2.252 1.49

The model predicts a population of 159.0 million for 1960 and 167.8 million for 1970. The
census populations for these years were 179.3 and 203.3, respectively. The per cent age errors
are 12.8 and 21.2, respectively.
5. (a) The differential equation is dP/dt = P(l —ln F), which has equilibrium
solution F — e. When Pq > e, dPjdt < 0, and when Pq < e, dP/dt >
0.

(b) The differential equation is dP/dt = F(l+ln F), which has equilibrium
solution F = 1/e. When Pq > 1/e, dP/dt > 0, and when Fo < 1/e,
dP/dt < 0.

6. From — = P(a — frln F) we obtam —- ln a — ¿> ln F| = t + ci so that F = e Sbe . If F(0) — Fo

dt b
, a._
then c = - — ln Fo.
o
7y
7. Let X — X(t) be the amount of C at time t and —r- = /c(120 — 2X)(150 — X). If X(0) = 0 and
dt
150 — 150e180fct
X(5) = 10 then X = ~18Qfc¿ where k = .0001259, and X(20) = 29.3grams. Now X —> 60

as t —> oo, so that the amount of A —* 0 and the amount of B —> 30 as t —+ oo.

81
 Exercises 3.2

14. We solve

u(0) = 300

using separation of variables. This gives

Integrating and using s(0) =0 we find

90000fe
W

Solving v(t) = 0 we see that ta = 6.60159. The máximum height is s(ta) = 823.84 ft.

15. (a) Let p be the weight density of the water and V the volume of the object. Archimedes’ principie
states that the upward buoyant forcé has magnitude equal to the weight of the water displaced.
Taking the positive direction to be down, the differential equation is

dv
m — = mg - kv2 ~ pV.
dt

(b) Using separation of variables we have

mdv
(mg — pV) — kv2
Vkdv
= di

m 1 ,i
— ....... tanh = t + c.
v k Vm9 - py

Thus

(c) Since tanh¿ —> 1 as t —> oo, the terminal velocity is — pV)/k.

16. (a) Writing the equation in the form (x — yx2 + y2 )dx + y dy we identify M = x — ^3? + y2 and
N = y. Since M and N are both homogeneous of degree 1 we use the substituí ion y — ux. It

84
 Exercises 3.2

Separating variables and integrating we have

and 800^-^h3/2 + -h5/2 = -!i + C.

Vh 6 3 5 6

Using h(0) = 20 we find c = so an implicit solution of the initial-valué problem is

gooVh -3vh3/2 + 5!ft5/2 = 4*6 + 3 '

To find the time it takes the tank to empty we set h — 0 and solve for t. The tank empties in
1024 \/5 seconds or 38.16 minutes. Thus, the tank empties more slowly when the base of the cone
is on the bottom.

13. (a) Separating variables we obtain

TYldV _ , ,
mg — kv2
1 dv
= dt
g 1 — {kv/mg)2

y/rñg k/mg dv
Vkg 1 — (Vkv/y/mg)2

Thus the velocity at time t is

Setting t = 0 and v = vq we find ci = tanh \\/k vq/^/mg).

(b) Since tanht —> 1 as t —> oo, we have v —> yjmg/k as ¿ oo.

(c) Integrating the expression for v(t) in part (a) we obtain

772
Setting t = 0 and s = so we find C2 = so —r lnícoshci
k

83
 Exercises 3.2

follows that

Letting w = 1 — \/l + u2 we have dw = —udu/yl + u2 so that

- In ^1 - i/l + t¿2 ) = lnz + c

1
i_vTW ”Cia:

i - x/i + «2 = -- X
(-C2 = 1/Ci)

1+ i 9 -*■ i 9 •
X x¿ x¿

Solving for y2 we have

y2 = 2c2x + 4 = 4 (y)
which is a family of parabolas symmetric with respect to the z-axis with vertex at (—02/2,0)
and focus at the origin.

(b) Let u = z2 + y2 so that

du dy
— = 2x + 2y~ .
dx dx
Then
dy 1 du
dx 2 dx X
and the differential equation can be written in the form

or

85
 Exercises 3.2

Separating variables and integrating we have

\fü — x + c

u = x2 + 2 ex + c2

x2 + y2 = x2 4- 2cx + c2

y2 = 2cx + c2.

17. (a) From 2W2 — PU3 = W2(2 — PF) = 0 we see that W = 0 and W = 2 are constant solutions.

(b) Separating variables and using a CAS to intégrate we get

dW . zi ________ x
-----. —T — dx and — tanh 1 (- v 4- 2W ) = x + c.

Using the facts that the hyperbolic tangent is an odd function and 1 — tanh2 x — sech2 x we
have
-a/4 — 2W = tanh(—x — c) = — tanh(x + c)

"(4 — 2W) = tanh2(x + c)

1 o
1 = tanh2(x 4- c)

= 1 - tanh2(x + c) = sech2(x + c).

Thus, VU(x) = 2sech2(x + c).

2
(c) Letting x = 0 and W = 2 we find that sech (c) = 1 and c — 0.

18. (a) Solving r2 + (10 — /i)2 = 102 for r2 we see that r2 = 20h — h2. Combining the rate of input of
water, 7r, with the rate of output due to evaporation, knr2 = Zc7t(20/z — h2), we have dV/dt —
7T — A:7t(20/z — h2). Using V ~ IOítA2 — jír/i3, we see also that dV/dt = (207rh — wh^dh/dt.
Thus,
/nn lt/i — 7r/i j — = 7r —7 Aur(20h
Znnz. l2\—
j z 1 “ 20kh + kh2 .
(207
v v 7
h ) and — —----------
2
-------x----
’ dt di 20h - h

86
 Exercises 3.2

(b) Letting k = 1/100, separating variables and integrating (with

the help of a CAS), we get
100/i(h - 20) 100(h2 - 10h+ 100)
dh — dt and — t + c.
(h — 10)2 10- h
Using h(0) = 0 we find c = 1000, and solving for h we get
h(t) = 0.005+ 4000t — ¿), where the positive square root is
chosen because h > 0.

(c) The volume of the tank is V = ^7r(10)3 feet, so at a rate of 7r cubic feet per minute, the tank
will fill in |(10)3 « 666.67 minutes « 11.11 hours.

(d) At 666.67 minutes, the depth of the water is /¿(666.67) = 5.486 feet. From the graph in (b) we
suspect that limt^oc h(t) = 10, in which case the tank will never completely fill. To prove this
we compute the limit of h(t):

t2 + 4000¿ - t2
lim A(í) = 0.005 lim (\/¿2 V+ 4000t — í') = 0.005 lim
t—>OO t—+OoV ' t~’OCVi2 + 4000Í+7
4000¿ , 4000
= 0.005 lim = 0.005 lim -—- = 0.005(2000) = 10.
t—>oo + 4000/¿ + t t—>oo 1 + 1

19. (a) t P(t) Q(t)

0 3.929 0.035
10 5.308 0.036
20 7.240 0.033
30 9.638 0.033
40 12.866 0.033
50 17.069 0.036
60 23.192 0.036
70 31.433 0.023
80 38.558 0.030
90 50.156 0.026
100 62.948 0.021
110 75.996 0.021
120 91.972 0.015
130 105.711 0.016
140 122.775 0.007
150 131.669 0.014
160 150.697 0.019
170 179.300

87
 Exercises 3.2

(c) The solution of the logistic equation is given in equation (5) in the text. Identifying a =
0.0348391 and b — 0.000168222 we have

—_______ 2^._______

(d) With Po — 3.929 the solution becomes

0.136883
~ 0.000660944 + 0.0341781e_0<0348391í '

(f) We identify t = 180 with 1970, t = 190 with 1980, and t = 200 with 1990. The model predicts
P(180) — 188.661, P(190) = 193.735, and P(200) = 197.485. The actual population figures
for these years are 203.303, 226.542, and 248.765 millions. As t —> oo, P(t) —> a/b = 207.102.
20. (a) Using a CAS to solve P(1 — P) + 0.3e = 0 for P we see that P = 1.09216 is an equilibrium
solution.
(b) Since /(P) > 0 for 0 < P < 1.09216, the solution P(¿) of

dP/dt = P(1 - P) + 0.3e“p, P(0) = Po,

is increasing for Po < 1.09216. Since f(P) < 0 for P > 1.09216, the
solution P(¿) is decreasing for Po > 1.09216. Thus P = 1.09216 is
an attractor.

88
 Exercises 3.2

(c) The curves for the second initial-valué problem are thicker. The
equilibrium solution for the logic model is P = 1. Comparing
1.09216 and 1, we see that the percentage increase is 9.216%.

21. To find t¿ we solve

m~ = mg — kv2, u(0) = 0
dt
using separation of variables. This gives

v(t) = tanh t.

Integrating and using s(0) = 0 gives

s(í) =

To find the time of descent we solve s(t) = 823.84 and find t¿ = 7.77882. The impact velocity is
= 182.998, which is positive because the positive direction is downward.
22. (a) Solving vt = mg/ k, for k we obtain k = mg/v}. The differential equation then becomes
dv mg o dv
m— = mg---------<¿v* or
dt vf di
Separating variables and integrating gives
v
vt tanh-1 — =gt + c1.

The initial condition v(0) = 0 implies cj = 0, so

v(t) = Vt tanh — .
vt
We find the distance by integrating:
2
s(t) — [ vt tanh — — — In fcosh + C2-
J vt g \
The initial condition s(0) = 0 implies C2 = 0, so

s(í) = — ln fcosh — V
g \ vt)
In 25 seconds she has fallen 20,000 — 14,800 = 5,200 feet. Solving

5200 = h2/32) ln(cosh )

89
Exercises 3.2

for vt gives vt ~ 271.711 ft/s. Then

s(¿) = ^-lnfcosh — ) = 2307.08 ln(cosh 0.117772¿).

9 v vt 7
(b) At t = 15, 5(15) = 2,542.94 ft and v(15) = 5Z(15) = 256.287 ft/sec.
23. While the object is in the air its velocity is modeled by the linear differential equation mdv/dt =
mg — kv. Using m — 160, k = , and g — 32, the differential equation becomes dv/dt + (l/640)v =
32. The integrating factor is = e¿/640 and the solution of the differential equation is
e£/64% = j32?/640d¿ = 2O,48Oeí/640 4- c. Using u(0) = 0 we see that c = —20,480 and v(t) —
20,480 — 2O,48Oe“í/640. Integrating we get s(t) = 20,480¿ 4- 13,107,2OOe_£/640 4- c. Since s(0) = 0,
c = —13,107,200 and s(t) = —13,107,2004-20,480t 4-13,107,2OOe_í/640. To find when the object hits
the liquid we solve s(t) = 500 — 75 = 425, obtaining ta — 5.16018. The velocity at the time of impact
with the liquid is va = v(ta) = 164.482. When the object is in the liquid its velocity is modeled by
mdv/dt — mg — kv2. Usingm = 160, g = 32, and k = 0.1 this becomes dv/dt = (51,200 —1>2)/1600.
Separating variables and integrating we have
dv dt a/2 I v — 160\/2 I 1
51,200 — v2 1600 an 640 n I v + 160a/2 T 160(4 + C'
Solving u(0) = va = 164.482 we obtain c = —0.00407537. Then, for v < 160\/2 = 226.274,

I V 160\/2 I &y/2t/5-1.8443 or _ v ~ 160x/2 __ ^7^/5-1.8443

I v 4- 16072 I v 4- 160%/2
Solving for v we get
13964.6 - 2208.29ev/2¿/5
V ~ 61.7153 4- 9.75937e^/5 '

Integrating we find
s(í) = 226.275Í - 1600 ln(6.3237 + + c.
Solving 5(0) = 0 we see that c = 3185.78, so

s(t) = 3185.78 + 226.275Í- 1600 ln(6.3237 + e'/5i/5).

To find when the object hits the bottom of the tank we solve s(í) = 75, obtaining = 0.466273.
The time from when the object is dropped from the helicopter to when it hits the bottom of the
tank is ta += 5.62708 seconds.

90
 Exercises 3.3

Exercises 3.3

1. The equation dx/dt = — Aiz can be solved by separation of variables. Integrating both sides of
dx¡x = — X-[dt we obtain ln |z| = —A\t + c from which we get x = C]_e~Xlt. Using z(0) = xq we find
cixq so that x = XQe~Xlt. Substituting this result into the second differential equation we have

+ Xiy = Ai2?oe~Alí
at
which is linear. An integrating factor is so that

[eA2Íy] = Aiz0e(A2~Al)í + c2

y = Ai£0 (A2_Al)íe-A2t + C2e-A2t = Aixo e_A]t + c2e_A2t

A2 — Ai A2 — Ai
Using 7/(0) = 0 we find C2 = —Aizo/(^2 ~ ^i)- Thus

Substituting this result into the third differential equation we have

dz A-Aií _
=
dt A2 - Ai v '’
Integrating we find

2. We see from the graph that the half-life of A is ap-

proximately 4.7 days. To determine the half-life of B
we use t = 50 as a base, since at this time the amount
of substance A is so small that it contributes very lit-
tle to substance B. Now we see from the graph that
i/(50) « 16.2 and 3/(191) « 8.1. Thus, the half-life of
B is approximately 141 days.

3. The amounts of x and y are the same at about t — 5 days. The amounts of x and z are the same
at about t — 20 days. The amounts of y and z are the same at about t = 147 days. The time when
y and z are the same makes sense because most of A and half of B are gone, so half of C should
have been formed.

91
 Exercises 3.3

4. Suppose that the series is described schematically by W => -AiX => — A2K => —A3Z where
—Ai, — A2, and — A3 are the decay constants for W, X and V, respectively, and Z is a stable element.
Let w(¿), x(í), y(t), and z(t) denote the amounts of substances W, X, Y, and Z, respectively. A
model for the radioactive series is
dw .
Tt = “AlW

^ = A!W-A2.

1 = ^“^
dz
= A3y.
di
5. The system is
1 ,2 1
tÍ = 2 • 3 +
s5’!~ 5ÓII + 6
12 ~
= S11' 55zI2“'3 = ¿25~
“ 50~ 1,-|: h'

6. Let ti, X2, and T3 be the amounts of salt in tanks A, B, and C, respectively, so that
1.1 3
z'l = ¿o272 •2 — 100a71 • 6 = 50a72 “ 50a71

, 3
^2 = •6 +
¿o271 100273 100372 ■2 100 X2‘ ^só271 ioo272 + loo"3
1
*3 = •5 — = —X2 —
ioo272 100373 ~ loo273 ’4 20 2Ó273'
7. (a) A model is
dx\ _ 0 9 Ti
x,(0) == 100
dt 100 — t 100 +1 ’
dxz 2:1 *2
-9. -3- £2(0) == 50.
dt 100+ ¿ 100 - t ’
(b) Since the system is closed, no salt enters or leaves the system and xi (¿) + T2W = 100+50 = 150
for all time. Thus xi = 150 — X2 and the second equation in part (a) becomes
dx2 2(150 — Z2) 3z2 300 2x2______3t2
~dt ~ 100 + t 100 - t ~ 100 + t 100 + t 100 - t
or
2 3 300
+ X2 =
dt U00 + Í 100-¿/ 100 +1 ’
which is linear in X2. An integrating factor is
g21n(100+i)-31n(100-t) = ^qq + ¿^^qq _ ^-3

92
 Exercises 3.3

~[(100 + í)2(100 - i)“3i2i = 300(100 + t)(100 - i)-3.

Using integration by parts, we obtain

(100 + t)2(100 - t)~3x2 = 300 (100 + t)(100 - t)-2 - |(100 - i)-1 + cj .

Thus

12 ■ (100 +i); [c(M0 "1)1 “ 5(wo ~1)2 + 7'1'10 + t)(I“ - ’>]

- Ü5¡r^|c(1“-')S+1(100-1»
Using z2(0) = 50 we find c = 5/3000. At t = 30, x2 = (300/1302)(703c + 30 • 70) ~ 47.4 lbs.

8. A model is

= (4 gal/min)(0 lb/gal) - (4 gal/min) lb/gal)

= (4 gal/min) lb/gal) - (4 gal/min) (“£2 lb/gal)

= (4 gal/min) lb-/gal) ~ :'4 gal/min) ((j^3 lb/®al)

or
dxi 1
dt 50Tl
dx2 1 2
~dt = 5021 _ 7522
dx% 2 1
-V- = “^2 -

Over a long period of time we would expect xj, X2, and X3 to approach 0 because the entering puré
water should flush the salt out of all three tanks.
9. From the graph we see that the populations are first equal
at about t = 5.6. The approximate periods of x and y are
both 45.

93
 Exercises 3.3

10. (a) The population y(t) approaches 10,000, while the population
x(¿) approaches extinction.

(b) The population x(t) approaches 5,000, while the population

y(t) approaches extinction.

(c) The population y(t) approaches 10,000, while the population

x(t) approaches extinction.

(d) The population x(t) approaches 5,000, while the population xn

y(t) approaches extinction.
5-—^-------------------------------------

—*1 lili»
10 20

(b) 10-3

--------------------------
5-

1 1 r 1>1
1 1 1r 1 1 1—
20 40

(d) 10-3
y

5-

1
1 1 l -I 1-
1 1 1 1
1 1 11 *
20 40

In each case the population x(t) approaches 6,000, while the population y(t) approaches 8,000.
12. By Kirchoff’s first law we have ii = Í2 + By Kirchoff’s second law, on each loop we have E(t) —
Li\ + .ñi22 and E(t) = Li\ + R2Í3 + 77 Q so that q — CR\Í2 — CR2Í3. Then 23 = q' = CR^i^ — CR2Í3
O
so that the system is
LÍ2 "h Li'3 + -^1^2 =

94
 Exercises 3.3

13. By Kirchoff’s first law we have 21 = ¿2 + 23. Applying Kirchoff’s second law to each loop we obtain
dio
E(t) = 2}7?i + Ti — + ^7?2
and

dzo
E(t) = 2i7?i + Lz-vr + ¿3 Ri­
ca
Combining the three equations, we obtain the system
r di^
1 dt
+ (7?i + ^2)22 + 7í¿23 = E

r dÍ3 + 7?iÍ2 + (Ri + -^3)23 = E.

14. By Kirchoff’s first law we have 21 = ¿2 + 23. By Kirchoff’s second law, on each loop we have
E(¿) = Li\ + RÍ2 and E(t) = Li\ + X q so that q — CRÍ2- Then 23 = q' = CRi'z so that system is
O
Li' + RÍ2 = E(t)

CRi^ + Í2 — 21 = 0.

15. We first note that s(t) + i(t) + r(t) = n. Now the rate of change of the number of susceptible
persons, s(t), is proporcional to the number of contacts between the number of people infected and
the number who are susceptible; that is, ds/dt = — k\Si. We use —k\ because s(t) is decreasing.
Next, the rate of change of the number of persons who have recovered is proportional to the number
infected; that is, dr/dt = k^i where k<¿ is positive since r is increasing. Finally, to obtain di/dt we
use

This gives
di dr ds . . . .
— = —/c22 + /Cl S2.
dt dt dt
The system of equations is then
ds
= — kisi
dt
di
dt
dr ,
Tt = k2i-
A reasonable set of initial conditions is 2(0) = 20, the number of infected people at time 0, s(0) =
n — ¿o, and r(0) = 0.
16. (a) If we know s(t) and i(t) then we can determine r(t) from s + i + r = n.

95
 Exercises 3.3

(b) .In this case the system is

— = -0.72 + 0.252.
dt
We also note that when ¿(0) — ¿o, 5(0) = 10 — íq since r(0) = 0 and i(t) + s(t) + r(t) = 0 for
all valúes of t. Now k^/ki = 0.7/0.2 = 3.5, so we consider initial conditions 5(0) = 2, ¿(0) = 8;
5(0) = 3.4, i(0) = 6.6; 5(0) = 7, ¿(0) = 3; and 5(0) = 9, ¿(0) = 1.

We see that an initial susceptible population greater than k^/k^ results in an epidemic in the
sense that the number of infected persons increases to a máximum before decreasing to 0. On
the other hand, when s(0) < the number of infected persons decreases from the start
and there is no epidemic.
17. Since xq > yo > 0 we have x(t) > y(t) and y — x <0. Thus dx/dt < 0
and dy/dt > 0. We conclude that x(t) is decreasing and y(t) is
increasing. As t —* oo we expect that x(t) —* C and y(t) C,
where C is a constant common equilibrium concentration.

18. We write the system in the form

= k2(x-y),

96
 Exercises 3.3

where ki = k/Va and kz = «/Vp. Letting z(í) = x(í) — y(t) we have

dx dy , . x ■> t \
dt “ di =

J = fcl(-2)_fc22

dz
— + (fci + k2)z = 0.

This is a first-order linear differential equation with solution z(t) — cie~(kl+k2'>t. Now

= -ki(y - x) = -k-[z = -fcicie_(fcl+/:2)t

and

x(t) = ci c-(ki+k2)t
ki + k2

Since y(t) = x(t) — z(t) we have

?/W = -ci7-^re-(fcl+"2)t + C2.

«1 + K2

The initial conditions z(0) = zo and 7/(0) = yo imply

^0^2 + yoki
ci = xq - yo and
ki 4- k2

The solution of the system is

= (^0 -yo)fcl c-(k,+k2)t + x0k2 + yoki

ki 4- &2 ki 4- k2
, . _ (yo ~ x0)k2 (^+k7]t x0k2 + ypfei
V() k, + k2 ki+k2 ’

As t —> oo, x(t) and y(t) approach the common limit

^0^2 4- ypki _ xqk/Vb + yo^/VA _ xqVa + VqVb

ki 4- k2 k/Va 4- k/V# Va + Vp
Va , Vb
x°v + vB+yovA + vB'
A
This makes intuitive sense because the limiting concentration is seen to be a weighted average of
the two initial concentrations.

97
 Exercises 3.3

19. Since there are initially 25 pounds of salt in tank A and

none in tank B, and since furthermore only puré water is
being pumped into tank A, we would expect that x\(t)
would steadily decrease over time. On the other hand,
since salt is being added to tank B from tank A, we would
expect X2(t) to increase over time. However, since puré
water is being added to the system at a constant rate
and a mixed solution is being pumped out of the system, it makes sense that the amount of salt in
both tanks would approach 0 over time.

_________Chapter 3 Review Exercises

1. From — = 0.018F and P(0) = 4 billion we obtain P = 4e°-018É so that P(45) = 8.99 billion.

dA A
2. Let A = A(t) be the volume of CO2 at time t. From — = 1.2 —- and A(0) = 16 ft3 we obtain
dt 4
A = 4.8 + 11.2e_í/4. Since A(10) = 5.7ft3, the concentration is 0.017%. As t —> 00 we have
A 4.8 ft3 or 0.06%.
3. (a) For 0 < t < 4, 6 < t < 10, and 12 < t < 16, no voltage is applied to the heart and E(t) = 0. At
the other times the differential equation is dE/dt = —E¡RC. Separating variables, integrating,
and solving for E, we get E = ke~l¡RC, subject to E(4) = E(10) = E(16) = 12. These initial
conditions yield, respectively, k = ^e4/^, k = 12e10/’fíc’, and k — 12e1Q/RC. Thus
(0, 0 < t < 4, 6 < t < 10, 12 < t < 16
4<t<6
= 1 12e<10“t)/^C7, 10 < t < 12
l 12e^16-£)/fíC, 16 < t < 18.

4. From VdC/dt = kA(Cs - C) and C(0) = Co we obtain C = C3 + (C0 - Cs)e-Mí/y.

98
 Chapter 3 fíeview Exercises

The differential equation is

dT
Separating6 variables we obtain ---- ------7——----------- = kdt. Then
(1 + B)T - (BTi + T2)

y^-gln|(l+B)T-(BT1+T2)| = fcí + c and T(t) = + czek^+B*

T\ - T
Since T(0) = Ti we must have C3 =----------- 2— and so
1+B

T <\
U)~t
- BTl + T2 + Tl+ ~T2 ek^+B^
1+B l + B

(b) Since k < 0, lim ek^+B'>t = 0 and lim T(i) = .

É—*00 ¿-*OO V 7 1+B

-T.L +JA
(c) Since Ts = T2 + B{T\ - T), lim Ts = T2 + BT\ - B (
t—*oo \ 1+B/

di
6. We first solve — +, w0.2z
.~<,=—
4. -z.
Separating variables we obtain
\ 10/ dt h5
dz dt
46-2í = 10 — t ' T 6n

— | ln |40 - 2z| = — In |10 — t\ + c or 40 — 2z = ci(10 — ¿).

Since z(0) = 0we must have ci = 2/x/lO- Solving for i we get i(t) — Át — lt\
0 < t < 10. For t > 10 the equation for the current becomes 0.2z = 4 or i = 20. Thus
> 0 < t < 10
t > 10

7. From y [l + (y7)2] = we obtain dx = 8 dy. If y = k sin2 6 then

dy = 2k sin 6 eos 6 dO,

8. (a) From y = — x — 1 + ciex we obtain y' = y + x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
or + x = —y. An integrating factor is eyi so
dy

99
 Chapter 3 Review Exercises

(b) Differentiating the family of curves, we have

1_1
(z + ci)2 y2
The differential equation for the family of orthogonal trajectories
is then y' = y2. Separating variables and integrating we get

9. From — = A?ix(ai — x) we obtain

at
= koxv we obtain
dt ”
A?2
ln |^/| — ln 1 4- cíe

10. In tank A the salt input is

The salt output is

x\ Ib x\ Ib
3.
min 100 gal min 100 gal min

In tank B the salt input is

y min j min
The salt output is
1 Ib
1-)y
í\ min 20 X2 min

The system of differential equations is then

dX2
dt

100
 Chapter 3 Related Exercises

_________Chapter 3 Related Exercises

1. (a) The differential equation is dP/dt = P(5 — P) — 4. Solving P(5 — P) — 4 — 0 for P we obtain
equilibrium solutions P — 1 and P = 4. The phase portrait is shown below and solution curves
are shown in part (b).

-------►----------------------- 1------ «-------p

1 4

We see that for Pq > 4 and 1 < Pq < 4 the population approaches 4 as i increases. For
0 < Pq < 1 the population decreases to 0 in finite time.
(b) The differential equation is

= P(5 — P) - 4 = -(P2 * — 5P + 4) = -(P-4)(P- 1).

dt
Separating variables and integrating, we obtain
dP
(P-4)(P-1) *
1/3 1/3 A
dP — —dt
P -4 p-i;
|P-4|
= —i + c
\P-ll
P-4 —3í
= cíe
P- 1
Setting t = 0 and P = Pq we find ci = (Pq — 4)/(Po — 1)- Solving for P we obtain

pm - 4(p° -- 4>~3t
U (Po - 1) - (Po - 4)e_3i '

(c) To find when the population becomes extinct in the case 0 < Pq < 1 we set P = 0 in
P - 4 Po - 4 _3Í
P - 1 Po - 1 e
from part (a) and solve for t. This gives the time of extinction

4(Pq - 1)
t=
Po — 4

2. (a) Solving P(5 — P) — ^ = 0 for P we obtain the equilibrium solution P = |. For P

dP/dt < 0. Thus, if Pq < f , the population becomes extinct (otherwise there would be another
equilibrium solution.) Using separation of variables to solve the initial-valué problem we get

101
 Chapter 3 Related Exercises

P(t) = [4Po + (lOPo — 25)t]/[4 4- (4Pq — 10)t). To find when the population becomes extinct
for Po < | we solve P(í) = 0 for t. We see that the time of extinction is t = 4Po/5(5 — 2Po).

(b) Solving P(5 — P) — 7 — 0 for P we obtain complex roots, so there are no equilibrium solutions.
Since dP/dt < 0 for all valúes of P, the population becomes extinct for any initial condition.
Using separation of variables to solve the initial-valué problem we get

^3 /2P0-5\
tan
2 k ^3 )

Solving P(í) =0 for t we see that the time of extinction is

¿ — |(v/3 tan-1 (5/a/3) + a/3 tan_1[(2Po — 5)/a/3 ]).

3. (a) Without harvesting, the population is governed by the

logistic equation dP/dt ~ P(r — rP/BP). With initial
population Po, the population was shown in Section 3.2
to be
— L5?____________ .____
k J tPq/K + (r - rPo/K)e-^
Po
Po/K + (l-Po/K)e-^‘
To find when P(¿) = \K we solve
_________ Pq________ = X 2Pq
Po/K + (1- P0/K)e-n 2 °r Po + (K - P0)e-rt
This gives

(b) Letting K = 400,000, Po = 70,000, and r = 0.08, and

solving
K - JK2 - 4Kh/r
= —^-2------------------- =p0

for h, we get h = ho = 4620.

102
 Chapter 3 Related Exercises

(c) The MSY is obtained when Eq = r/2 = 0.04, and the

yield in this case is EPi — KE(1 — E/r) = 8,000. The
limiting population is JC(1 — E/r) = 200,000.

4. (a) Letting 1959 be year 0 and 1973 year 14, we obtain the
graph shown.

(b) Taking P(0) = 1.91/(c • 414 • 294) ~ 78.4613 and ex-

perimenting with the other parameters, we find that the
graph of the logistic function fits the data points reason-
ably well for K = 500 and r = 0.11.

(c) The graph is shown with Pq = 78.4613, K = 500,

r — 0.11, and h = ^rK ~ 6.875.

(d) The graph is shown with Pq — 78.4613, K = 500,

r — 0.11, and E = — 0.055.

103
4 Higher-Order Differentiaí Equations
Exercises 4.1 -—.. -

1. From y = ciex + c<2e x we find yf = ciex — C2¿ x. Then 7/(0) = cj +C2— 0, t/(0) = ci —C2 = 1 so
that c\ = 1/2 and C2 = —1/2. The solution is y — ^ex — ^e~x.
2. From y — cie4x + C2e~x we find y' — 4c¡e4x — C2e~x. Then 2/(0) = ci+ C2 = 1,3/z(0)— 4ci —C2 — 2
so that ci = 3/5 and C2 — 2/5. The solution is y — le4x + §e_x.
3. From y = C]X + C2xlnx we find y1 = q + 02(1 + ln#). Then 2/(1) = ci = 3, j/(l) = ci + C2 = —1 so
that ci — 3 and C2 — —4. The solution is y = 3x — 4x ln x.
4. From y — c\ + C2 eos x + 03 sin x we find y' = ~C2 sin2 + 03 eos x and y" — —02 eos x — C3 sin x. Then
?/(7r) = ci — C2 = 0, /(ít) — -C3 = 2, y"\7v) = C2 = -1 so that ci — -1, 02 = -T, and 03 = -2. The
solution is y = — 1 — eos x — 2 sin x.
5. From y = c\ + C2X? we find y1 = 2c2X. Then 7/(0) = ci = 0, t/(0) = 2c2 -0 = 0 and y'(0) = 1 is not
possible. Since a,2(x) = x is 0 at x = 0, Theorem 4.1 is not violated.
6. In this case we have 2/(0) = ci = 0, 2/z(0) = 2c2 • 0 = 0 so ci = 0 and C2 is arbitrary. Two solutions
are y = x2 and y — 2x2.
7. From x(0) — xq = ci we see that x(t) = XQCOswt + C2Sinu;¿ and x’(t) = —xosinují + C2^eosu;¿.
Then xz(0) = xi = C2<¿ implies C2 — x\/lú. Thus
Xl
x(í) = xo eos (jjt 4-----sin a>t.
(jj
8. Solving the system
x(¿o) = ci cosaco + c2 sinoco = z

104
 Exercises 4.1

9. Since <22(^) = x — 2 and xq = 0 the problem has a unique solution for — oo < x < 2.

10. Since clq(x) = tanz and xq = 0 the problem has a unique solution for —7r/2 < x < 7r/2.

11. We have 7/(0) = + C2 = 0, — cie + C2e-1 = 1 so that cj = e/ (e2 — l) and C2 = -e/ (e2 — l).
The solution is y = e (ex — / (e2 — l).
12. In this case we have 7/(0) = ci = 1, t/(1) = 2c2 = 6 so that C] = 1 and C2 = 3. The solution is
y — 1 + 3z2.
13. From y = c\ex cosx + C2ex sinx we find y' = c\ex{— sinz + cosz) + C2ex(cosx + sinx).

(a) We have 7/(0) = ci = 1, t/(0) = ci + C2 = 0 so that ci = 1 and C2 — —1. The solution is

y = ex eos x — ex sin x.

(b) We have 7/(0) = ci = 1, t/(7t) = —cíe7’’ = —1, which is not possible.

(c) We have 7/(0) = c¡ = 1, t/(7t/2) = C2e7r/2 = 1 so that = 1 and C2 = e_7r/2. The solution is
y = ex cosx + e~7r/2ea: sinz.

(d) We have 7/(0) = ci = 0, t/(7t) = — cíe71- = 0 so that ci = 0 and C2 is arbitrary. Solutions are
y = C2ex sino;, for any real numbers C2-
14. (a) We have t/(—1) — + C2 + 3 = 0, 7/(1) = ci + C2 + 3 = 4, which is not possible.

(b) We have 7/(0) = ci-0 + C2-0 + 3 = l, which is not possible.

(c) We have 7/(0) = ci • 0 + C2 * 0 + 3 = 3, 7/(1) — c\ + C2 + 3 = 0 so that c¡ isarbitrary and

C2 = “3 — ci. Solutions are y = c\x2 — (cj + 3)x4 + 3.

(d) We have 7/(1) = c¡ + C2 + 3 = 3, 7/(2) = 4c¡ + 16c2 + 3 = 15 so that c\ =— 1 and C2 = 1- The

solution is y = —x2 + x4 + 3.

15. Since (—4)x + (3)z2 + (l)(4x — 3rr2) = 0 the functions are linearly dependent.

16. Since (1)0 + (0)x + (0)e* = 0 the functions are linearly dependent. A similar argument shows that
any set of functions containing f(x) = 0 will be linearly dependent.
17. Since (—1/5)5 + (l)cos2z + (l)sin2z — 0 the functions are linearly dependent.

18. Since (1) cos2rc + (1)1 + (—2)cos2z = 0 the functions are linearly dependent.

19. Since (—4)x + (3)(x — 1) + (l)(x + 3) = 0 the functions are linearly dependent.
20. From the graphs of fi(x) = 2 + x and f2(x) = 2 + |x|
we see that the functions are linearly independent since
they cannot be múltiples of each other.

105
 Exercises 4.1

x x2 |
21. The functions are linearly independent since W (l + x, x, x2^ = 1 2x 2^0.
0 2
22. Since (—l/2)ex +(1/2)e x + (1) sinhx ~ 0 the functions are linearly dependent.
23. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W (e-3l,e41) = 7e'r 0

for — oo < x < oo. The general solution is

24. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W (cosh 2x, sinh 2x) = 2

for — oo < x < oo. The general solution is

y = cy cosh 2x + C2 sinh 2x.

25. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W (ex eos 2x, ex sin 2x) = 2e2x 0

for — oo < x < oo. The general solution is y — ciex cos2x + c<iex sin2r.
26. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

VV^2,^2) — ex ¿0

for — oo < x < oo. The general solution is

y = cieXy/2 + C2xex/2.

27. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W/p3,z4) =z6^0

for 0 < x < oo. The general solution is

y = ciz3 + c^x4.

28. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W (cos(lnz), sin(lnx)) = 1/x 0

for 0 < x < oo. The general solution is

y — ci cos(ln x) + C2 sin(ln x).

106
 Exercises 4.1

29. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W (x,x“2,x“2lnx) = 9x-6 0
for 0 < x < oo. The general solution is
y = c\x + C2X~2 + C3¿r“2 ln x.

30. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since

W(l,x, cosx, sinx) = 1

for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is

y = ci + C2X + C3 eos x + C4 sin x.

31. The functions y\ = and yz = e5x form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp = 6ex is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
32. The functions yi = cosx and yz = sinx form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp ~ x sin x+ (eos x) ln(cos x) is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
33. The functions y\ = e¿x and yz = ze^x form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp — x2e^x + x — 2 is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
34. The functions y\ = x-4/2 and yz = x-1 form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp = ^x2 - jx is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
35. (a) We have ypy — 6e2x and ypi — 12e2x, so

</" - 6y'Pl + 5yPl = 12e2x - 36e2x + 15e2x = -9e2x.

Also, yp2 = 2x + 3 and yp2 = 2, so
yP2 - 6y'p2 + 5yP2 = 2 ~ 6(2x + 3) + 5(x2 + 3x) = 5x2 + 3x - 16.

(b) By the superposition principie for nonhomogeneous equations a particular solution of y" — 6y' +
5y =■ 5x2 + 3x — 16 — 9e2x is yp = x2 + 3x + 3e2x. A particular solution of the second equation
is
yp = -2t/P2 — g?/pi ~ ~"2x — 6x — -e

36. (a) yPl = 5

(b) yp2 =
(c) yP = yPl + yP2 = 5 - 2x
(d) yp = ±yPl - 2yP2 = 5 + 4a:
37. (a) Since D2x = O, x and 1 are solutions of y” — 0. Since they are linearly independent, the
general solution is y = qx + cz-

107
 Exercises 4.1

(b) Since D3x2 = O, z2, x, and 1 are solutions of y,n 0. Since they are linearly independent, the
general solution is y — ciz2 + c^x + C3.
(c) Since P4z3 — 0, x3, z2, z, and 1 are solutions of y^ = 0. Since they are linearly independent,
the general solution is y = Cjz3 + cgz2 + c^x + C4.
(d) By part (a), the general solution of y" = 0 is yc = c\x + C2. Since D2x2 = 2! = 2, yp = z2 is a
particular solution of y” = 2. Thus, the general solution is y = c\x + C2 + z2.
(e) By part (b), the general solution of y"’ = 0 is 2/c = ci^2 + c^x + 03. Since Z)3z3 = 3! = 6,
yp = z3 is a particular solution of y'" — 6. Thus, the general solution is 2/ = c\x2 + C2Z + 03+z3.
(f) By part (c), the general solution of y^ — 0 is yc — ciz34-C2Z2 + C3Z + C4. Since D4z4 = 4! = 24,
yp = is a particular solution of y^ = 24. Thus, the general solution is y — c-\x3 + c^x2 +
z4
C3X + C4 + z4.
38. By the superposition principie, if y-[ — ex and 2/2 = e~x are both solutions of a homogeneous linear
differential equation, then so are
1 _l_ e-x 1 ex _ e~x
3(3/1 + 3/2) =----- 2---- = coshz and -(2/1 - 2/2) =---------------3---- - sinhz.

39. (a) From the graphs of 2/1 = x3 and 2/2 = |z|3 we see
that the functions are linearly independent since
they cannot be múltiples of each other. It is easily
shown that 2/1 = x3 solves x2y” — kxy' + 62/ = 0.
To show that 2/2 = |z|3 is a solution let 2/2 = x3
for z > 0 and let 2/2 = -x3 for z < 0.
z3 z3
(b) If z > 0 then y<¿ — z3 and W (2/1,2/2) — = 0.
3z2 3z2
z3 —z3
If z < 0 then 2/2 = -x3 and ^(2/1,2/2) = = 0.
3z2 — 3z2
This does not viólate Theorem 4.3 since = z2 is zero at z = 0.
(c) The functions Y\ = x3 and Y2 = z2 are solutions of x2yn ~ 4xy' + 6y = 0. They are linearly
independent since W (z3,z2) — z4 / 0 for — 00 < z < 00.
(d) The function y = z3 satisfies 2/(0) = 0 and 2/(0) = 0.
(e) Neither is the general solution since we form a general solution on an interval for which
&2(z) 0 for every z in the Ínter val.
40. Since ex~3 = e"3ex — (e“5e2)ex = e~5ex4_2, we see that ex~3 is a constant múltiple of ex4_2 and the
functions are linearly dependent.

108
 Exercises 4.2

41. Since Ot/i + O3/2 + • • • + 0^ + lyk+i = 0, the set of solutions is linearly dependent.
42. The solutions are linearly dependent. Suppose n of the solutions are linearly independent (if not,
then the set of n + 1 solutions is linearly dependent). Without loss of generality, let this set be y\,
y2, • • ■, yn- Then y = c^yi + C2y2 + • • • + Cny-n is the general solution of the nth-order differential
equation and for some choice, c¡, . > c*, of the coefficients yn+i = c\yi + cfy# H-------- Hc*?yn. But
then the set yi, y 2,..., yn-> yn+\ is linearly dependent.

---------------Exercises 4.2

In Problems 1-8 we use reduction of order to find a second solution. In Problems 9-16 we use formula
(5) from the text.

1. Define y = u(x)e2x so
y' = 2ue2a: + u'e2x, y" = e2xu" + 4e2xu/ -I- 4e2zu, and y" — 4y' + 4?/ = 4e2xu" = 0.
Therefore u" = 0 and u = C]X -l- C2- Taking cj = 1 and C2 = 0 we see that a second solution is
y2 = xe.2t
2. Define y = u(x)xe~x so
y' — (1 — x)e~xu + xe~xu\ y" = xe~xv!' + 2(1 — x)e~xu — (2 — x)e~xu,
and
2
y" -I- 2y' -I- y = e~I(xu// -I- 2u) = 0 or u" — u = 0.
x
2
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + — w = 0 which has the integrating factor e2fdx^x =
x
x2. Now
[z2w] — 0 gives x2w = c.
dcc
Therefore w = u' = c/x2 and u = c\!x. A second solution is y2 = — se"* = é ~x o-x
x
3. Define y = u(x) cos4x so
y' = —4u sin 4x + u eos 4rc, y" = u" eos 4rr — 8uz sin 4r — 16u eos 4x
and
y11 + 16y = (cos4x)u" — 8(sin4^)u/ = 0 or u" — 8(tan4a;)t/ = 0.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' — 8(tan4rr)w = 0 which has the integrating factor
e-8ftan4xdx _ cog2 4^ ]\jow

-y- [(eos2 4x)w] = 0 gives (eos2 4x)w = c.

dx

109
 Exercises 4.2

Therefore vj = u' ~ csec2 4x and ti = ci tan4z. A second solution is y2 = tan4zcos4z = sin4z.

4. Define y = u(x) sin 3x so

y' = 3u eos 3x + u' sin 3x, y" = u" sin 3x + 6u' eos 3x — 9t¿ sin 3x,

and
y" + 9y = (sin 3x)u" + 6(cos 3x)u' =0 or u" + 6(cot 3x)u' = 0.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + 6(cot3z)w = 0 which has the integrating factor
e6/cot3xdx =sin23x Nqw

-^-[(sin2 3z)w] = 0 gives (sin2 3x)w = c.

dx
Therefore w = u' = c ese2 3x and t¿ = cj cot 3x. A second solution is y2 = cot 3x sin 3x = eos 3x.
5. Define y = u(x) cosh o: so

y' ~ u sinh x -i- v! cosh x, y" = u" cosh x + 2u sinh x + u cosh x

and
y” — y = (cosh x}v¡' + 2(sinh^)t¿/ = 0 or u" + 2(tanhx)tZ = 0.
If w — v! we obtain the first-order equation w' + 2(tanhz)w = 0 which has the integrating factor
e2/tanhxdx =cosh2x Nqw

~ í(cosh2x)w] = 0 gives (cosh2 x)w = c.

dx
Therefore w = u' = csech2 x and u — C\ tanhz. A second solution is y2 = tanhzcoshz = sinha;.
6. Define y = u(x)e3x so

y = 5e5xu + e5xu', y” = éxu" + 10e5V + 25e5lu

and
y"-25y - ¿x(u'+ Wu ¡ = 0 or u" + 10u' = 0.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + lOw = 0 which has the integrating factor =
e10x. Now
[e10xw] = 0 gives eWxw = c.
dx
Therefore w = t¿' = ce“1Qx and u — cie_10x. A second solution is y2 = e~1Qxe^x = e~^x
7. Define y = u(x)e2x/3 so

y' = ^e2x^3u + e2x/3t¿', y" = e2x^3u" + ^e2x^3uf + ^e2x/3t¿

o o y
and
9y" - 12y' + 4t/ = 9e2x/3u" = 0.

110
 Exercises 4.2

Therefore u" = 0 and u = cix + C2. Taking c¡ = 1 and cz = 0 we see that a second solution is
y 2 = xe2x/3.
8. Define y — u(x)ex¡3 so

y' = le*/3u + e*/3u', y" = ex/3u" + |ex/3iZ + ¿ex/3u

o o y
and
&y" + y' ~y = ex^(6u" + 5i¿z) = O or u" + ~u = 0.
o
Ifw = u' we obtain the first-order equation w'+|w = 0 which has the integrating factor e^Q^dx =
e5x/Q. Now
— [e5x/6w] = 0 gives e5x/6w = c.
dx
Therefore w = u' = ce-5*/6 and u = C]_e~5x^. A second solution is yz = g-5*/6^/3 — e~x'\
9. Identifying P(x) = — 7/x we have
. r f ~(7/x) d-x .r1 .
yz = xj ------------ .88------dx — x4 J -dx — x4 ln |x|.

A second solution is yz = x4 ln |x|.

10. Identifying P(x) = 2/x we have
-f(2/x)dx .
1 -3
yz = x j ---------- ------ dx = x J x dx = —
5*

A second solution is yz = x.
11. Identifying P(x) = 1/x we have
r e-J<te/x
dx = ln x [ = ln x
K = lnxJ7I^T J x(lnx)2 5
A second solution is yz — 1.
12. Identifying F(x) =0 we have

V2 = X1/2 lnI = 1/2 / = -rr1/2

J rr(lnrr)2 l lnz,
A second solution is yz — x1/2.
13. Identifying P(x) = — 1/x we have
e~ J ~dx/x r
dx
x2sin (lnx) x
yz = xsin(lnx) j -9 . o z\—r dx = x sin(ln x) /
x2sin (lnx) J “9----^7----
= [xsin(lnx)] [—cot(lnx)] = -xcos(lnx).
A second solution is yz = xcos(lnx).

111
 Exercises 4.2

14. Identifying P(x) = — 3/x we have

. g- f -3 dx/x
c x$
y2 - x2 cos(ln x) / -----------y-—- dx = x2 cosíln x) i dx
4 2
J x cos (lnx) J x cos2/1
4
4 z(lnx)

= x2 cos(ln x) tan(ln x) = x2 sin(ln x).

A second solution is y2 = x2sin(lnx).

15. Identifying P(x) = 2(1 + x)/ (l - 2x — x2) we have

r e~f2( 1+x)dx/(i-2t-x2) .
V2 = (x+1}y —(rnp—dx =(x+1u

==(x+1)/L^w dx=^x+1U
2
------ -2 1 dx
|_(x+l)
= ^x+1Á~^~x\ = ~2~x2~x-
A second solution is y2 = x2 + x 4- 2.
16. Identifying P(x) = — 2x/ (l — x2) we have

y2= í e-S-^^l^-^)dx= í e~^-x^dx= /—1-2^=

J J J 1 — x¿ 2 11 — x
A second solution is yo. — ln |(1 4- x)/(l — x)|.
17. Define y = u(x)e“2a: so

and
yn ~ 4y = e~2xu" — ^e~2xu — 0 or u" — 4u = 0.
If w = u' we obtain the first order equation w' — 4=w = 0 which has the integrating factor e'4fdx =
e~4x. Now
= 0 gives e~4xw = c.
dx
Therefore w = ul = ce4x and u — C]e4x. A second solution is y2 ~ e~2xe4x = e2x. We see by
observation that a particular solution is yp = —1/2. The general solution is

y==cie 2 +c2e¿ -

18. Define y = u(x) • 1 so

y — u, y" = u" and y" 4- y = z¿// 4- u = 0.

112
 Exercises 4.2

If w = u' we obtaín the first order equation w' + w = 0 which has the integrating factor efdx — ex.
Now
— [eTw] = 0 gives exw = c.
ax
Therefore w = u' = ce~x and u = cye~x. A second solution is 3/2 = 1 • e~x = e~x- We see by
observation that a particular solution is yp = x. The general solution is

y ~ ci + C2e~x + x.

19. Define y — u(x)ex so

y' = uex + uex, y” = u"ex + 2t¿/ea: + uex
and
y" — 3yr + 2y — exu" — exu =0 or u" — ul = 0.

If w = u' we obtain the first order equation w'—w = 0 which has the integrating factor e~fdx — e~x.
Now
— = 0 gives e~xw — c.
ax
Therefore w = u' = cex and u — cex. A second solution is 2/2 = exex = e2x. To find a particular
solution we try yp = Ae3x. Then y' = 3Ae3x, y" = 9Ae3x, and 9Ae3x — 3 (3Ae3x^ + 2Ae31 = 5e3x.
Thus A = 5/2 and yp = ^e3x. The general solution is

y = cíe1 + c2e2x + |e3z.

20. Define y = u(x)ex so

y' = uex + u'e1, y" = u"ex + 2u'ex + uex
and
y" — ky + 3?/ = exul — 2exu — 0 or u" — 2u = 0.
If w — u' we obtain the first order equation wl - 2w = 0 which has the integrating factor e*“2/dx =
e-2x Now

-~-[e_2a:w] = 0 gives e~2xw = c.

ax
Therefore w = u' = ce2x and u = cye2x. A second solution is y^ — exe2x = e3x. To find a particular
solution we try yp = ax + b. Then y'p = a, yp = 0, and 0 — 4a + 3(az + b) = 3ax — 4a + 3b = x.
Then 3a = 1 and —4a + 3b = 0 so a = 1/3 and b = 4/9. A particular solution is yp = | and
the general solution is
3x 1 4
y = c-ye
x
+ c2e + -z + -.

113
 Exercises 4.2

21, (a) For mi constant, let y\ — emiX. Then y\ = myemiX and y” = m2emiX. Substituting into the
differential equation we obtain

ay” 4- by{ + cyi = am\emiX 4- bm\emiX 4- cemiX

— emiX[aml 4- bmi 4- c) = 0.

Thus, y\ = emix will be a solution of the differential equation whenever am2 4- bmi 4- c = 0.
Since a quadratic equation always has at least one real or complex root, the differential equation
must have a solution of the form yi = emiX.
(b) Write the differential equation in the form
,, b , C _
y + -y + -y = 0,
aa
miX
and let y\ — e be a solution. Then a second solution is given by
r Q—bx/a
V2 = em'x
J .: - 'X

= emiX J e~^a+2m^xdx

=------ —4----------- em1xe-(6/a+2m1) _¿ _6/2a)

b/a 4- 2mi

= ■ c-(¿A+mi)
b/a 4- 2mi
Thus, when mi —b/2a, a second solution is given by yz = em2X where m.2 = —b/a - m\.
When mi = —b/2a a second solution is given by

y2 = em^x y dx = xemíX.

(c) The functions

sim = l(e“ - e"“) cosí = |(e“ + e"*1)
2? 2

sinhx = |(ex — e~x) coshx = -(ex 4- e~x)

are all expressible in terms of exponential functions.
22. We have y[ = 1 and y” = 0, so xy” - xy{ + yi = 0 — s4-s = 0 and yi(x) = x is a solution of the
differential equation. Letting y = u(x)yi(x) = xu(x) we get

y = xu'(x) 4- u(x) and y” = xu”(x) 4- 2u'(x).

Then xy” - xy' 4- y = x2u” 4- 2xu' — x2u' - xu 4- xu = x2u” — (x2 — 2x)u' — 0. If we make the
substitution w = u', the second-order linear differential equation becomes x2w' - (r2 - x)w = 0,

114
 Exercises 4.2

which is separable:

dw
w
\xiw = x — lnz + c
e1
w = ci— .
X
Then u' = c\ex/x and u = c¡ f exdx/x. To intégrate ex¡x we use the series representation for ex.
Thus, a second solution is
f ex
yz = xu(x) = c^x I — dx
Jx

= C}X
/Ki+i+P+P+---)‘ii
= CjX
/(; + I+5!I + st!+')*

“ei(llnI + lS + ¿)I’+3(5!)I‘ + "O

An interval of definition is probably (0,oo) because of the lnx tenn.
23. (a) We have y' = y" = ex, so

xy" — (x + 10)?/ + lOy = xex — (a; + 10)e* + 10ex = 0,

and y =■ ex is a solution of the differential equation.

(b) By (5) a second solution is
-fP(x)dx
dx = ex I ------------------ dx
y2 yx J yl e2x
gi+lnz10
dx = ex y a;10e x dx

= ex(—3,628,800 - 3,628,800a; - 1,814,400a;2 - 604,800a;3 - 151,200a;4

30,240a:5 - 5,040a:6 - 720a:7 - 90a:8 - 10a:9 - a:10)e“I

- 30,240a;5 - 5,040a;6 - 720a;7 - 90a;8 - 10a;9 - a;10

115
 Exercises 4.2

1 10 1
(c) By Corollary (A) of Theorem 4.2, -777 = 52 xU is a solution.
10! n=U n!

________ Exercises 4.3

1. From 4m2 + m = 0 we obtain m = 0 and m = —1/4 so that y = c\ 4- C2e~x'*-
2. From m2 — 36 = 0 we obtain m = 6 and m — —6 so that y = c\e&x 4- C2e~6x.
3. From m2 — m — 6 = 0 we obtain m == 3 and m = — 2 so that y = cie3x 4- cze~2x.
4. From m2 — 3m 4- 2 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = 2 so that y = ciex 4- C2e2x.
5. From m2 4- 8m 4-16 = 0 we obtain m — — 4 and m = — 4 so that y = cie~ÁX 4- C2xe~4x.
6. From m2 — lOm 4- 25 = 0 we obtain m = 5 and m = 5 so that y — cie5x 4- C2xe5x.
7. From 12m2 — 5m — 2 = 0 we obtain m = —1/4 and rn = 2/3 so that y = c\e~x^ 4- C2e2x¡3.
8. From m2 4- 4m - 1 = 0 we obtain m — —2 ± \/5 so that y = cie(‘'2+^)x 4- C2e(~2~v^)1.
9. From m2 4- 9 = 0 we obtain m — 3i and m = —3i so that y = ci eos 3x 4- C2 sin 3z.
10. From 3m2 4-1 = 0 we obtain m — i/\/3 and m = — i/y/3 so that y = c¡ eos x/\/3 4- C2 sinx/\/3-
11. From m2 — 4m 4- 5 — 0 we obtain m = 2 ± i so that y = e2l(ci eos x + C2 sin x).
12. From 2m2 4- 2m 4- 1 = 0 we obtain m = —1/2 ± i/2 so that

y = e~x¡2(ci cosx/2 4- C2 sinz/2).

13. From 3m2 4- 2m 4- 1 = 0 we obtain m — —1/3 ± \/2i/3 so that

y = e~x^3 (ci eos V2 x/3 4- C2 sin >/2 x/3^ .

14. From 2m2 — 3m 4- 4 = 0 we obtain m — 3/4 ± y/23i/4 so that

y = e3*/4 (ci eos \/23 x/4 4- C2 sin \/23 x/4^ .

15. From m3 — 4m2 — 5m = 0 we obtain m — 0, m = 5, and m = — 1 so that

y ~ ci + C2e3x 4- C3e_x.

16. From m3 — 1 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = —1/2 ± y/3i/2 so that

y = c\ex 4- e~x/2 (c2 eos V3x/2 + cz sin V3 x/2) .

17. From m3 — 5m2 + 3m 4- 9 — 0 we obtain m = — 1, m = 3, and m = 3 so that

y == cie~x + C2e3x 4- C3xe3x.

116
 Exercises 4.3

18. From m3 + 3m2 — 4m — 12 = O we obtain m = —2, m = 2, and m = -3 so that

y = ae~2x + C2e2x + C3e“3x.

19. From m3 4- m2 — 2 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = -1 ± i so that

u = ae1 4- e“¿(c2cosí 4- C3 sint).

20. From m3 — m2 — 4 = 0 we obtain m = 2 and m — —1/2 ± \/7 ?'/2 so that

x = c\e2t 4- e~1^2 (02 eos y/71/2 4- C3 sin V7t/2^ .

21. FYom m3 4- 3m2 4- 3m 4-1 = 0 we obtain m = —1, m = —1, and m = — 1 so that

y = cie~x 4- C2xe~x + C3X2e~x.

22. From m3 — 6m2 4- 12m — 8 = 0 we obtain m = 2, m = 2, and m = 2 so that

y = ae2x 4- C2xe2x 4- C3X2e2x.

23. From m4 4- m3 4- m2 = 0 we obtain m = 0, m = 0, and m = —1/2 ± x/3í/2 so that

7/ = ci 4- C2X 4- e~x¡2 (0,3 eos \/3x/2 4- C4 sin x/3 rr/2^ .

24. From m4 — 2m2 + 1 = 0 we obtain m = 1, m = 1, m = — 1, and m = — 1 so that

y = c\ex + C2xex 4- C3e~x + C4xe~x.

25. From 16m4 4- 24m2 + 9 = 0 we obtain m = ±>/3i/2 and m = ±v/3i/2 so that

y — ci cosv/3x/2 4- C2SÍnx/3x/2 4- czxcqsVZx/2 + C4X sin VZx/2.

26. From m4 — 7m2 — 18 = 0 we obtain m = 3, m = —3, and m — ±-\/2i so that

y = ae3x + C2e~3x + C3 eos V2x 4- C4 sin y/2x.

27. From m5 4- 5m4 — 2m3 — 10m2 4- m + 5 = 0 we obtain m = — 1, m = — 1, m = 1, and m = 1, and

m — —5 so that
u = c.ye~r 4- C2re~r 4- 4- C4rer 4- c$e~3r.

28. From 2m5 — 7m4 4- 12m3 4- 8m2 = 0 we obtain m = 0, m = 0, m = —1/2, and m — 2 ± 2i so that

x = ci 4- C2S + C3e~s¡2 4- e2s(c4 eos 2s 4- 05 sin 2s).

29. From m2 4- 16 = 0 we obtain m = ±4? so that y — cj cos4x 4- C2 sin4x. If ?/(0) = 2 and i/(0) = —2
then ci = 2, C2 = —1/2, and y = 2cos4x — |sin4x.
30. From m2 4- 1 = 0 we obtain m — ±i so that y — c\ eos# 4- C2sin#. If y(ir/3) = 0 and y'{^/Í) = 2
1 \/3 x/3 1
then -ci 4- —C2 = 0, + ^2 ~ so ci ~ -x/3, c2 = 1, and y = — x/3 eos# 4-sin#.

117
 Exercises 4.3

31. From m2 — 4m — 5 = 0 we obtain m = —1 and m = 5, so that y = ae x 4- C2e5a?. If 2/(1) ~ 0

and i/'(l) = 2, then c^e 1 4- C2e5 = 0, -cíe 1 4- 5c2e5 = 2, so cj = — e/3, 02 = e 5/3, and
y= -±el'x + ±e5x-5.
32. From 4m2 — 4m — 3 = 0 we obtain m = —1/2 and m — 3/2 so that y = c\e~x^2 + C2e3x^2. If 2/(0) = 1
and i/z(0) = 5 then C1+C2 = 1, — |ci4-|c2 = 5, so c\ = —7/4, 02 = 11/4, and y = —^e“X/Z24-^e3x/2.
33. From m24-m4-2 = 0 we obtain m = —1/2±\/7i/2 so that y ~ e~x¡2 (ci eos \/7x/2 4- 02 sin \/7x/2^.
If 2/(0) = 0 and i/(0) = 0 then cj = 0 and 02 = 0 so that y = 0.
34. From m2 — 2m 4-1 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = 1 so that y — C]ex 4- C2xex. If i/(0) = 5 and
y(0) = 10 then cj = 5, ci 4- 02 = 10 so ci = 5, 02 = 5, and y = 5ex 4- 5xex.
35. From m3 4-12m2 4-36m = 0 we obtain m = 0, m — —6, and m — — 6 so that y =ci+c2e~6x+csxe~ex.
If 2/(0) — 0, i/'(0) = 1, and y"(fi) — —7 then

ci 4- C2 = 0, -6c2 4- C3 = 1, 36c2 — 12c3 = -7,

so ci = 5/36, C2 = —5/36, 03 = 1/6,- and y — jq ~ + $xe~Qx.
36. From m3 4- 2m2 — 5m — 6 = 0 we obtain m = — 1, m = 2, and m = — 3 so that

y = cíe 1 4- C2e2x 4- c$e 3x

If i/(0) = 0, i/(0) = 0, and i/'(0) = 1 then

ci 4- C2 4- C3 = 0, -ci 4- 2c2 - 303 — 0, c¡ 4- 4c2 4- 9c3 — 1,

so ci = -1/6, C2 = 1/15, 03 = 1/10, and

1/ = --e“x + — e2x + — e~3x

V 6 15 10 '
37. From m2 — lOm 4- 25 = 0 we obtain m — 5 and m = 5 so that y = C]e5x 4- C2xe5x. If 2/(0) = 1 and
?/(l) = 0 then ci — 1, eje5 4- C2e5 = 0, so cj = 1, 02 = — 1, and y = e$x — xe$x.
38. From m2 + 4 = 0 we obtain m = ±2i so that y = c\ cos2x 4- C2sin2x. If 2/(0) = 0 and 2/(7r) — 0
then ci = 0 and y = 02 sin 2x.
39. From m2 4- 1 = 0 we obtain m = ±2 so that y = ci coso; 4- 02sinx. If i/(0) = 0 and y,(^/2') = 2
then ci — —2, 02 = 0, and y = —2 eos x.
40. From m2 — 2m 4- 2 = 0 we obtain m = 1 ± i so that y = ex(ci cosx 4- 02 sin x). If 2/(0) = 1 and
2/(7r) = 1 then ci = 1 and y(w) = e^cosir = —e7r. Since —e7r 1, the boundary-value problem has
no solution.
41.

118
 Exercises 4.3

we find ci = ±(3 + 5^/3) and c2 = |(3 - 5^3) so y = |(3 + 5x/3)e^x + j(3 - 5\/3 je'75*. For
y = c\ cosh y/3x + c2sinh \^3x the initial conditions imply c¡ = 1, -\/3c2 = 5. Solving for ci and c2
we find ci = 1 and c2 = |\/3 so y = cosh V?>x + |\/3sinh y/3>x.
42. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 1 = 0 which has roots —1 and 1. By (10) the general solution is
y = aex + C2e~x. By (11) the general solution is y — ci coshz + c2 sinha;. For y — C]_ex + c2e^ the
boundary conditions imply ci+c2 = 1, cíe —c2e_1 = 0. Solving for ci and c2 we find ci = 1/(1 + e2)
and c2 = e2/(l + e2) so y = 6^/(1 +e2) + e2e~x/(I + e2). For y = coshx + c2 sinh x the boundary
conditions imply ci = 1, c2 = — tanh 1, so y = coshx — (tanh 1) sinhx.
43. The auxiliary equation should have two positive roots, so that the solution has the form y =
c\eklX + C2ek<ix. Thus, the differential equation is (f).
44. The auxiliary equation should have one positive and one negative root, so that the solution has the
form y — cieklX + c2e_/c2íC. Thus, the differential equation is (a).
45. The auxiliary equation should have a pair of complex roots a±bi where a < 0, so that the solution
has the form eax(c\ cosbx + c2sinta;). Thus, the differential equation is (e).
46. The auxiliary equation should have a repeated negative root, so that the solution has the form
y = cie~x + C2xe~x. Thus, the differential equation is (c).
47. The differential equation should have the form y” + k2y = 0 where k = 1 so that the period of the
solution is 27r. Thus, the differential equation is (d).
48. The differential equation should have the form y" + k2y = 0 where k = 2 so that the period of the
solution is 7T. Thus, the differential equation is (b).
49. (a) The auxiliary equation is m2 — 64/L = 0 which has roots ±8/\/L. Thus, the general solution
of the differential equation is x = ci cosh(8t/v/Z) + c2 sinh(8í/vT).
(b) Setting z(0) = xq and xz(0) = 0 we have ci = xo, — 0. Solving for c\ and c2 we get
ci = xq and c2 = 0, so x(t) = xq cosh(8t/V~L).
(c) When L = 20 and xq = 1, x(t) = cosh(4t\/5). The chain will last touch the peg when
x(t) = 10. Solving x(t) = 10 for t we get ti = ^-\/5cosh-110 ~ 1.67326. The velocity of the
chain at this instant is x'(íi) = 12^11/5 ~ 17.7989 ft/s.
50. Both — C[l] and ci represent arbitrary constants, and each may take on any real valué.
51. Since (m —4)(m + 5)2 = m3 + 6m2 — 15m-100 the differential equation isy"'+6y" —15y'-100?/ = 0.
The differential equation is not unique since any constant múltiple of the left-hand side of the
differential equation would lead to the auxiliary roots.
52. A third root must be — 3 — i and the auxiliary equation is

(m + [m — (3 + ¿)][7n — (3 — ¿)] = (m + (m2 — 6z + 10) = m3 —

119
 Exercises 4.3

The differential equation is

y" - ^y" + 7y +$y = 0.

53. From the solution y\ = e~4x cosx we conclude that = — 4 + i and mi = —4 — i are roots of the
auxiliary equation. Henee another solution must be y2 = e~4xsinx. Now dividing the polynomial
m3 + 6m2 + m — 34 by [m— (—4 + i)][m — (-4 — i)] = m2 + 8m + 17 gives m — 2. Therefore 7723 = 2
is the third root of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation is

y = cie“4x eos x + C2e~4x sin x + cse2x.

54. Since 1/x —► 0 as x —*• 00, we would expect the solutions of yn + (1/z)?/ + y = 0 to behave similar
to the solutions of y" + y = 0; that is, like sin x and cosrr for large valúes of x. Solutions of
xy" +y' + xy — Q are obtained using an ODE solver and are shown below with the indicated initial
conditions.

7/(1) = 0, y(i) = 2 7/(1) = 2, y(i) = o

55. Factoring the difference of two squares we obtain

m4 + 1 = (m2 + l)2 — 2m2 = (m2 + 1 — y/2m)(m2 + 1 + y/2m) — 0.

Using the quadratic formula on each factor we get m = ±\/2/2 i y/2i/2. The solution of the
differential equation is

-^x/2

56. (a) The auxiliary equation m2 + bm + c — 0 has solutions m — (—b ± y/b2 — 4c)/2. If b < 0, then
the solution will contain a term of the form e^x for p > 0, and the solution cannot approach
0 as x —> 00. Thus, for the solution to approach 0 we must have b > 0. Now, if c < 0 then
— 4c > b and —b + Vb2 — 4c > 0. Thus y(x) cannot approach 0. Finally, if c > 0 then
y/b2- 4c < b and —b± Vb2 — 4c < 0. In this case the solution has terms of the form e@x where
0 < 0. Therefore y(x) —*• 0 as x —► 00 if and only if b > 0 and c > 0.
(b) If b2 — 4c > 0, then y = ciemíX 4- C2em2X and the only solution satisfying 7/(0) = 0, 7/(1) = 0 is
y = 0.

120
 Exercises 4.3

If b2 — 4c = O, then y = c\emx + C2Íemx. Again, the only solution satisfying ?/(0) = 0, y(l) = 0
is y — 0.

If 62 — 4c < 0 then

y = c\e~bx^ eos \/4c — ó2 z + C2e~bx^ sin y4c — b2 x.

Now i/(0) = 0 implies ci = 0 and

y = C2e~bx^ sin y/4c — b2 x.

If we are to have a nontrivial solution, the condition y(l) = 0 implies x/4c — = n7r or
4c — tí2 = n^Ti2 for n a positive integer.
57. The auxiliary equation is m2 + A = 0 and we consider three cases.
Case I When A = 0 the general solution of the differential equation is y = ci + C2X. The boundary
conditions imply 0 = 2/(0) = ci and 0 = y(n/2) = C27r/2, so that ci = C2 = 0 and the problem
possesses only the trivial solution.
Case II When A < 0 the general solution of the differential equation is y = cie'^* + C2e~^~^x,
or alternatively, y = ci cosh y/—Xx + C2 sinh y/—Á x. Again, i/(0) = 0 implies ci = 0 so y =
C2 sinh \J~X x. The second boundary condition implies 0 = y (ir/2) — C2 sinh yj—X ir / 2 or C2 = 0. In
this case also, the problem possesses only the trivial solution.
Case III When A > 0 the general solution of the differential equation is y = c\ eos y/X x +
C2sinx/Az. In this case also, ?/(0) = 0 yields ci = 0, so that y = C2 sin x/Az. The second boundary
condition implies 0 = C2sinx/A7t/2. When y/Xr/2 is an integer múltiple of tt, that is, when
x/A = 2k for k a nonzero integer, the problem will have nontrivial solutions. Thus, for A = 4/c2 the
boundary-valué problem will have nontrivial solutions y — C2sin2kx, where k is a nonzero integer.
On the other hand, when \/Á is not an even integer, the boundary-valué problem will have only the
trivial solution.
58. Applying integration by parts twice we have

í eaxf(x) dx = - eaxf(x) - - [ eaxf'(x) dx

J a aJ

= - eax f(x) - - eaxf'{x) - - í eaxf"(x) dx]

a a [a aJ J

= -aeaxf(x) - eaXf'&
a +Xí QJ
dx-

Collecting the integráis we get

I eax (f(x) - ± dx = A eaxf(x) - ± eaxf'(x).

121
 Exercises 4.3

In order for the technique to work we need to have

J eax (/(z) - ± f"(x)) dx = k J eaxf(x)dx

or
/(z) = kf(x),

where k 0. This is the second-order difFerential equation

f"(ar) + a2(A; - = 0.

If k < 1, k 0, the solution of the difFerential equation is a pair of exponential functions, in which
case the original integrand is an exponential function and does not require integration by parts for
its evaluation. Similarly, if k = 1, f"(x) = 0 and f(x) has the form f(x) = ax + b. In this case a
single application of integration by parts will suffice. Finally, if k > 1, the solution of the difFerential
equation is
f(x) = ci eos ay/k — 1 x + C2 sin aVk — 1 x,

and we see that the technique will work for linear combinations of cosqt and sinaz.
59. Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation m3 — 6m2 + 2m + 1 we find m\ = —0.270534,
777,2 — 0.658675, and 777,3 = 5.61186. The general solution is

y = Cle-°-270534* + C2e0-658675x + C3e5.61186x

60. Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation 6.11m3 + 8.597712 + 7.93777, + 0.778 = 0 we find
mi = -0.110241, 7712 = -0.647826 + 0.857532i, and m3 = -0.647826 - 0.857532Í. The general
solution is
y = Cle’0 110241x + e“°-647826x(c2 eos 0.857532rr + c3 sin0.857532x).

61. Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation 3.157714 — 5.347712 + 6.33777, — 2.03 = 0 we find
777,1 = —1.74806, 777,2 = 0.501219, 777,3 = 0.62342 + 0.588965Í, and 777,4 = 0.62342 — 0.588965Í. The
general solution is

y = Cle'L74806x + c2e°-501219x + e°-62342x(c3 eos 0.588965z + c4 sin 0.588965z).

62. Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation 77i4 + 277i2 — m + 2 = 0 we find mi = 1/2 + V/3z/2,
777,2 = 1/2 — 5/3Í/2, 777,3 = —1/2 + >/7i/2, and 7714 = —1/2 — a/?i/2. The general solution is

-x/2
y = ex/2

122
 Exercises 4.4

63. From 2m4 + 3m3 — 16m2 4- 15m - 4 = 0 we obtain m = —4, m = |, m = 1, and m = 1, so that
y = cie~4x + C2ex/2 4- c3ex + c4xex. If y (9) = -2, y'(Q) = 6, y” (9) = 3, and y'" (9) = , then

C\ + C2 4~ C3 = —2

64. From m4 - 3m3 + 3m2 - m = 0 we obtain m = 0, m — 1, m = 1, and m = 1 so that

y = ci 4- C2ex + c3xex 4- c4x2ex. If y(0) — 0, 2/'(0) = 0, ^"(O) = 1, and y"'(fi) = 1 then

Cl + c2 — 0, c2 + c3 = 0> c2 + 2C3 + 2C4 — 1, C% + 3C3 + 6C4 = 1,

________ Exercises 4.4-- --------------------------------------------------

1. From m2 + 3m 4- 2 — 0 we find = — 1 and m2 = —2. Then yc = cíe x 4- c3e 2x and we assume
yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A = 6. Then A = 3, yp = 3 and

y = c-[e^x 4- C2e~2x 4- 3.

2. From 4m2 4- 9 = 0 we find mi = -%i and m3 — Then yc = c¡ eos ^x 4- C2 sin ^x and we assume
yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 9A = 15. Then A = |, yp = | and
3 .35
y = ci eos -x 4- c2 sin ~x 4- - .

3. From m2 — 10m 4- 25 = 0 we find mi — m3 = 5. Then yc — cie5x 4- C2%e5x and we assume

yp = Ax + B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 25j4 — 30 and — 10>l 4- 25B = 3.
Then A = |, B — |, yp = 4- |, and
6 6
y = aeb + C2xeb 4-5 4- T ■
o 5

123
 Exercises 4.4

4. From m2 + m — 6 = 0 we find mi = —3 and = 2. Then yc = cíe 3x 4- C2e2x and we assume

yp = Ax + B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain — QA = 2 and A — 6B — 0. Then
A= , B = -i , - i , and

y = Cle~3x + c2e2z - .

5. From |m2 4- m 4- 1 = 0 we find mi = rri2 = 0. Then yc — cie~2x 4- C2xe~~2x and we assume

yp = Ax2 4- Bx 4- C. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A = 1, 2A + B = —2,
and ^A 4- B + C = 0. Then A = 1, B = —4, C = , yp = x2 — 4x + , and

y = C]_e~2x 4- C2Xe~2x 4- x2 - 4x 4- .

6. From m2 — Sm 4- 20 = 0 we find m\ = 2 4- 4z and rri2 = 2 — 4i. Then yc = e2x(ci cos4rr 4- C2 sin 4rr)
and we assume yp = Ax2 4- Bx 4- C 4- (Dx + E)ex. Substituting into the differential equation we
obtain
2A - 8B 4- 20C = 0

-6D+ 13B = 0

-16Á4-20B = 0

13D = -26

20A = 100.

Then A = 5, B - 4, C = , D = -2, E =

ex.

7. From m2 4- 3 — 0 we find mi = \/3á and rxi2 — — Then yc = oicosa/Sz 4- C2sinx/3rr

and we assume yp = (Ax2 4- Bx 4- C)e3x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2A 4- 6B + 12C = 0, 12A 4- 12B = 0, and 12A = -48. Then A = -4, B = 4, C = ,
yp = (^—4x2 4- 4rr — e3x and

,3x

8. From 4m2 — 4m — 3 = 0 we find mi = | and ■ Then yc = cie3x/2 4- C2e~x^2 and we assume

yp = Acos2x 4- Bsin2z. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —19 - 8B — 1 and
8 A - 19B = 0. Then A = - ,B=— , yP = —eos 2x — sin 2x, and

y = cie3x/2 4- C2e*x/2 - cos2x - sin 2x.

42o 42o

124
 Exercises 4.4

9. From m2 — m = 0 we find = 1 and rri2 = 0. Then yc = ciex + C2 and we assume yp — Ax.

Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —A = -3. Then A = 3, yp = 3x and
y = ciex + C2 + 3x.
10. From m2 4 2m = 0 we find mi = —2 and m2 = 0. Then yc = cie~2x 4 C2 and we assume
yp = Ax2 + Bx + Cxe~2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A 4 2B = 5,
4A = 2, and —2C ~ — 1. Then 4=^,B = 2, (7 = ^,^ = ^x2 + 2x 4 ^xe”2x, and

y = cie"2x 4 C2 4 4 2x 4 -xe~2x.

11. From rrr — m 4 | = 0 we find mi = rri2 = 5 • Then yc = c\ex¡2 4 C2zea:/2 and we assume
yp = A 4 Bx2ex¡2. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain ¿A = 3 and 2B = 1. Then
A = 12, B — , yp — 12 4 ^x2ex/2, and

y = ciex^2 4 C2xex^2 4 12 4 ix2eI>/2.

12. From m2 — 16 = 0 we find mi = 4 and rri2 = -4. Then yc = c\e4x + C2e~4x and we assume
yp = Axe4x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 8A — 2. Then A = |, yp — ^xe4x
and
y = cie4x 4 C2e 4x 4 ^Xe4x-

13. From m2 4 4 — 0 we find mi — 2i and 7722 = —2i. Then yc = ci cos2x 4 C2 sin 2x and we assume
yp = Axcos2x 4 Bzsin2ír. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4B = 0 and
—44 = 3. Then A = , B = 0, yp = — cos2rr, and
3
y — ci eos 2x 4 C2 sin 2x — -2? eos 2x.

14. From m2 + 4 = 0 we find mi = 2i and m.2 = —21. Then yc = ci eos 2x 4 02 sin 2x and we assume
yp = (4rr3 4- Bx2 + Cx) eos 2x 4 (Dx3 4 Ex2 4 Fx) sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain

64 + 8E = 0

12D = 0

—4(7 4 2E = -3

-85 4 677 = 0

-124 = 1.

125
 Exercises 4.4

Then A — — ,
and

15. From m2 4- 1 — 0 we find mi = i and m<¿ = —i. Then yc = ci eos x 4- C2 sin x and we assume yp =
(Ax2 4- Bx) cosx 4- (Cx2 4- Dx) sinx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4C = 0,
2A + 2D = 0, -4A = 2, and -2B + 2C = 0. Then X = , B = 0, C = 0, P = |, 2/p =
— ^x2 eos x 4- sinz, and

16. From m2 — 5m = 0 we find mi = 5 and m2 = 0. Then yc = cie5x 4- C2 and we assume yp =

Ax^+Bx^+C x2 + Dx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain — 2CL4 = 2, 12A— 15B =
-4, 6B - 10C = -1, and 2C - 5P = 6. Then A = ,B= ,C=D= ,
- -d_ 4 + 14 3 , .53. 2 697 □
yp “ r 10x + 75 T 250 625ana

17. From m2 — 2m + 5 — 0 we find mi = 1 + 2z and m? — 1 —2i. Then yc — ex(ci cos2z4-C2 sin2z) and
we assume yp = Axex cos2x 4- Bxex sin2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
4B = 1 and —4A = 0. Then A = 0, B = , yp = ^xex sin2x, and

y = ex(ci eos 2x 4- C2 sin 2x) 4- -se1 sin 2rr.

18. From m2 — 2m 4-2 = 0 we find mi = 1 4- i and = 1 — i. Then yc — ex(ci cosa; 4- C2sinz)

and we assume yp — 4e2a:cosz 4- Be2xsinx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
A 4- 2B = 1 and —2A 4- B = —3. Then 4 = j,B — —|,?yp = ^e2x eos x — |e2x sin x and

19. From m2 4- 2m 4- 1 — 0 we find mi = = -1. Then yc = c\e x 4- c^xe x and we assume

yp — Acosx 4- Bsinz 4- C cos2z 4- D sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2B = 0, -2A = 1, -3C 4- 4D = 3, and -4C ~ 3D = 0. Then A = -|,B = 0, C = -^,P=^,
yp = — | eos x — eos 2x 4- sin 2rr, and
-al 9 12 .
y — c\e 4- C2xe — ~ eos x — —■ eosn 2x 4-n —r sin 2x.
2 25 25
20. From m2 4- 2m — 24 — 0 we find mi = —6 and m2 = 4. Then yc = cie~Qx 4- C2e4a: and we
assume yp = A + (Bx2 4- Cx)e^x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —24A = 16,

126
 Exercises 4.4

2B+WC = —2, and20B = -l. ThenA = -j,

and
y = cie“6x + C2e4x -

21. From m3 — 6777 2 — 0 we find = rri2 = 0 and 777.3 = 6. Then yc — c\ + + c^x and we assume
2
yp — Ax + Bcosz + Csinz. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain — 12X = 3,
6B - C = -1, and B + 6C = 0- Then A = ,B=— ,C= 5? cosrr + 57 sino;,
and

22. From m3 — 2m2 — 4m + 8 = 0 we find m\ = = 2 and 7773 = —2. Then yc = C]e2x + C2xe2x + C3e~2x
and we assume yp — (Ax3 + Bx2)e2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 24A = 6
and 6A + 8B = 0. Then A=^,B — ~^,yp= Qx3 — pjZ2) e2x, and

23. From m3 — 3m2 + 3m — 1 — 0 we find m\ = 7712 = 7773 = 1. Then yc = c\ex + C2xex + C3X2ex and
we assume yp = Ax + B + Cx3ex. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —A — 1,
3A — B = 0, and 6C = —4. Then A — —1, B = -3, C — yp = —x — 3 — %x3ex, and

24. From m3 — m2 — 4m + 4 = 0 we find m\ = 1,7772 = 2, and 7773 = —2. Then yc = C]ex + C2e2x + C3e~2x
and we assume yp = A + Bxex+Cxe2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4 A — 5,
~3B = —1, and 4C — 1. Then A=|,B = |,C'=^,7/P = | + ^xex + \xe2x, and

y = aex + C2e2x + C3e~2x + | + ^xex +

TX O TX
25. From m4 + 2tm2 + 1 = 0 we find m\ = 7713 = i and rri2 = mi = ~i- Then yc = c¡ cosrr + C2 sin x +
C3X eos x + C4X sin x and we assume yp — Ax2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain A = 1, B = —2, and 4A + C = 1. Then A = 1, B = —2, C = —3, yp = x2 — 2x — 3, and

y = cj eos x + C2 sinx + C3X eos x + C4X sin x + x2 — 2x — 3.

26. From m4 — m2 = 0 we find 771 ¡ = 777-2 = 0, 7773 = 1, and 7774 = — 1- Then yc — Q +C2X +csex + C4e~x
and we assume yp = Ax3 + Bx2 + (Cx2 + Dx)e~x. Substituting into the differential equation we
obtain —64 = 4, — 2B ~ 0, 10C — 2D — 0, and — 4C = 2. Then A = , B = 0, C = — j ,
D = — |, yp = — |z3 — Qx2 + e“x, and

= Ci + C2X + C3eX + C4C

127
 Exercises 4.4

27. We have yc = ci eos 2x + C2 sin 2x and we assume yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A = . Thus y = ci eos 2x 4- C2sin2x — . From the initial conditions we obtain c\ = 0
and 02 = V2 , so y = \Í2 sin 2x - |.
28. We have yc — cie"2a: 4- C2ex¡2 and we assume yp = 2 + Bx 4- C. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A ~ —7, B = —19, and C = —37. Thus y — cie~2x 4- C2^x^ — 7x2 ~ — 37.
From the initial conditions we obtain ci = — J and 02 = , so

yy = -~e~2x 4- ex/2 - 7x2 - 19x - 37.

5 5

29. We have yc = cie“I/5 + C2 and we assume yp = Ax2+Bx. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A = — 3 and B = 30. Thus y = c\e~x^ + C2 — 3x2 4- 30x. From the initial conditions we
obtain cj = 200 and 02 = -200, so

y = 200~x/5 - 200 - 3x2 + 30a;.

30. We have yc = cie~2x 4- C2xe~2x and we assume yp = (Ax3 4- Bx2)e~2x. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = and B = . Thus y = c-[e~2x 4- C2xe~2x 4- (|x3 4- |x2j e~2x.
From the initial conditions we obtain ci = 2 and C2 = 9, so

y = 2e~2x + 9xe'2x 4- Qx3 + |x2) e~2x.

31. We have yc = e~2x(ci cosa; 4- C2sinx) and we assume yp = Ae~4x. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A = 5. Thus y = e~2x(ci cosa; + C2sinx) 4- 7e~4a:. From the initial conditions we
obtain ci = —10 and 02 = 9, so

y = e~2x(—10 eos a; 4- 9 sin x 4- 7e“4x).

32. We have yc = c\ cosh x 4- C2 sinh x and we assume yp = Ax cosh x 4- Bx sinh x. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = 0 and B = | . Thus

y = ci cosh x + C2 sinh x 4- - x sinh x.

From the initial conditions we obtain c\ = 2 and C2 ~ 12, so

y = 2 cosh x 4-12 sinh x 4- -x sinh x.

33. We have xc = ci cosut 4- C2sinwí and we assume xp = At eos tut 4- Bísinwí. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = ~Fq/2w and B = 0. Thus x = ci eos w¿4-C2 sin (Fo/2w)í coswí.
From the initial conditions we obtain ci = 0 and C2 = Fb/2cu2, so

x = (Fq/2cj2) sinejí — (Fo/2cj)¿cosúj¿.

128
 Exercises 4.4

34. We have xc = cq cosu^¿ + C2 sinu^í and we assume xp = A C0S7Í + B sin 7¿, where 7 uj. Substituting
into the differential equation we find A = Fo/(c¿2 — 72) and B = 0. Thus
oF
X = Ci COSíVÍ + C2 Sinu^í + 7—x------------sr C0S7¿.
— 7Z)
From the initial condítions we obtain C] = F^/tur — 72) and C2 = 0, so
Fo Fo
x = 7"^------2 97 cos a)t + 7“9-------- 9\ cos
(uF - 7 ) (^2 - T)
35. We have yc = cj + c^x + c$xex and we assume yp — >lz + Bx2ex + Ce5x. Substituting into the
differential equation we find >1 = 2, B ~ —12, and C = |. Thus

y = ci + C2ex + C3xex + 2x - 12x2ex + ^e5x.

From the initial conditions we obtain ci = 11, 02 = —11, and C3 = 9, so

y = 11 — lie* + 9xex + 2x — 12rr2ea: +

36. We have yc = cie~2x + ex(c2 cos \/3x + casinv^z) and we assume yp = Ax + B + Cxe~2x.
Substituting into the differential equation we find A = |, B = — |, and C = | . Thus
1 5 2
y = c\e~2x + ex(c2 cos \/3 x + 03 sin x/3 x) + -x — - + -xe -2x
4 00

From the initial conditions we obtain ci — —12 23

, c2 — ~ 24 59
, and C3 = 17 /"*”
t^v3 , so

23 —2x x 17
v = --e +e cos \/3x + ~\/3sin + ^x - | + ^xe~2x.
24 72
72 / 4o3

37. We have yc = c\ cos x + C2 sin x and we assume yp = >12 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A = 1, B — 0, and C = —1. Thus y = cy cosx + C2sinz + x2 — 1. From z/(0) = 5
and i/(l) = 0 we obtain
Cl -1=5

(cos l)ci + sin(l)c2 = 0.

Solving this system we find cj — 6 and C2 = —6cot 1. The solution of the boundary-valué problem
is
y — 6 cos x — 6(cot 1) sin x + x2 — 1.

38. We have yc = ex(ci cosx + C2 sinz) and we assume yp = Ax + B. Substituting into the differential
equation we find >1 = 1 and B = 0. Thus y = ex(c\ cosz + C2 sinz) + z. From 1/(0) = 0 and ?/(%) = %
we obtain
ci = 0

% — e^ci = 7T.

129
 Exercises 4.4

Solving this system we find ci = 0 and is any real number. The solution of the boundary-valué
problem is

39. We have yc — ci cos2rr 4- C2sin2z and we assume yp = A eos x 4- Bsinz on [0, tt/2]. Substituíing
into the differential equation we find A — 0 and B — |. Thus y = c\ eos 2x + C2 sin 2x 4- | sin x on
[0, 7t/2]. On (7f/2, oo) we have y — C3 eos 2x + C4 sin 2x. From 7/(0) = 1 and t/(0) = 2 we obtain

¿1 = 1

- + 2C2 = 2.

Solving this system we find <?i = 1 and C2 = |. Thus y = cos2z 4- |sin2rr 4- ^sinz on [0, tt/2].
Now continuity of y at x = 7r/2 implies
5 . 1 . 7T
eos 7T + - sin 7F + - sin — = 03 eos 7r 4- 04 sin 7r
6 3 2
or — 1 + 5 = —C3. Henee C3 = |. Continuity of 7/ at z = 7t/2 implies
5 1 7T .
—2 sm 7r + - eos ít 4- - eos — = —2C3 sin % 4- 2c^ eos tv
Ó o z
or — | = -2c4. Then C4 = | and the solution of the initial-valué problem is
f eos 2x 4- § sin 2x 4- 1 sin x, 0 < x < 7r/2
t/(z) =¿ 3 ’ - -/
[ | eos 2x 4- | sin 2z, x > 7t/2.
40. We have yc = ex(cíeos3x 4- C2sin3z) and we assume yp = A on [0,7r]. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = 2. Thus, y = ex(c\ eos 3z 4- 02 sin3z) 4- 2 on [0, %]. On (%, oo)' we
have y = ex(c3cos3x 4- C4sin3z). From 7/(0) = 0 and 7/(0) = 0 we obtain
ci = —2, ci 4- 3c2 = 0.
Solving this system, we find ci = —2 and C2 = | • Thus y = ex{—2cos3z 4- jsin3z) 4- 2 on [0,tt].
Now, continuity of y at x = 7r implies
2
e7r(—2cos37t 4- -sin37r) 4- 2 = ew(c3cos37r 4- C4sin37r)
ó
or 2 4- 2e7r = —C3e7r or C3 = —2e_7r(l 4- e’r). continuity of y' at % implies
20
—-e7r sin 3tt = e7r[(c3 4- 3c4) eos 37t 4- (—3c3 4- C4) sin 37t]
ó
or —036^ — 3c4e7r = 0. Since C3 = — 2e_7r(l 4- e71-) we have 04 = 4- e*). The solution of the
initial-value problem is

,X~’.

130
 Exercises 4.4

41. (a) From yp = Aekx we find y' = Akekx and yp = Ak2ekx. Substituting into the differential
equation we get

aAk2ekx + bAkekx + cAekx - (ak2 + bk + c)Aekx = ekx,

so (u/o2 + bk + c)A — 1. Since k is not a root of am2 + bm + c = 0, -4 = l/(ak2 + bk + c).

(b) From yp = Axekx we find y'p = Akxekx + Aekx and yp = Ak2xekx + 2Akekx. Substituting into
the differential equation we get
aAk2xekx + 2aAkekx + bAkxekx + bAekx + cAxekx

= (ak2 + bk + c)Axekx + (2ak + b)Aekx

= (Q)Axekx + (2ak + b)Aekx = (2ak + b)Aekx = ekx

where ak2 + bk + c = 0 because A: is a root of the auxiliary equation. Now, the roots of the
auxiliary equation are -5/2a± x/52 — 4ac, and since A: is a root of multiplicity one, k -b/2a
and 2ak + b 0. Thus (2ak + b)A = 1 and A — l/(2ak + 5).
(c) If k is a root of multiplicity two, then, as we saw in part (b), k = — b/2a and 2ak + 5 = 0.
From yp = Ax2ekx we find yp = Akx2ekx + 2Are/cx and yp = Ak2x2ekx + 4Akxekx = 2Aekx.
Substituting into the differential equation, we get
aAk2x2ekx + 4aAkxekx + 2aAekx + bAkx2ekx + 2bAxekx + cAx2ekx

= (ak2 + bk + c)Ax2ekx + 2(2ak + b)Axekx + 2aAekx

= (tí)Ax2ekx + 2(tí)Axekx + 2aAekx = 2aAekx = ekx.

Since the differential equation is second-order, a ■=£■ 0 and A = l/(2a).
42. Using the double-angle formula for the cosine, we have

sin x eos 2x = sin z(cos2 x - sin2 x) = sin x(l - 2 sin2 x) = sin x — 2 sin3 x.

Since sin x is a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation we look for a particular
solution of the form yp = Ax sinx + Bx cosx + C sin3 x. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain
2a eos x + (6c — 25) sin x — 8c sin3 x — sin x — 2 sin3 x.
Equating coefficients we find a = 0, c = |, and 5 = |. Thus, a particular solution is

F
Vn =1-x eos x + -1.3
sin x.
4 4
43. (a) f(t) = eí sin t. We see that yp oo as t —> oo and yp —* 0 as t —> —oo.
(b) f(t) = e“¿. We see that yp oo as t oo and yp oo as t —> —oo.

131
 Exercises 4.4

(c) /(¿) = sin 2t. We see that yp is sinusoidal.

(d) f(t) = 1. We see that yp is constant and simply translates yc vertically.
44. The complementary function is yc = e2x(ci eos 2x + C2sin2z). We assume a particular solution of
the form yp = (Ax2 + Bx2 + Cx)e2x eos 2x + (Dx2 + Ex2 + F)e2x sin 2x. Substituting into the
differential equation and using a CAS to simplify yields
[ 12Dz2 + (6A + 8E)x + (2B + 4B)]e2x eos 2x

+ [-\2Ax2 + (-8B + §D)x + (-4C + 2E)]e2x sin 2x

= (2x2 — 3x)e2x eos 2x + (10z2 — x — l)e2x sin2z.

This gives the system of equations
12P = 2, 6A 4- SE = -3, 2B + 4F = 0,

—12A = 10, -8B + 6D = -1, -4C + 2B = -1,

from which we find A — —= = = = and F = — |. Thus, a particular

solution of the differential equation is

45. The complementary function is yc = ci eos x + c<¿ sin x + C3X eos x + cxx sin x. We assume a particular
solution of the form yp = Ax2 eos x + Bx2 sinrr. Substituting into the differential equation and using
a CAS to simplify yields
(-8a + 246) eos x + 3bx sin x = 2 eos x — 3x sin x.
This implies -8a 4- 246 = 2 and -246 — — 3. Thus 6 = | , a = |, and yp = |z2 eos x + jz3 sin x.

________ Exercises 4.5

1. (9£>2 — 4)i/ = (3D — 2)(3£> 4- 2)y = sinz

2. (Z)2 — 5)y = (D — a/5 )(£> + a/5 )y = x2 — 2x
3. (Z?2 -4D- 12)y = (£> - 6)(D + 2)y = x - 6
4. (2D2 -3D- 2)y = (2£> + 1)(£> - 2)y = 1
5. (O3 + 10P2 + 25D)y = D(D + 5)2?/ = e1
6. (D3 + 4D)y = D(D2 +• 4)y = ex eos2a;
7. (Z)3 + 2D2 - 13£> + 10)t/ = (Z) - 1)(D - 2)(D + 5)y = xe~x
8. (P3 + 4Z)2 + 3D\y = D(D + 1)(L> + 3)j/ = x2 cosx - 3x

132
 Exercises 4.5

9. (7?4 + 8Z?)?/ = D(D + 2)(7?2 - 2D + 4)y = 4

10. (7?4 - 87?2 + 16)?/ = (7? - 2)2(7? + 2)2?/ = (x3 - 2x)e4x
11. D4y = 7?4(10x3 - 2x) = 7?3(30x2 - 2) = D2(60a;) = 7?(60) = 0
12. (27? - l)y = (27? - l)4ex/2 = 87?ex/2 - 4ex/2 = 4ex/2 - 4ex/2 = 0
13. (7?—2)(7?+5)(e2x+3e“5x) = (7?-2)(2e2x-15e-5x+5e2x+15e-5x) = (7?-2)7e2x = 14e2x-14e2x = 0
14. (7?2 + 64) (2 eos 8x — 5 sin 8x) = 7?(—16 sin 8x — 40 eos 8x) + 64(2 eos 8x — 5 sin 8x)

= -128 eos 8x + 320 sin 8x + 128 eos 8x — 320 sin 8x — 0

15. D4 because of x3 16. 7?5 because of x4

17. 7?(7? — 2) because of 1 and e2x 18. 7?2(7? — 6)2 because of x and xe6x

19. 7?2 + 4 because of eos 2x 20. 7?(7?2 + 1) because of 1 and sinx

21. 7?3(7?2 + 16) because of x2 and sin4x

22. 7?2(7?2 + 1)(7?2 + 25) because of x, sin x, and eos 5x
23. (D + 1)(7? — l)3 because of e~x and x2ex
24. D(D — 1)(7? — 2) because of 1, ex, and e2x
25. 7?(7?2 — 27? + 5) because of 1 and ex eos 2x
26. (7?2 + 27? + 2)(7?2 — 47? + 5) because of e x sin x and e2x eos x
27. 1, x, x2, x3, x4
28. 7?2 + 47? = 7?(7?4-4); 1, e~4x
29. eQx, e“3x/2
30. 7?2 - 97? — 36 == (7? - 12)(7? + 3); e12x, e~3x
31. eos \/5 x, sin x/5 x
32. 7?2 — 67? 4- 10 = 7?2 — 2(3)7? + (32 + l2); e3xcosx> e3xsinx
33. 7?3 - 107?2 + 257? = 7?(7? - 5)2; 1, e5x, xe5x
34. 1, x, e5x, e7x
35. Applying 7? to the differential equation we obtain

D(D2 - 9)y = 0.

Then
y = c\e3x + c^e~3x + C3
ye

133
 Exercises 4.5

and yp = A. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields ~9A = 54 or A = -6. The general
solution is
y = cie3x 4- C2e"3x - 6.

36. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain

D(2D2 — 7D + 5)y = 0.

Then
7/ = cíe5*/2 4- C2e\ 4- C3
ye
and yp = A. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 5A = — 29 or A = —29/5. The
general solution is
y = cie5x//2 4- C2ex - ~ .

37. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain

D(D2 4- D)y = D2(D + 1)7/ = 0.

Then
y = vCl + C2e~* + C3X
ye
and yp = Ax. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields A = 3. The general solution is

7/ = ci 4- C2e~3x 4- 3x.

38. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain

D(D3 4- 2D2 4- D)y = D2(D + 1)2t/ = 0.

Then
y = ci 4- C2€~x 4- 03 + c^x
yc
and yp — Ax. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields A = 10. The general solution is

y = ci 4- C2e~x 4- C3xe~x 4- lOz.

39. Applying D2 to the differential equation we obtain

D2(D2 4- 4D 4- 4)7/ = D2(D 4- 2)2t/ = 0.

Then
— 9-r C —
y= + 2^O 4- C3 4- C^X
ye

134
 Exercises 4.5

and yp — Ax + B. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 4Az + (4 A 4- 4B) = 2x + 6.

Equating coefficients gives
4A = 2

4A + 4B = 6.
Then A — 1/2, B = 1, and the general solution is

y = eje"2® + c?xe~2x + ~x + 1.

40. Applying D2 to the differential equation we obtain

D2(D2 + 3D)y = D3(D + 3)y = 0.

Then
y = c2e~3x + + C4X
ye
and yp = Ax2 4- Bx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 6Ax 4- (2A 4- 3B) = 4x —5.
Equating coefficients gives
6-4 = 4

2A + 3B = -5.
Then A = 2/3, B = —19/9, and the general solution is
2
y = cj + c~3x 22
2e 4- ~x - ~x.
19

41. Applying Z?3 to the differential equation we obtain

D3(D3 + D2)y = D3(D 4- l)y = 0.

Then
y = cj 4- C2X 4- c3e~xy + c4^4 4- c$x3 4- cqx2
ye
and yp = Ax4 4- Bx3 + Cx2. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

12Az2 + (24-4 + 6B)x + (6B + 2C) = 8z2.

Equating coefficients gives

12-4 = 8

24-4 + 6B = 0

6B + 2C = 0.

135
 Exercises 4.5

Then A = 2/3, B = —8/3, C — 8, and the general solution is

24 8Q9
y = ci + C2X + c^e + ~x - -x + 8z .
oo
42. Applying D4 to the differential equation we obtain

D4(D2 -2D + l)y = D4(D - l)2?/ = 0.

Then
y = ciex + C2xexj + C3X3 + C4X2 4- c$x + cq
ye
and yp = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D. Substituíing yp into the differential equation yields

Ax3 + (B - 64)x2 + (64 - 4B + C)x + (2B - 2C + D) = z3 + 4rr.

Equating coefficients gives

4=1

B - 64 = 0

64 - 4B + C = 4

2B- 2C + D = 0.
Then 4 = 1, B = 6, C = 22, D =■ 32 , and the general solution is

y = c\ex + C2xex 4- x3 + 6x2 + 22x + 32.

43. Applying D — 4 to the differential equation we obtain

(D - 4)(D2 ~ D - Y2)y = (D - 4)2(P + 3)?/ = 0.

Then
y = cíe41 + C2e“3x + C3xe4x
S , .... /
ye
and yp ~ Axe^x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 74e4x = e4x. Equating
coefficients gives 4 = 1/7. The general solution is

y = de4x + C2e~3x + ~xe4x.

44. Applying D — 6 to the differential equation we obtain

(D — 6)(D2+ 2D + 2)?/= 0.
Then
y = e~x (ci eos x + C2 sin x} + c^eQx
-- Sr~ .— —*
ye

136
 Exercises 4.5

and yp = AeQx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 50Áe6:E = oe6r. Equating
coefficients gives A = 1/10. The general solution is

y = e x (ci eos x 4- c2 sin +

45. Applying D(D — 1) to the differential equation we obtain

D(D - 1)(2?2 — 22? - 3)?/ = D(D ~ 1)(2? 4- 1) (2? - 3)2/ = 0.

Then
2/ = eje3* 4- 4- c$ex 4- C4
ye
and yp = Aex 4- B. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields — 4Aex — 3B = 4ex — 9.
Equating coefficients gives A — — 1 and B = 3. The general solution is

y = cíe3* 4- c2e'x - ex 4- 3.

46. Applying 2?2(2? + 2) to the differential equation we obtain

D2(D 4- 2)(2?2 + 62? + 8)2/ = 2?2(2? + 2)2(2? + 4)2/ = 0.

Then
y = gle~2x + C2e~4* + C3ze“2x 4- C4X + C5
ye
and yp = Axe~2x 4- Bx 4- C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

2Ae~2x 4- 8Bx + (6B + 8C) = 3e"2x 4- 2x.

Equating coefficients gives

2A = 3

8B = 2

62? 4- 8G = 0.
Then A = 3/2, B = 1/4, C = —3/16 , and the general solution is
— 9-r — d-r —O/p 1 3
y = cíe ¿x 4- c2e 4- ~xe 4- -x - —.

47. Applying 2?2 4- 1 to the differential equation we obtain

(P2 + l)(D2 + 25)?/ = 0.

Then
y = Ci eos 5z 4- c2 sin §x 4- C3 eos x 4- C4 sin x
Ve

137
 Exercises 4.5

and yp = A cosa;. 4- B sinx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

24A eos x 4- 24B sin x = 6 sin x.

Equating coefficients gives A = 0 and B = 1/4. The general solution is

1
y ~ ci eos 5x 4- C2 sin 5x 4- - sin x.

48. Applying D(D2 4-1) to the differential equation we obtain

£>(L>2 + l)(£2 + 4)?/ = 0.

Then
y = ci eos
1
2x 4- 02 sin 2x
J
4- 03 eos x 4- 04 sin x 4- 05
' -V-
ye
and yp = A eos x 4- B sin x 4- C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

Equating coefficients gives A = 4/3, B = 1, and C = —2. The general solution is

4
y = c\ eos 2x 4- 02 sin 2rr 4- - eos x 4- sin x — 2.
¿>
49. Applying (D — 4)2 to the differential equation we obtain

(D - 4)2(P2 4- 6D 4- 9)y = (D - 4)2(D 4- 3)2y = 0.

Then
?/ = cíe 3x + C2xe 3x 4- C3xe4x 4- cie4x
Ve
and yp = Axe4x 4- Be4x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

49Are4x 4- (14A 4- 49B)e4* = -xe4x.

Equating coefficients gives

49A = -1

14A 4- 49B = 0.
Then A — —1/49, B ~ 2/343, and the general solution is

y = cíe"31 + c¿xe-'ix - ^xeix + ^e4x.

50. Applying D2(D — l)2 to the differential equation we obtain

D2(D ~ 1)2(D2 4- 3D - 10)?/ = D2(D - 1)2(D - 2)(D + 5)?/ = 0.

138
 Exercises 4.5

Then
y = c\e2x 4- C2e~3x 4- csxex 4- C4ex 4- c$x 4- cq
S 1 “V
ye
and yp = Axex 4- Bex 4- Cx + D. Substituting yp into the differential. equation yields

—6Axex + (5A - 6B)ex - lOCx + (3C - 10P) = xex + x.

Equating coefficients gives

—6A = 1

5A - 6B = 0

-10C= 1

3C — 10P = 0.
Then A ~ —1/6, B = —5/36, C = —1/10, P = —3/100, and the general solution is

, = cie +C2eQj. _5X 1 x 5 x__

1 --X-—. 3
e

51. Applying P(P — l)3 to the differential equation we obtain

P(P - 1)3(P2 - l)y = P(P - 1)4(P + 1)t/ = 0.

Then
y = c\ex 4- C2e x + csx3ex 4- C4X2ex 4- c$xex + C6
''' -V- ' ■
Ve
and yp = Ax3ex + Bx2ex + Cxex + D. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

6Ax2ex + (6A + 4B)xex + (2B + 2C)ex -D = x2ex + 5.

Equating coefficients gives

6A + 4B = 0

2B + 2C = 0

-P = 5.
Then A = 1/6, B — —1/4, C = 1/4, D ~ —5, and the general solution is

y = eje1 4- cze~x 4- -x3ex - ^x2ex + ±xex — 5.

6 4 4
52. Applying (P 4- l)3 to the differential equation we obtain

(P + 1)3(P2 + 2P + l)y = (P 4- 1)5t/ = 0.

139
 Exercises 4.5

Then
y — cie~x 4- C2xe~x Z4- C3X4e~x 4- C4X3e~x 4- C5ír2e“a;
—.
ye
and yp = AxÁe~x 4- Bx3e~x 4- Cx2e~x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

12Ax2e~x + 6Bxe~x + 2Ce~x = x2e~x.

Equating coefficients gives A = B = 0, and C = 0. The general solution is

y = cie~x 4- coxe~x 4- ^x4e_a;-

53. Applying D2 — 2D 4- 2 to the differential equation we obtain

(D2 — 2D + 2)(B2 — 2D + 5)y = 0.

Then
y = ez(ci eos 2x 4- C2 sin 2x) 4- ex(c3 eos x + sin z)
ye
and yp — Aex eos x 4- Bex sin x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

3Aex eos x 4- 3Bex sin x = ex sin x.

Equating coefficients gives A = 0 and B = 1/3. The general solution is

y — ex(ci eos 2x 4- C2 sin 2z) 4- -ex sin x.

3
54. Applying D2 — 2D 4- 10 to the differential equation we obtain

(£)2 _ 2D + 10) (D2 + D + 1) y = (D2 _2D + 10) (d + y = 0.

Then
y — Kc\e~x^2 4- C2xe~x^2 4- csex eos 3x 4- C4ex sin 3x
'
Ve
x x
and yp — Ae cos3z + Be sin3z. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

(9B — 27A/A)ex eos 3x — (9A 4- 27B/4)ex sin 3x = — ex eos 3x 4- ex sin 3x.

Equating coefficients gives

27
—-A + 9B = -1
4
27
-9A- — B = 1.
4
Then A = -4/225, B = -28/225, and the general solution is

y = c\e~x¡2 4- C2xe~x^2 - 7^7 eos 3x — sin 3x.

140
 Exercises 4.5

55. Applying D2 + 25 to the differential equation we obtain

(.D2 + 25)(D2 + 25) = (.D2 + 25)2 = 0.
Then

T-'TT ' - 1! 'I TT ' I - "

ye
and yp = Axcosbx + Bxsin5x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
10B eos 5x — 10A sin 5x = 20 sin 5x.
Equating coefíicients gives A = — 2 and B = 0. The general solution is
y — ci eos 5x + C2 sin 5rr — 2x eos 5x.
56. Applying .D2 + 1 to the differential equation we obtain
Cd2 + i)(P2 +1) = (,d2 + i)2 = o.
Then

ye
and yp = Ax eos x + Bx sin x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
2B eos x — 2A sin x — 4 eos rr — sin x.
Equating coefíicients gives A = 1/2 and B = 2. The general solution is

y = ci eos x + C2 sin x + ^x eos x — 2x sin x.

57. Applying (Z)2 + l)2 to the differential equation we obtain

(D2 + 1)2(B2 + O + 1) = 0.
Then
V3 . a/3 1
y = e x!2 ci eos — x + C2 sin — x

ye
and yp = A eos x + B sin x + Cx eos x + Dx sin x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
(B + C + 2D) eos x + Dx eos x + (—A — 2C + D) sin x — Cx sin x = x sin x.
Equating coefíicients gives
B + C + 2D = O

P=O

-A -2C + D = O

141
 Exercises 4.5

Then A = 2, B = 1, C = —1, and D = 0, and the general solution is

-1/2 . x/3
y — e ' ci eos — x 4- C2 sm — x 4- 2cosx 4- sinz — xcosx.

58. Writing eos2 x = ^(1 4- eos 2x) and applying D(D2 4- 4) to the differential equation we obtain
£>(L>2 + 4)(n2 + 4) = £>(£>2 + 4)2 = 0.
Then
y = ciS eos 2x 4- cq sin 2x 4- C3x eos 2x 4- c^x sin 2x 4- C5
......
ye
and yp = Axcos2x 4- Bxsin2x 4- C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

—4A sin 2x 4- 4B eos 2x 4- 4C = | 4- | eos 2x.

Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 1/8, and C — 1/8. The general solution is
1 1
y — ci eos 2x 4- C2 sin 2x 4- -x sin 2x 4- -.
8 8
59. Applying £>3 to the differential equation we obtain

D3(D3+8D2) = Ds(n + 8) = 0.
Then
y — ci 4- C2X + ¿se 8x 4- c±x2 + C5X3 4- cqx^
ye
and yp = Ax2 + Bx3 + Cx4. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
16A 4- 6B 4- (48B + 24C)x 4- 96CZ2 = 2 + 9x - 6z2.
Equating coefficients gives
16A 4- 6B = 2

48B 4- 24C = 9

96C = -6.
Then A = 11/256, B = 7/32, and C = —1/16, and the general solution is
_ga. 11 9 73 14
y = ci + c2n? + c3e +^‘+32*

60. Applying D(D — 1)2(B 4-1) to the differential equation we obtain

D(D - 1)2(B + 1)(D3 - D2 + D - 1) = D(D - 1)3(D 4- 1)(P2 +1) = 0.
Then
y — c\ex + C2 eos x 4- C3 sin x + C4 + c$e x 4- cexex 4- C7X2ex
ye

142
 Exercises 4.5

and yp = A 4- Be~x 4- Cxex 4- Dx2ex. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

42?ze* + (2C + 4D)ex - 4Be_x ~ A = xex - e~x + 7.

Equating coefficients gives

42? = 1

2C 4- 42? = 0

-4B = -1

-A = 7.
Then A = -7, B = 1/4, C = -1/2, and 2? = 1/4, and the general solution is

y = ciex 4- C2 cosx 4- 03 sinz — 7 4- — 7>xeX + -

61. Applying 2?2(2? — 1) to the differential equation we obtain

D2(D - 1)(2?3 - 32?2 + 32? - 1) = 2?2(2? - l)4 = 0.

Then
y” + C3^2ex + 04 + c5x + c$x3ex
ye
and yp = A 4- Bx 4- Care®. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

(-A + 3B) -Bx + 6Cex = 16 - z + e*.

Equating coefficients gives

-A + 3B = 16

6C = 1.
Then A = --13, B = 1, and C = 1/6, and the general solution is

y — c\ex 4- C2xex 4- C3X2ex — 13 4- z 4- QX^eX-

62. Writing (ex + e x)2 = 2 + e2x + e 2x and applying 2?(2? — 2)(2? 4- 2) to the differential equation we
obtain

2?(2? - 2)(2? + 2)(22?3 - 32?2 - 32? + 2) = 2?(2? - 2)2(2? + 2) (2? + 1)(22? 1) = 0.

Then
y — c\e x 4- C2e2x 4- C3ex^2 4- 04 + csxe2x 4- c^e 2x
ye

143
 Exercises 4.5

and yp = A 4- Bxe~x 4- Ce 2x. Substituting into the differential equation yields

2A + 9Be2x - 20Ce'2x = 2 + e2x + e“2x.

Equating coefficients gives A = 1, B = 1/9, and (7 = —1/20, The general solution is

y = c\e~x 4- C2e2x 4- C3ex/2 4-1 4- |ze2x ~ -^e“2x.

63. Applying D(D — 1) to the differential equation we obtain

D\D - 1)(P4 - 2P3 + L>2) = D3(D - l)3 = 0.

Then
y = ci 4- c^x 4- c$ex + c^xex + C522 + CQX2ex
Ve
and yp = Ax2 4- Bx^e1. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 2 A 4- 2Bex = 1 4- ex.
Equating coefficients gives A = 1/2 and B = 1/2. The general solution is

1/ = c¡ 4- C2X 4- c^ex 4- c^xex 4- |x2 4- 7¡x2eX‘

64. Applying D3(D — 2) to the differential equation we obtain

D\D - 2)(D4 - 4P2) = D\D - 2)2(P + 2) = 0.

Then
y = P1 + C2X + C3e2x + c46~~2x + c5^2 + 4- C7Z4 4- csxe2x
ye
and yp = Ax2 4- Bx3 4- Cx4 4- Dxe2x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

(-8A + 24C) - 2^Bx - 48Cz2 4- 16Pe2x = 5x2 - e2x.

Equating coefficients gives

-8A + 24C = 0

-24B = 0

-48C = 5

16D= -1.
Then A = —5/16, B = 0, C — — 5/48, and D = -1/16, and the general solution is
9~ 59 54 1 9
y = ci 4- c2x 4- c3e x + c4e - — xz - ~~x4 - —xe.

144
 Exercises 4.5

65. The complementary function is yc = c\e^x + c%e 8l. Using D to annihilate 16 we find yp = A.
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain — 64/1 = 16. Thus A = —1/4 and

y = cíe81 + c2e~8x - |

y1 = 8cie81 - 8c2e"81.
The initial conditions imply
5
ci 4- c2 = -

8ci — 8c2 = 0.
Thus ci = C2 = 5/8 and
5o 5 1
yy = -e +T-e--------------- .
8 8 4
66. The complementary function is yc = c\ 4- C2e~x. Using D2 to annihilate x we find yp = Ax 4- Bx2.
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain (A + 2B) 4- 2Bx = x. Thus A = — 1 and
B = 1/2, and
1 2
y = ci + c2e - x 4- -x

y' = —C2e~x - 1 4- x.
The initial conditions imply
ci 4- C2 — 1

—C2 — 1.
Thus ci = 2 and C2 — —1, and
yy = 2 — e~x — x + -x2.
2
67. The complementary function is yc — ci 4-C2e5®. Using P2 to annihilate x — 2 we find yp = Ax + Bx2.
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain (—5/14-25)— lOBx = —24-rr. Thus A = 9/25
and B = —1/10, and
9 12
+ +2^-^

/ r 5x 9 1
y=5C26 +25-51'
The initial conditions imply
ci 4- C2 = 0

145
 Exercises 4.5

Thus ci = —41/125 and C2 = 41/125, and

68. The complementary function is yc = c\ex + C2e'“6x. Using D — 2 to annihilate 10e2x we find
yp = 4e2x. Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain SAe2x =■ 10c2*. Thus 4 = 5/4
and
y = cie^ + c2e~6x + |e2x

y' = c\ex — 6c2e~6x 4- |e2x.

The initial conditions imply

Cl+C2 = -1

. 3
Cl -6c2 =

Thus c\ = —3/7 and c2 = 5/28, and

—62; 5
+ 4e

69. The complementary function is yc — cicosrr + C2sinx. Using (D2 4- 1)(Z?2 4- 4) to annihilate
8cos2z — 4 sin x we find yp — Axcosx 4- Bzsinz 4- Ccos2íc + £sin2:r. Substituting yp into the
differential equation we obtain 2B eos x — 3C eos 2x — 2A sin x — 3D sin 2x = 8 eos 2x — 4 sin x. Thus
A = 2, B = 0, C = —8/3, and D — 0, and

16
y' = —ci sin x + c2 eos x + 2 eos x — 2x sin x + — sin 2x.
ó
The initial conditions imply
8
C2+3==“1

— Cl — 7T = 0.

Thus ci = —7r and c2 — —11/3, and

70. The complementary function is yc = ci + c2ex 4- c$xex. Using D(D — l)2 to annihilate
xex 4 5 we find yp — Ax + Bx2ex 4- Cx^ex. Substituting yp into the differential equation

146
 Exercises 4.5

we obtain A + (2B 4- 6C)ex 4- 6Cxex = xex 4- 5. Thus A = 5, B — —1/2, and C = 1/6, and

The initial conditions imply

Thus ci = 8, C2 = —6, and C3 = 3, and

71. The complementary function is yc = e2x(ci eos 2x 4- C2 sin 2x). Using D4 to annihilate x3 we
find yp = A 4- Bx + Cx2 4- Dx. Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain
(8.A - 4B 4- 2C) + (8B - 8C + 6D)x + (8C - 12P)x2 4- 8£hr3 = x3. Thus A = 0, B = 3/32,
C — 3/16, and D ~ 1/8, and

The initial conditions imply

Cl =2

Thus ci = 2, C2 = -3/64, and

9 3 3 39 1Q
y = e (2 eos 2x - — sin 2x) 4- — x + —z2 4- -xó.

72. The complementary function is yc = ci 4- c^x + c$x2 4- c^ex. Using D2(D — 1) to annihilate
x 4- ex we ñnd yp = Ax3 4- Bz4 4- Cxex. Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain

147
 Exercises 4.5

(—6A 4- 24B) — 24Brr 4- Cex = x + ex. Thus A = —1/6, B = —1/24, and 0 = 1, and

y = ci + C2X 4- c3x2 4- ctex ~ |z3 - ^x4 4- xex

y' = C2 + 2c3x 4- c^ex - |x2 — 4- ex 4- xex

y" = 2C3 4- c^ex — x — |rr2 4- 2ex 4- xex.

y'" — c^ex — 1 — x 4- 3ex + xex

The initial conditions imply
ci 4- C4 — 0

C2 + <24 + 1 = 0

2ú3 + C4 4~ 2 — 0

2 4- C4 — 0.
Thus ci = 2, C2 = 1, C3 = 0, and C4 = —2, and

y = 2 + x ~ 2ex — -x3 — ^x^ + Xex-

73. To see in this case that the factors of L do not commute consider the operators (xD — 1)(P 4- 4)
and (D 4- 4)(xD — 1). Applying the operators to the function x we find
(xD — 1)(Z) 4- 4)x = (xD2 4- 4xD - D — 4)x

= xD3x 4- 4xDx — Dx — 4x

= z(0) 4- 4z(l) — 1 - 4x = -1
and
(D 4- 4)(xD — l)z = (2)4- 4)(xDx — x)

= (P 4- 4)(x • 1 - x) = 0.
Thus, the operators are not the same.

________ Exercises 4.6

The particular solution, yp = u\y\ 4-1¿2^/2, in the following problems can take on a variety of forms,
especially where trigonometric functions are in volved. The validity of a particular form can best be
checked by substituting it back into the differential equation.

148
 Exercises 4.6

1. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc = ci cosrr + C2 sinrr and

cos x sin x
W= = 1.
— sin x cos x
Identifying /(x) = secx we obtain
sin x sec x
^'1 = - T ------------= — tan x

, cos x sec x
^2 = ------ J----- = 1-

2. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc = cj cos x + C2 sin x and

cos x sin x
W= = 1.
- sin x cos x
Identifying f(x) = tanx we obtain
/ eos2 x — 1
Ui = — sm x tan x =-------------- = cos x — sec x
COS X

3. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc ~ ci cosx + C2 sin.? and

cos x sin x
W= = 1.
— sinx cosx
Identifying /(x) = sinx we obtain
u\ = - sin2 x

u2 = eos x sin x.
Then
11. 1
uj = - sin2x — ~x — - sin x cos x — ~x
222
1 2
U2 = — COS X.
and
1. 112
y = c-[ eos x + C2 sin x + - sin2 x eos x — -x eos x 2 cos x sm x

1
= Cj COS X + C2 sin x — -x cos x.

149
 Exercises 4.6

4. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc — ci cosx + C2sinx and

eos x sin x
w=
W= =1.
= i.
— sin x eos x
Identifying /(x) = sec x tan x we obtain

u{ = - sin x(sec x tan x) = — tan2 x = 1 - sec2 x

u'2 — cosx(secxtanx) = tanx.

Then ui = x - tan x, U2 = — ln | eos x|, and

5. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc — ci eos x + C2 sin x and

cosx sinx
w= = 1.
— sinx cosx
Identifying /(x) = eos2 x we obtain

u'i sin x eos2x

u'2 = eos3 x = eos x (l — sin2 xj .

Then ui = | eos3 x, ^2 = sinx — | sin3 x, and

y = ci eos x + 02 sm x1 + - 4eos x +.2sin

I . x4 —1 - sin x
3™ ~

— ci eos x + C2 •sin
I /x24- - (^cos x + sin
-2 x) (eos2 x — sin2 x) + sin2 x

1 2 ,2
= ci eos x + C2 sin x + - eos x 4- - sin x
O ó
1
= ci eos x + C2 sin x + - +1-2
- sin x.
¿5 o
6. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc = ci cosx + 0% sin x and
eos X sinx
w= = 1.
— sinx eos x
Identifying /(x) = sec2 x we obtain
sinx
u\ = -
eos2 x
u'2 = seo x.

150
 Exercises 4.6

Then
1
ui = ——- — — secrc
cosz
t¿2 = ln | secrr + tanx|
and
y = ci eos x + C2 sin x — eos x sec x + sin x ln | sec x + tan x|

= C] cosrr + C2 sinz - 1 + sinxln | secz + tanx|.

7. The auxiliary equation is m2 - 1 = 0, so yc = c\ex + c^e x and

Identifying f(x) = coshrr = |(e x + ex) we obtain

/ 1 2r 1
uí = 7e4+ 7 4
, 1 1 2z
“2 = -4"4e

Then
1
”■ - -k2*+ 4^

and
,—T 1 _ 1 1 x 1 _x
y = c\ex + c^e - -e + x~xex - -e — -xe
8 4 8 4
—x
=■ C3ex + C4e

= C3ex + c^e—x + ^xsinhx.

2
8. The auxiliary equation is m2 - 1 = 0, so yc = c\ex + x and
ex e x
IV = = -2
ex —e~~x
Identifying f(x) — sinh2x we obtain

u\i== --e-3x + -ex

4 4
1
u2 = 1 -x
e3x.
4 4

151
 Exercises 4.6

Then
u. — l_e~3x + -ex
126 +46

1 —-7* I
M2=-4e

and
y — c\ex 4- cíe x

,—x
= C]ex + C26

= c\ex 4- C2C x 4- | sinh2x.

9. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 4 = 0, so yc = cie2x 4- C2e 2x and

e2x e-2z

W= = -4.
2e2a: —2e_21
Identifying /(x) = e2x¡x we obtain t¿j = l/4rr and t¿2 — —e4a;/4ír. Then

>4t
1 re
Uo = — - / -----dt
4 Jxo t
and
>4¿
zo > 0.

10. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 9 = 0, so yc = c\e3x 4- C2e 3x and

e3ar e~3z
P7 = = —6.
3e3x ~3e’3x
Identifying /(i) = 9z/e3a: we obtain u\ = |rre 6x and u'^ = — %x. Then

= -¿e'fc-i”'”'
«2 - -í,‘
and

= cie3x 4- C3e 3x — ^xe 3x(l — 3x).

152
 Exercises 4.6

11. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 3m + 2 = (m + l)(m + 2) = 0, so yc — cíe x + c2e 2x and

e“* e-2x
¿x
W= -x
-e-Sl
—e —2e“2x
Identifying f(x) = 1/(1 + ex) we obtain
/ ex
Ui =
1 + e®
e2x
— ex.
1 + ex
Then u\ = ln(l + ex), i¿2 = ln(l + ex) — ex, and
y = cíe"1 + c2e~2x + e"x ln(l + ex) + e~2x ln(l + ex) - e~x

= c3e~x + c2e~2x + (1 + e~x)e~x ln(l + ex).

12. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m +1 — (m — l)2 = 0, so yc = c\ex + c2xex and

ex xex
= e2x
ex xex + ex
Identifying /(x) = ex/ (l + x2^ we obtain
, xexex
Ul e2*(l + z2)

Then ui =

y = ciex + c2xex - -ex ln (l + x2^ + xex tan 1 x.

13. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 3m + 2 = (m + l)(m + 2) = 0, so yc = C]e~x + c2e~2x and

e~x e"2x
W= = -e~3x
—e~x —2e~2x
Identifying f(x) — sinex we obtain
, e_2xsinex x . x
1 e“31
e_xsinex 2t • z
i¿z2 = —= sine .
Then ui = — cose1, u2 — ex cosa: — sinex, and
y = Cle~x + c2e~2x - e~x eos ex + e~x eos ex - e~2x sin ex

= cíe x + c2e 2x — e 2x sin ex.

153
 Exercises 4.6

14. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m 4- 1 = (m — l)2 = 0, so yc — eje4 4- C2¿e4 and

e4 íe4
w= = e24
e4 ¿e4 + e4
Identifying /(¿) = e4 tan”11 we obtain
tetet tan-11
” ¿21 = —¿tan 11

f e4e4 tan 11
¿2t = tan 11.

Then
1 + í2 it
u\ =------ -— tan 1 í+2

and
,t
y — c\el 4- C2¿eí 4-

= cíe4 4- c^te* 4- -e4 ^¿2 — l) tan 11 — ln (l 4- t2)] .

15. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 2m + 1 = (m 4- l)2 = 0, so yc = cíe-4 4- C2te~l and

e t te 1
W= = e_2í
-e"4 -íe“4 4- e”4
Identifying /(í) = e 4lní we obtain
íe 4e 4lní
*4 = - — 6-2T- = -¿In¿
, e le 4 ln í .
= -—2-- = Int

Then
t¿i = — ^í2ln¿ 4- i¿2
2 4
U2 = í ln t — t
and
y — qe 4 4- c^te 4 - ^í2e 4lní4-^í2e 4 4-¿2e 4 lní — í2e 4

= cíe”4 4- C2¿e-4 4- ^í2e-4 lní — ^í2e-4.

16. The auxiliary equation is 2m2 4- 2m 4-1 = 0, so t/c = e~x'<2(ci cosz/2 4- C2 sinz/2) and

154
 Exercises 4.6

e x¡2 eos | e x¡2 sin |

w= -e-1
\e~x¡2 eos | - \e~x¡2 sin j \eTx!2 eos j - \ex!2 sin | 2
Identifying /(x) = 2x/x we obtain

u, = -e:J/2sW2)2^ = _4e^ sin |

x
eos —.
2
Then
ui =

and

+ C2 sin — í etyZ2VÍ sin - dt + 4e x^2 sin í eos dt.

2 Jxo 2 2 JXQ
17. The auxiliary equation is 3m2 — 6m + 6 — 0, so yc = ex(c-[ cosx + C2 sinx) and
ex eos x ex sin x
W= = e2*
ex eos x — ex sin x ex eos x + ex sin x
Identifying f(x) = |e*secx we obtain

/ (ex sinx)(e* secx)/3 1

^1 = = ~3tanrr

(ex cosx)(ex secx)/3 1

= = 3‘
Then u\ = ln(cosx), tt2 = and

y = ciex eos x 4- C2ex eos x + | In(eos x)ex eos x + ^xex sin x.

u o
18. The auxiliary equation is 4m2 — 4m + 1 = (2m — l)2 = 0, so yc = Ciex'2 + C2xex^2 and
ex/2 ' xex/2
= e*.
^ex¡2 ^xex/2 + ex/2
Identifying /(x) = |ex/2\/l — x2 we obtain

, xex^2ex^2y/l ~ x2 1 r ~
=-------------—x---------
4ex = -^Vl "

, ex/2ex/2VT^ 1 r----------------------- 7
u2 =---------- 4e
—x-------- =4V1'x-
x

155
 Exercises 4.6

Then
ui -

+ - sin
o o
and
x.

19. The auxiliary equation is 4m2 - 1 = (2m - l)(2m + 1) = 0, so yc — c\ex¡2 + C2e Xy/2 and
ex/2 e_x/2
W= lex/2 _le-x/2

Identifying f(x) = rrex/2/4 we obtain uj = x/4 and t¿2 = —zex/4. Then u\ = x2/8 and
t¿2 = —zex/4 4- ex/4. Thus

y = C\ex¡ex + c2e 1/2 +

and
y' = /se1''2 - jc2e 1/2 + ^Qx2eX/2 + \xeXl2 ~ \eXl2

The initial conditions imply

C3 + C2 =1

11
2C3 - 2C2 -
Thus C3 = 3/4 and C2 = 1/4, and

-rre^2
4

20. The auxiliary equation is 2m2 + m — 1 = (2m - l)(m + 1) = 0, so yc = c\exí2 + c^e x and
e^2 e~x
W=
le*/2
2C —e~x 2
Identifying f(x) = (x + l)/2 we obtain
/ 1 •
^1 = :-x/2(rr+l)

156
 Exercises 4.6

Then

1X

Thus

y = c¡ex/2 + c?e~x — x — 2
and
y' = ^c^2-c2e-x-l.

The initial conditions imply

Ci — C2 — 2 = 1

-Ci - c2 - 1 = 0.
Thus ci = 8/3 and C2 = 1/3, and

21, The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m — 8 = (m — 2)(m + 4) = 0, so yc = cie2x + c2e 4x and

e2x e"41
IV = = —6e“2z.
2e2x —4e_4x
,-x obtain
Identifying f(x) = 2e 2x — e x we
1 ,-4z _ l_-3x
= 36 6

, 1 1 9t
t¿2
2 = 6 ~
3
Then
1 —4*7* 1 —
i¿i =-------------e H-------------- e
1 12 18

Thus

- — e~+2x ++—e~x + —e_I - -e~2x

12 18 18 6
1 ,—X
= cie2x + C2e 4x - 74e_21 + 9C
and

157
 Exercises 4.6

The initial conditions imply

C1+ C2-¿ = 1

2ci - 4c2 + -^ = 0.
lo
Thus ci = 25/36 and C2 — 4/9, and
25 2z 4 — 4x 1 _2x
yy = — e¿ + -e 4------------e ¿x 4-
36 9 4
22. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 4m 4- 4 = (m — 2)2 = 0, s<
e2x xe2x
W= 9 9 9 = e4x
2e2x 2xe2x 4- e2x
Identifying f(x) = (l2a;2 — 6a;) e2x we obtain

u\ = 6x2 — 12x3

Then
= 2a;3 — 3a;4

U2 — 4a;3 — 3a;2.
Thus

xe2x

and
y' = 2cie2x + C2 (2xe2x 4- e2z) 4- e2x (4a:3 - 3a:2) 4- 2e2x (xÁ — x3'} .

The initial conditions imply

C1 = 1

2ci 4- C2 = 0.

23. Write the equation in the form

y' + hz+fi-
X -1-1/2
and identify f(x) = x~1^2. From yi = x~x^2 cosa: and y2 = a:”1/2sinx we compute

158
 Exercises 4.6

x 1/2cosx x 1/2sinx 1
Wü/1,3/2) =
—sin x — |x~3?/2 eos x x~x^ eos x — 5X"3/2 sin x x'
Now

u\ = sin x so t¿i = eos x,

and

u'2 = eos x so U2 = sin x.

Thus
y = cix^1/2 coso: + C2X-1^2 sinx + re-1/2 eos2 x + x~ly/2 sin2 x

= Cix"1/2 eosx 4- C2X~1^2 sino; + x-1'2.

24. Write the equation in the form

//,!/, 1 sec(lnx)
y + zy+^y = ^~~
and identify f(x) = sec(lnx)/x2. From yi = cos(lnx) and y2 = sin(lnx) we compute

cos(lnx) sin(ln x)
1_
W= sin(lnx) cos(lnx) x
x x
Now

ui = ln | cos(lnx)|,

and
/1
Uo = - SO U2 = lnx.
X

Thus, a particular solution is

yp = cos(lnx) ln | cos(lnx)| + (lnx) sin(lnx).

25. The auxiliary equation is m3 + m = m(m2 + 1) = 0, so yc = ci + C2 eos x + 03 sinx and

1 cosx sinx
0 — sinx cosx
0 — cosx — sinx

159
 Exercises 4.6

Identifying f(x) = tanx we obtain

0 cosa; sin a;
u'j = Wi = 0 — sin x
cosa; = tana;
tana; — cosa; - sin a;

1 0 sin a;
u'2 = W<i = 0 0 cosa; = — sin a;
0 tana; - sin a;

1 COS T 0
eos2 x — 1
^3 = ^3 = 0 — sin0a; = — sin. x tan x — = cosa; — seca;.
cosa;
0 — cosa;
tana;

Then

ui = — ln | cosa;]

no = eos x

i¿3 == sin a; — ln | seca; + tanz|

26. The auxiliary equation is m3 + 4m = m

1 eos 2a; sin 2a;

W= 0 —2 sin 2a; 2 eos 2a; = 8.
0 -4 eos 2a; —4 sin 2x

160
 Exercises 4.6

Identifying f(x) = sec2x we obtain

0 eos 2x sin 2x
0 —2 sin 2x 2 eos 2x = - sec 2x
4
sec 2x —4 eos 2x —4 sin 2x

sin2x
1
2 eos 2x
4
—4 sin 2x

1
— tan 2x.
4

Then

and
?/ = ci 4- C2 eos 2x + C3 sin 2x 4- ln I sec 2x 4- tan 2x1 — ~x eos 2x 4- 77 sin 2x ln I eos 2x1
8 4 8
for ~7r/4 < x < tt/4.
27. The auxiliary equation is 3m2 —6tti4-30 = 0, which has roots 14- 3i, so yc — ez(ci eos3x4-C2SÍn3x).
We consider first the differential equation 3y" — 6y' 4- 30?/ = 15 sin x, which can be solved using
undetermined coefficients. Letting ypi = A cosx 4- Bsinx and substituting into the differential
equation we get

Then
27A — 6B = 0 and 6a 4- 27b = 15,
so A = p and B = . Thus, yPi — £ cosx + sinx. Next, we consider the differential equation
3y" — 6y' 4- 30?/, for which a particular solution y^ can be found using variation of parameters. The
Wronskian is
ex eos 3x ex sin 3x
W= = 3e2x.
e eos 3x — 3e sin 3x 3e eos 3x 4- ex sin 3x
x x x

Identifying /(x) = |extanx we obtain

u\ = —^sin3xtan3x and i¿'2 ~ ¿sin3x.

y y

161
 Exercises 4.6

Then
1 . o 1 f. í 3a; . 3a; \ /3a; . 3a;\1
ui ~ — sin 3a; 4------m eos--------- sin — - ln eos------------F sin —
27 27 L \ 2 2J\ 2 2/1
1
ud — eos 3a;.
27
Thus
1 n í, / 3a; . 3a;\ /3a; . 3a;\l
yP2 =xeos 3a; I ln ( eos — - sm — \ - lnl eos — 4- sin — II
and the general solution of the original differential equation is

y = ex(ci eos3a; 4-02 sin3a;) 4-t/Pi(x) + yP2(x).

28. The auxiliary equation is m2—2m4-l = (m—l)2 = 0, which has repeated root 1, so yc = ciex+C2xex.
We consider first the differential equation y" — 2y' + y = 4x2 — 3, which can be solved using
undetermined coefñcients. Letting ypi = Ax2 4- Bx 4- C and substituting into the differential
equation we get
Ax2 + (-4A + B)x + (2A - 2B + C) = 4a;2 - 3.
Then
A = 4, -4A 4- B = 0, and 2A - 2B 4- C = -3,
so A = 4, B = 16, and C — 21. Thus, ypx = 4a;2 4- 16a; 4-21. Next we consider the differential
equation y" — 2y' + y = x~lexy for which a particular solution y^ can be found using variation of
parameters. The Wronskian is
ex xex
W= = e2 .
e xex 4- ex
x

Identifying f(x) = ex/x we obtain = —1 and u'2 = 1/x. Then u\ = —x and uz = lna;, so that
?/p2 = — xex 4- xex ln x,
and the general solution of the original differential equation is

y = Ve 4- yPl 4- yP2 — c\ex 4- czxex 4- 4a;2 4- 16a; 4- 21 — xex 4- xex lna;.

29. The interval of definition for Problem 1 is (—7t/2, 7r/2), for Problem 7 is (—00,00), for Problem 9
is (0, 00), and for Problem 18 is (-1,1). In Problem 24 the general solution is
y — c\ cos(ln x) 4- cz sin(ln x) 4- cos(ln x) ln | cos(ln x) | 4- (ln x) sin(ln x)
for —7r/2 < lna; < tt/2 or e~7r/2 < x < e71-/2. The bounds on lna; are due to the presence of sec(lna;)
in the differential equation.
30. We are given that yt = x2 is a solution of x^y" 4- x^y' — 4x2y = 0. To ñnd a second solution we use
reduction of order. Let y = x2u(x). Then the product rule gives
y — x2u' 4- 2xu and y" = x2u'1 4- 4xu' 4- 2uy

162
 Exercises 4.7

so
x4y" 4- x3y' — 4x2y = x\xu" + 5uz) = 0.
Letting w = u\ this becomes xw' + 5w = 0. Separating variables and integrating we have

— = — — dx and ln |w¡ = — 5 lnx 4- c.

wx
Thus, w = x~5 and u = — |x“4. A second solution is then yz = x2x~4 = 1/x2, and the general
solution of the homogeneous differential equation is yc = c^x2 4-cz/x2. To find a particular solution,
yp. we use variation of parameters. The Wronskian is
x2 1/x2 _4
W=
2x -2/x3 x
Identifying f(x) = Y/x4 we obtain = ^x~5 and r¿2 = — |x_1. Then and
U2 = ln x, so
4i2--(lnz)z 2 = —-x1-2
—l-2i
-x lnx.
16 4
The general solution is
2 ^2 1 1 .

»-C>1

Exercises 4.7 — , ,,

1. The auxiliary equation is m2 — m - 2 = (m 4- l)(m - 2) = 0 so that y = cix^1 4- czx2.

2. The auxiliary equation is 4m2 - 4m 4-1 = (2m — l)2 = 0 so that y = Cjx1/2 4- C2X1/2 lnx.
3. The auxiliary equation is m2 = 0 so that y = c¡ 4- 02 ln x.
4. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 4m= m(m — 4) = 0 so that y — ci 4- czx4.
5. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 4 = 0 so that y = ci cos(2 lnx) 4- C2 sin(2 ln x).
6. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 4m + 3 = (m 4- l)(m 4- 3) — 0 so that y = cix“J 4- czx~3.
7. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 4m - 2 = 0 so that y = C}X2~^ + czx2+y^.
8. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 2m - 4 = 0 so that y = cjx“1+^ 4- C2X"1”V^.
9. The auxiliary equation is 25m2 4-1 = 0 so that y = ci eos Q lnx) 4- cz lnx).

10. The auxiliary equation is 4m2 — 1 = (2m — l)(2m 4- 1) = 0 so that y = qx1/2 4- czx~1^2.
11. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 4m 4- 4 = (m 4- 2)2 = 0 so that y = c-[X~2 4- czx~2 lnx.
12. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 7m 4- 6 = (m 4- l)(m 4- 6) = 0 so that y = cjx-1 4- C2X-6.

13. The auxiliary equation is 3m24-3m4-1 = 0 so that y = x 1'2 ci eos I — ln x 1 4- cz sin

163
 Exercises 4.7

14. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 8m + 41 = 0 so that y — x4 [ci cos(5 ln x) 4- C2 sin(5 ln x)]:

15. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain

m[m — l)(m — 2) — 6 = m3 — 3m2 + 2m — 6 = (m — 3)(m2 4- 2) = 0.

Thus
y = cix3 + C2 eos (V^lnz) 4- 03 sin (\/21nx) .

16. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain

m(m — l)(m — 2) 4- m — 1 — m3 — 3m2 4- 3m — 1 = (m — l)3 = 0.

Thus

17. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain

m(m - l)(m — 2)(m — 3) 4- 6m(m — l)(m — 2) = m4 — 7m2 4- 6m = m(m — l)(m — 2)(m 4- 3) = 0.

Thus
y — c\ 4- C2X 4- c^x2 4- c^x 3

18. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain

m(m — l)(m — 2)(m — 3) +6m(m— l)(m — 2) 4-9m(m — 1) 4-3m4-1 = m4 4-2m24-1 = (m2 4-1)2 = 0.

Thus
y = ci cos(lnx) 4- C2 sin(lnx) 4- C3 lnxcos(lnx) 4- C4 lnxsin(lnx).

19. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 5m = m(m — 5) = 0 so that yc = ci 4- C2X5 and

V
W(l,a;5) = 1 X. = 5z4.
0 5?
Identifying f(x) — x3 we obtain = — |x4 and u2 = l/$x. Then u\ = — %>x5, U2 = |lnx, and

y = C\ + C2X5 — ¿-x5 4- ix5lnx = ci 4- C3X5 4- -x5lnx.

25 5 5
20. The auxiliary equation is 2m2 4- 3m 4- 1 = (2m 4- l)(m 4- 1) = 0 so that yc = cix-1 4- C2X~*'2 and
x-1 x“1/2
W(x \x 1/<2) = - -X’5/2
—X—2 _lx-3/2 " 2X •
Identifying /(x) = | ¿ we obtain u\ = x — x2 and u2 = x3^2 — x1/2. Then = ^x2 — ix3

U2 = |x5/2 — %x3/2, and

y = c\x~x 4- C2X‘1/2 4- ~x - |x2 4- f x2 - |x = cjx-1 4- C2X_1/2 - + ~x2.

2 3 5 3 o 15

164
 Exercises 4.7

21. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m + l = (m-l)2 = 0so that yc = c\x + C2X ln x and

x zlnz
W(x,
v
zlnz) =7 ~ x.
1 1 + lnz

Identifying f(x) — 2/x we obtain u\ — —21nz/z and u2 = 2/x. Then = -(lnz)2, U2 ~ 2 lnz,
and
y = c\x + C2X ln x — z(ln x)2 + 2z(ln x)2

22. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 3m 4- 2 = (m — l)(m — 2) = 0 so that yc = cix + C2X2 and

W(x,x2) =

Identifying /(z) = x2ex we obtain — — x2ex and u2 = xex. Then u\ = — x2ex + 2xex — 2ex,
i¿2 = xex — ex, and

y = ciz + C2Z2 — x3ex 4- 2x2ex — 2xex 4- z3ex — x2ex

= ciz + C2Z2 + x2ex - 2xex.

23. The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 2m = m(m +2) = 0, so that

y = ci + C2X~2 and y = —2c2Z-3.

The initial conditions imply

ci + C2 = 0

—2c2 = 4.
Thus, ci = 2, C2 = -2, and y = 2 - 2x~2.

24. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 6m 4- 8 = (m — 2)(m — 4) = 0, so that

y = ciz2 4- C2Z4 and y' ~ 2c-\x + 4c2Z3.

The initial conditions imply

4ci 4- 16c2 = 32

4ci 4- 32c2 = 0.

Thus, ci = 16, C2 = —2, and y = 16z2 — 2z4.

165
 Exercises 4.7

25. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so that y¡

3-
y = ci cos(lnx) 4- C2 sin(lnx)
and II II II II iii-
III►
^50 100 x
y' = —ci - sin(ln x) 4- C2 - cos(ln x).
x x -3 -

The initial conditions imply = 1 and C2 = 2. Thus

y = cos(lnx) 4- 2sin(lnx).
26. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 4m 4- 4 = (m — 2)2 = 0, so that y¡
5-
y= c-[X2 + C2X2\nx and yf = 2cix + C2(x + 2x\nx).
/i11
X
The initial conditions imply cj = 5 and C2 4- 10 = 3. Thus y = 5x2 — 7x2 lnr.
-10 -

-20 -

-30 -

27. The auxiliary equation is m2 = 0 so that yc = ci + C2 lnx and

1 lnx 1
IV(l,lnx) =
0 \/x x
Identifying /(x) = 1 we obtain u\ = — xlnx and = x. Then
ui = |x2 — |x2lnx, U2 = ^x2, and

w = ci 4- C2 ln x + yx2 - ^x2 ln x 4- -x2 ln x = ci -I- C2 ln x 4- ^-x2.

4 2 2 4
The initial conditions imply ci 4-1 = 1 and C2 4- | |. Thus, Ci = |, C2 = — 1,
and y = | - ln x 4- |x2.

28. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 6m 4- 8 = (m - 2)(m — 4) = 0,

so that yc = cix2 4- C2X4 and
x2 x4
W= = 2x5.
2x 4x3
Identifying /(x) = 8x4 we obtain — —4x3 and = 4x. Then
u\ = —x4, t¿2 = 2x2, and y — c\x2 4- C2X4 4- x6. The initial conditions imply

166
 Exercises 4.7

1 1 1
74Cl + 7716
C2 = "77
64
1 3
Cl + 2C2 = "l6'

Thus ci = , c2 = — 5 , and y = ^rr2 — |z4 4- xQ.

29. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 8m — 20 = (m 4-10) (m — 2) = 0 so that

y = cie“10t 4- c2e2í = cix"10 + c2z2.

30. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

»
The auxiliary equation is m2 — lOm 4- 25 = (m — 5)2 = 0 so that

y = cie5í + C2te5t = ciz5 4- ln x.

31. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

^+9^+82/ = e2í-
The auxiliary equation is m2 4- 9 + 8 = (m + l)(m + 8) = 0 so that yc = cie~¿ 4- c2e~8í. Using
undetermined coefficients we try yp = Ae2t. This leads to 30Ae2t = e2í, so that A = 1/30 and

y = Cie-£ + c2e"8í + ^e2t = CjoT1 + c2x~8 + ^z2.

32. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

The auxiliary equation is m2 — 5m 4-6 = (m — 2)(m — 3) = 0 so that yc = ae2i 4- c2e3í. Using

undetermined coefficients we try yp = At + B. This leads to (—5A 4- 6B) 4- 6At = 2t, so that
A = 1/3, B = 5/18, and
9-t 2/ 1 5 o o1. h
y = ciez + c2eót +-¿ + ~ = ciz + C2X +3lnrr+78‘

33. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

167
 Exercises 4.7

The auxiliar/ equation is m2 —4m+13 — 0 so that yc = e2í(ci eos 3¿ + C2 sin3¿). Using undetermined
coefficients we try yp = A + Be1. This leads to 13A 4- 10Be£ = 4 4- 3e£, so that A = 4/13, B = 3/10,
and
y = e2í(ci eos 3t 4- C2 sin3¿) + ■— 4- -^-e£
lo 1U

= x2 [ci cos(3 ln x) 4- C2 sin.(3 ln z)] 4- — 4- -y-z.

lo 1U

34. From
<Py_ _ 1 r±y _ ^y\
dx2 x2 [dt2 dt)
it follows that
d?y 1 _d_ ( d?y_ _ dy\ _ 2 /
dx3 x2 dx [dt2 dt ) x3 [dt2 dt )

1 d /d2y\ 1 d /dy\ 2 d2y 2 dy

x2 dx \ dt2 ) x2 dx [dt) x3 dt2 x3 dt

1 í_ 1 í 2 d2y 2 dy
=
x2 dt3 \x) x2 dt2 \x) x3 dt2 x3 dt

_ i (d3y d2y dy\

x3 [dt3 dt2 + dt)'

Substituting into the differential equation we obtain

or
d3y d2y
— &y — 3 4- 3¿.
dt3 dt2

The auxiliary equation is m3 —6m2 + llm —6 = (m —l)(m —2)(m —3) = 0 so that yc = C]et+C2e2i +
C3e3t. Using undetermined coefficients we try yp — A + Bt. This leads to (11B — 6A) — SBt = 3 + 3í,
so that A = -17/12, B = -1/2, and

17 1 23 17
y = cie£ + C2e2£ 4- cze3t - -í = cirr + C2X¿ 4- C3X0
12 2lnX-

168
 Exercises 4.7

In the next two problems we use the substitution t = —z since the initial conditions are on the interval
(—oo,0). In this case
dy dy dx dy
dt dx dt dx
and
d2y d dy d ( dy\ d / f\ dy' dx d2y dx d2y
( \
dt2 dt [dt dt \ dx 1 dx dt dx2 dt dx2

35. The differential equation and initial conditions become

+ = 0; = 2> y
dtz y I '^ I ~ - lt=i
= 4
¡t=i

The auxiliary equation is 4m2 — 4m + 1 = (2m — l)2 — O, so that

2/= cjí1/2 + C2¿1/2ln¿ and ?/z = ^ci¿"ly/2 + C2 lní^ .

The initial conditions imply ci = 2 and 1 + C2 = —4. Thus

y = 2t1^2 - 5tl^2\nt = 2(-z)1/2 - 5(—¿r)1/2ln(-z), x < 0.

36. The differential equation and initial conditions become

t2 ~dt
4t i; + = I = 8) y'^ I = °-
z dt \t=2 k=2

The auxiliary equation is m2 — 5m 4- 6 = (m — 2)(m — 3) = O, so that

y = c-yt2 4- C2Í3 and y' = 2<?i¿ + 3c2¿2.
The initial conditions imply
4ci + 8c2 = 8

4cj 4- 12c2 = O
from which we find c\ = 6 and C2 = —2. Thus
2/ = 6¿2 — 2í3 = 6z2 4- 2z3, x < Ó.
. . dy dy
37. TLetting u = x 4- 2 we obtain — = — and, using the chain rule,
¿z du
az
2
d y= - — (d2y du _ d2y = d2y
dx2 dx \du) du2 dx du2 du2
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d2y dy
u29 + u -p + ?/ = 0.
du¿ du
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 so that
y — ci cos(lnu) + cq. sin(lnu) = cj cos[ln(z 4- 2)] 4- C2 sin[ln(z 4- 2)].

169
 Exercises 4.7

38. If 1 — i is a root of the auxiliary equation then so is 1 + 2, and the auxiliary equation is
(m — 2)[m - (1 + ¿)][m — (1 — i)] = m3 — 4m2 + 6m — 4 = 0.
We need m3 —4m2 + 6m —4 to have the form m(m — l)(m — 2) + 6m(m — l) + cm-rd. Expanding this
last expression and equating coefficients we get b = —1, c = 3, and d = —4. Thus, the differential
equation is
x3y" — x^y" + 3z?/ — ky = 0.

39. For x2y" = 0 the auxiliary equation is m(m — 1) = 0 and the general solution is y = ci + c^x. The
initial conditions imply ci = yo and C2 = yi, so y = yo + yix. The initial conditions are satisfied
for all real valúes of yo and y i.
For z2t/// — 2xy' + 2y = 0 the auxiliary equation is m2 — 3m + 2 — (m — l)(m — 2) = 0 and the
general solution is y = cix + C2T2. The initial condition ?/(0) = yo implies 0 = yo and the condition
t/(0) = yi implies c\ = y\. Thus, the initial conditions are satisfied for yo — 0 and for all real valúes

of yi-
For x2y" — ^xy' 4- 6?/ = 0 the auxiliary equation is m2 — 5m 4- 6 = (m — 2)(m — 3) — 0 and the
general solution is y = cix2 + C2X3. The initial conditions imply 7/(0) = 0 = yo and ?/(0) = 0. Thus,
the initial conditions are satisfied only for yo = yi = 0.
40. The function y(x) = -v/zcos(lnz) is defined for x > 0 and has z-intercepts where Inx = 7r/2 4- kv
for k an integer or where x = e7r/2+/c7r. Solving 7í/2 4- kn — 0.5 we get k « —0.34, so e7r/2+fc7r <0.5
for all negative integers and the graph has infinitely many z-intercepts in (0,0.5).
41. The auxiliary equation is 2m(m — l)(m — 2) — 10.98m(m — 1) 4- 8.5m 4- 1.3 = 0, so that mi =■
—0.053299, 7712 = 1.81164, 7713 = 6.73166, and
y = c^0'053299 + c2zL81164 4- es*673166.

42. The auxiliary equation is m(m — 1)(777 — 2) 4- 4777(777 — 1) 4- 5tt7 — 9 = 0, so that m¿ = 1.40819 and
the two complex roots are —1.20409 ± 2.22291Í The general solution of the differential equation is
y — cix1,40819 4- x~120409 [c2 cos(2.22291 lnz) 4- C3sin(2.22291 lnx)].

43. The auxiliary equation is 777(777 — l)(m — 2) (777 — 3) + 6777(777 — 1) (777 — 2) 4- 3m(m — 1) — 3m4- 4 = 0,
so that mi = mo = y/2 and 7773 = = — \/2. The general solution of the differential equation is
y = cix^ 4- c2x^2 Inz 4- cox~^ 4- C4Z“V¿2 ln x.

44. The auxiliary equation is m(m—l)(m—2)(m—3) —6m(m—l)(m —2)4-33m(m —1) —105m4-169 = 0,

so that mi = = 3 4- 2i and 7773 = = 3 — 2i. The general solution of the differential equation
is
y = z3[ci cos(2 ln x) 4- 02 sin(2 in z)] 4- x3 ln x[c¿ cos(2 ln x) 4- C4 sin(2 ln z)j.

170
 Exercises 4.8

________ Exercises 4.8

1. From Dx — 2x ~y and Dy = x we obtain y — 2x~ Dx, Dy = 2Dx — D2x, and (D2 — 2D + l)z = 0.
Then
x = ciet + C2tet and y ~ (ci - 4- C2Íet.

2. From Dx = 4z + 7y and Dy = x — 2y we obtain y = jDx — ^x, Dy = ^D2x — ^Dx, and

(D2 - 2D - 15)z = 0. Then

x = ciebt + C2e“3í and y = yCie5t — C2e“3í.

3. From Dx = —y + t and Dy = x - t we obtain y = t — Dx, Dy = 1 — D2x, and (D2 + l)rr = 1 + t.

Then

x = ci eos t + C2 sin t + 1 + t
and
?/ = ci sin t — C2 eos t + t — 1.

171
 Exercises 4.8

(D2 + 4)(D - 2)(D + 2)x = -3el. Then

x = ci eos 2t 4- C2 sin 2t 4- c^e21 4- c±e 2t 4-

□
and

8. From (D2 4- 5)z 4- Dy = O and (D + l)z 4- (Z) — 4)y = O we obtain (D — 5)(D2 4- 4)x = O and
(D — 5)(Z)2 + 4)7/ — 0. Then

x = cje5t 4- C2 eos 2t 4- C3 sin 2t

and

Substituting into (D 4- l)x 4- (D — 4)2/ = 0 gives

(6ci 4- C4)e5í 4- (02 + 2C3 - 4cs 4- 2cfí) eos 2t 4- (-2C2 4- C3 — 2cs - 4c6) sin 2t = 0

so that C4 — —6ci, C5 — ^03, cq = — 5C2, and

y= 4- |c3 eos 2t — |c2 sin 2t.

9. From Dx 4- D2y — e3t and (D 4- l)x 4- (D — 1)7 = 4e3í we obtain D(D2 4- l)z = 34e3í and
D(D2 + 1)7 = —8e3í. Then

and

Substituting into (D + l)x + (D - 1)?/ = 4e3í gives

so that C4 = cj, C5 — C3, cq — —C2, and

x = ci — C2 eos t 4- C3 sin t 4-17—3te

!□
10. From D2x — Dy — t and (D 4- 3)z 4- (D 4- 3)y = 2 we obtain D(D 4- 1)(D 4- 3)z = 1 4- 3í and
D(D 4- 1)(D 4- 3)2/ = —1 — 3í. Then

and

172
 Exercises 4.8

Substituting into (D + 3)z + (D + 3)y — 2 and D2x — Dy = t gives

3(ci + C4) + 2(c2 + c$)e ¿ = 2
and
(^2 + cs)e 1 + 3(3c3 + ce)e 3í = 0
so that C4 = —ci, C5 = —C2, cq = —3c3, and

y = -ci - C2e_í - 3c3e"3í + t - -t2.

11. From (D2 — l)x — y = 0 and (P — l)z + Dy = 0 we obtain y = (D2 — l)z, Dy = (P3 — D)xy and
(D - 1)(P2 + P + l)z = 0. Then

x = c\é + e“í//2 ■ Al
C2 eos —i + C3 sin —i

and
<3 V3 \
y= -^sinA.
^2C2-tct 2
12. Floro (2Z)2—D — l)x— (2Z)+l)r/ = 1 and (JD—l)x+Dy = —1 we obtain (2D+1)(D—l)(D+l)a: = —1
and (2D + 1)(P + 1)?/ = —2. Then
x = cie-í//2 + C2e“í + C3e¿ + 1
and
y = C4e t^2 + 056 1 — 2.
Substituting into (D — l)rr + Dy = — 1 gives

=0
(—IC1 - IC4)e_í/2 + ’~2c2 ~ c^e
so that C4 — —3ci, C5 = — 2c2, and
y = ~3cie_í/2 — 2c26_í - 2.

13. From (2D-5)x+Dy = el and (P—Djx+Dy = 5eí we obtain Dy = (5-2P)z+e¿ and (4-P)z = 4e¿.
Then
x = Qe4í+t -e
o
and Dy = —3cie4É + 5e* so that
y - ~^cie4t + c2 + 5e¿.

14. From Dx+Dy = el and (—P2 + P+ l)z+i/ = 0 we obtain y — (P2 — P — l)rr, Dy = (P3 — P2 — P)x,
and P2(P — l)x = el. Then
x — ci + czt + C3eí + te1
and

173
 Exercises 4.8

y = -ci — C2 - C2Í - C3e¿ - teb 4- e£.

15. Multiplying the first equation by D 4- 1 and the second equation by D2 4- 1 and subtracting we
obtain (P4 — D2)x = 1. Then

t - ci 4- C2Í 4- C3e¿ 4- c4e £ - |í2.

Multiplying the first equation by D 4-1 and subtracting we obtain D2(D + l)y = 1. Then
1
y = C5 4- c&t 4- c-í7e -2-í .
Substituting into (7? — l)x 4- (D2 + 1)?/ = 1 gives
(~ci + C2 4- C5 - 1) 4- (-2c4 4- 2c7)e"£ 4- (-1 - c2 4- c$)t = 1
so that C5 = ci — C2 4- 2, cq = C2 4-1, and c7 = c4. The solution of the system is

.x = ci+C2Í + C3et 4- c4e_í — ^í2

y = (ci - c2 + 2) 4- (c2 4- l)í + c4e 1 - -t2.

16. From D2x — 2(D2 4- D)y = siní and x 4- Dy = 0 we obtain x — —Dy, D2x = —D3y, and
D(D2 + 2D + 2)y = — siní. Then
- .12.
y = ci 4- C2C cosí + C3e siní£ 4-- cosí 4-- siní
o o
and
1 2
z = (02 4- C3)e_í sin í + (c2 — C3)e_í eos í + ~ sin í — - eos í.
□ 5
17. From Dx = y, Dy ■=■ z. and Dz = x we obtain x — D2y = D3x so that (D — 1)(D2 4- D 4- l)z = 0,

x = ciet 4- e £/2 . A^ Al
C2 sin —í + C3 eos —í ,

:_t/2 * ,
y = cie£ + ' sin—í + -^cosA
2
and
/1 a/3 \ _í/2 . / \/3 1 \ _É/2 x/3.
z — cíe1 +
^2C2 + ~CT Sln~í+("2-C2_2C3;e /cosTí-
18. From Dx + z = e£, (D — l)x 4- Dy 4- Dz = 0, and x 4- 2y 4- Dz = et we obtain z = —Dx 4- e£,
Dz — —D2x 4- el, and the system (—D2 + D - l)x + Dy = —el and (-D2 4- l)z + 2y = 0. Then
y= \(D2 — l)z, Dy = \D(D2 — l)x> and (D — 2)(D2 + l)x — — 2eÉ so that
x = cie2t + c2 eos t 4- C3 sin t + ety
3 2í
y = -cíe - C2cosí - C3siní,
and

174
 Exercises 4.8

z = —2cie2í - C3 eos i + C2 sin

19. Write the system in the form

Dx — 6y = 0

x — Dy 4- z = 0

z 4- ?/ — Pz = 0.
Multiplying the second equation by D and adding to the third equation we obtain
(P 4- l)z — (P2 - 1)3/ = 0. Eliminating y between this equation and Dx — fyy = 0 we find

(P3 - D - 6P - 6)x = (P + 1)(P + 2)(P - 3)x = 0.

Thus
x = cie-t + C2e“2í + C3e3í,
and, successively substituting into the first and second equations, we get
1 1 -2t . 3t
y = ~gcie ~ -jC2e + 2C3e
5 1 _2t , 1 3¿
z = —~cie - -C2e + -C3e .
o o ¿
20. Write the system in the form
(P + l)x — z — 0

(P + l)y — z = 0

x — y 4- Dz — 0.
Multiplying the third equation by P + 1 and adding to the second equation we obtain (P + l)rr +
(P24-P — l)z = 0. Eliminating z between this equation and (P+l)x—z = 0 we find P(P+l)2z = 0.
Thus
x = ci + C2e~t 4- C3¿e_í,
and, successively substituting into the first and third equations, we get
y = ci + (c2 — C3)e-Í + C3te_í

z = ci 4- C3e_í.

21. From (D + 5)x + y = 0 and 4z — (P +1)?/ = 0 we obtain y = — (P + 5)z so that Dy = — (P2 + 5P)x.
Then 4x 4- (P2 + 5P)z 4- (P 4- 5)z = 0 and (P 4- 3)2rr = 0. Thus
x = C]e“’3í 4- C2Íe~3t
and
y = -(2ci 4- C2)e_3t - 2c2te~3t.

175
 Exercises 4.8

Using j(l) = 0 and 7/(1) = 1 we obtain

cie“3 + coe-3 = 0

-(2ci + C2)e~'3 - 2c2e~3 = 1

or
ci + C2 = 0

2c¡ + 3<?2 = —e3-

Thus ci = e3 and C2 — -e3. The solution of the initial valué problem is
x = e~3t+3 - ¿e-3í+3

y = —e~3í+3 + 2¿e_3í+3

22. From Dx — y = —1 and 3z + (D — 2}y = 0 we obtain x — —1(£ — 2)t/ so that Dx — —1(£)2 — 2D)y.
Then —|(¿)2 — 2Z?)t/ = 7/ — 1 and (D2 — 2D + 3)t/ = 3. Thus

y = e1 eos \/2 i + C2 sin x/2 í) + 1

and
2= Kci'
Using x(0) = 7/(0) = 0 we obtain
ci + 1 = 0
12
- (ci - x/2c2) + - = 0.

Thus ci = — 1 and C2 — y/2¡2. The solution of the initial valué problem is

( 2 /- x/2 . /- \ 2
x = el t— - eos v 21------- — sin v 2 ¿ + -
\3 6 / 3

7/ = e¿

d2x d2y
23. Equating Newton’s law with the net forces in the x- and 7/-directions gives m—y = 0 ¿and m~~—
at dt¿
—mg, respectively. From mD2x = 0 we obtain x(t) = C1Í+C2, and from mD2y = -mg or D2y = — g
we obtain t/(¿) = — ^gt2 + c^t + C4.
24. From Newton’s second law in the z-direction we have
d2x , , 1 dx . .dx
2
= —Ajeóse/n = —k,——11— — c — .
d¿ v dt dt
In the 7/-direction we have
d27/

176
 Exercises 4.9

From mD2x + |c|Zh? = 0 we have D(mD + |c|)x = 0 so that (mD + |c|)x = ci. This is a first-order
linear equation. An integrating factor is \c\dt/me\c\t/m so that

= cielcl‘/m
dt
and e^x — (cim/|e|)elclí/m + C2. The general solution of this equation is x(t) — C3 + C2e*clí/m. From
(mD2 + |c|D)^ = —mg we have D(mD + |c|)i/ = -mg so that (mD + |c|)2/ = —mgt + ci- This is a
first-order linear equation with integrating factor Thus

~[e|c|í/m3/] = (-mgt + Cl)e|cit/m

eWmy = _^9 te\c\t/m + eWm + cim g|c|í/m +

|c| c¿ |c|
and
y(t^-^t + ^ + Ci +2C2e-^.
|c| c
25. Multiplying the first equation by D + 1 and the second equation by D we obtain
D(D + l)x - 2D(D + l)t/ = 2í 4- í2

D(D + l)x — 2D(D + l)y = 0.

This leads to 2t + í2 = 0, so the system has no solution.

Exercises 4.9

1. We have y[ = y" = ex, so

O/")2 = (e1)2 = e21 = yl
Also, y= — sinx and y'^ = — cosa;, so

(í/2)2 ~ cosa;)2 = eos2 a; = y2.

However, if y = cyyi + C22/2, we have (y")2 = (c\ex — C2cosx)2 and y2 = (c\ex + C2coso;)2. Thus
(</")2 í y2-
2. We have y{ = y'{ — 0, so

J/U/í'=1.0 = 0=|(0)2 = |(^)2.

Also, 2/2 ” 2a? and 2/2 = 2, so

Wy'í = i2(2) = 2i2 = |(2i)2 = jtó)2-

However, if y = c\y\ + C2t/2> we have yy" = (ci • 1 + C2i2)(ci • 0 + 2c2) = 2c2(ci + C2Z2) and
ífe')2 = |[ci ’ 0 + c2(2i)]2 = 2c^2. Thus yy” + \{y'}2 ■

177
 Exercises 4.9

3. Let u — y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes u' = —u — 1 which is separable. Thus

—5-—— = —dx => tan-1 u = —x + => y1 = tan(ci — x) => y = ln I cos(ci — z)| + 02.
u¿ + 1

4. Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes v! = 1 + u2. Separating variables we obtain

—= dx ==> tan'1 u = x + c\ => r¿ = tan(z + ci) => y = — ln I cosíx + c¡)| + C2-

1 + u¿

5. Let u = y' so that u' — y". The equation becomes x2u' + u2 = 0. Separating variables we obtain

du dx 1
u2 x2 fe) ci

d/LL
6. Let u = y' so that y" — u —. The equation becomes (y + l)u— = u2. Separating variables we
dy dy
obtain

dy / =ci(?/+l) d
— => ——v , = cidx
dx y+1
ln \y + 1| = cix + C2 => y+l = cseClX.

du du o
7. Let u = y' so that y" The equation becomes u-—I- 2yu = 0. Separating variables we
dy
obtain
du lo 1 z 1
-*¿ + 2ydy = 0 => — + y=c => u= ------------------------ => y
u u y¿ + ci l/2 + Ci

(V + Ci) dy = dx + cxy = x + c2.

. ¡i du o du
8. Let u = y so that y = u—. The equation becomes y u— = u. Separating variables we obtain
dy dy
, dy 1 y
du = —=> u —------------ H ci dy — dx
y¿ y ciy - 1
1
dy = dx (for ci 0) —2/ -F -ó ln (?/ — 1| =x + C2-
ci ci cf

If ci = 0, then y dy — —dx and another solution is ^y2 = — x + C2.

178
 Exercises 4.9

9- (a)

—tc/2

-10

du
(b) Let u = y' so that y" The equation becomes u — + yu = 0. Separating variables we
¿3/
obtain

du — —y dy + ci

When x = 0, y = 1 and y' = —1 so —1 = — | + cfand ci = — . Then

dy 1 2 1 dy 1
tan 1 y = -^x^rc2
2 í/2 + l

When x = 0, y — 1 so 1 = tanc2 and C2 = 7r/4. The solution of the initial-valué problem is

The graph is shown in part (a).

(c) The interval of defintion is —tt/2 < 7r/4 - x/2 < 7r/2 or —7r/2 < x < 37r/2.

179
 Exercises 4.9

10. Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes (t/)2 4-u2 = 1
which results in u' = ±\/l — . To sol ve u' = a/1 — u2 we
sepárate variables:
diz
sin 1 u = x + ci

,,,, 71- , ys
When x = - , y = — - — = sin + ci j and c\ =
, so
Thus
y' = sin y — — eos
7T
When x = v = i 1. The solution of the
2 22
initial-value problem is y — 1 — eos í x

To solve u' = —\/l — u2 we sepárate variables:

du .
2 = -<& eos 1 u = x 4- C]
V1 — rz

V3 /7T
When x = - , y = — , so — = eos I - + Ci

y1 = eos y =■ sin + c2.

7T 1 1
When x = — , y = - > so - = sin +C2 = ^+c2 and c2 = 0. The solution of the initial-valué
2 2
7T
problem is y = sin (z —
3
11. Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes u'------------------- u — -u3, which is Bernoulli. Using
xx
9 dw 2 2 , , . ,n
w — u " we obtam ——I- -w = — . An mtegrating factor is x, so
dx x x
~—[x2w] = —2x => x2w = — x2 + ci => w = — 1 +
dx x¿
u 2 = -1 + ~¿
x
dy x
dx y/ ¿i — x2
Ci - X2 = (c2 - y)2 x2 + (c2 - y)2 = cv

180
 Exercises 4.9

12. Let u = y' so that v! = y". The equation becomes u — —tí = t¿2, which is Bernoulli. Using the
x
1
dw
substitution w = u we obtain + — w = —1. An integrating factor is x, so
dx x
11 1 ci — x2 2x
= -x w = —x+—c
2x u 2x Ci — X¿2

In Problems 13-16 the thinner curve is obtained using a numerical solver, while the thicker curve is the
graph of the Taylor polynomial.

13. We look for a solution of the form

y(x) = ?/(0) + t/(0) + ^"(0) + yy?/"(O) + ^(4)(s) +

From y" (x) = x H- y2 we compute

y"(x) = l + 2yy'

yW{x) ^'lyy' + 2(t/')2

i/(5)(s) = lyy" + fry y".

Using y(fi) = 1 and yz(0) = 1 we find

y"(0) = l, t/'"(0) = 3, t/4)(0) = 4, v

(5)(0) = 12.

An approximate solution is

T/(X) = 1 + X + |x2 + |x3 + ^X4 + lyZ5.

14. We look for a solution of the form

y(x) = 7/(0) + t/'(0) + |t/"(0) + yy?/"'(O) + ^yw(x) + 1j7/(5)(z).

From y"(x) — 1 — y2 we compute

y,z(x) = ~-2yy'

VW(X) = ~2yy" - 2(t/')2

7/(5)(a:) = -"¿yy"' - Qy'y".

Using 3/(0) = 2 and ?/(0) = 3 we find

?/"(0) = -3, t/"(0) = —12, t/(4>(0) = —6, t/(5’(0) = 102.

181
 Exercises 4.9

An approxímate solution is

3/(^) = 2 + 3z - |z2 - 2z3 - U4 + ^x5.

15. We look for a solution of the form

3/(2:) = 3/(0) + 3/(0) + |3/"(0) + yi3/"'(0) + + yi3/(5V)-

From 2/"(ír) = z2 4- y2 — 2y' we compute

y"'(x) = 2z + 2yy' - 2y"

yW(x) = 2 + 2(y')2 + 2yy"-2y"'

y®(x) = &y'y" + 2yy"' - 2yw.

Using 2/(0) = 1 and 2/'(0) = 1 we find

3/"(0) = -l, /'(O) =4, t/4>(0) = -6, ?/5\0) = 14.

An approxímate solution is
rx-i y(x} = 1 + x1 -o-xl + -x3--¿x1+4—z. 7 5

16. We look for a solution of the form

3/(t) = 2/(0) + y' (0) + i/(0) + -j3/"'(0) + ^yi/4) (z) + ^y(5) (z) + ^y(6) (z).

From yn(x) — ey we compute

/'(*) = eV

?/(4)(z) = ey(?/)2 + e.yy"

2/(5)(z) = ey(?/)3 + 2>&yy'y" + eyy"'

y(6\x) = e^y')4 + 6ey(y')2y" + 3e^(/)2 + ^Vv'v'" + ey?/(4).

Using 2/(0) = 0 and ^'(0) = — 1 we find

3/"(0) = l, y'"(0) = -l, ?Ao) = 2, 2/5)(O) = -5, y<6>(0) = 16.

An approximate solution is
/\ ^) = 1_X9+ _X1__1X + -X1+ _4X + -1X.<i 1 fi

17. We need to solve j\ 4- (t/)2] = 2/z/- Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equatíon becomes
/ 9\3/2 . / 2\^/2 .
(^1 + u ) — u or (J +2¿ j — — . Separating variables and using the substitution u = tan 3

182
 Exercises 4.9

we have

y1 __________ * /)2 = x’ [l + („')’] - ¿

(!
/i + W2

(for x > 0)

dx d?x du du
18. Let u — so that —y = u — . The equation becomes —ñ- . Separating variables we
dt dt¿ dx UT
X= x¿
obtain
k? , 1 9 k2 . 19 k2
udu =—dx 2=> -u =------------------ Fe => -v =----------------- Fe.
X 2 x 2 X
k2 fc2 rr.
When t = 0, x = xo and v = 0 so 0 — — + c and c = ----- . Then
x0 zo

Separating variables we have

1 /££ í
dx = k^/2dt ==>
k\^2 J
Using Mathematica to intégrate we obtain
1 (xp - 2x)
2x

amplitude and period are larger for larger magnitudes of x\.

183
 Exercises 4.9

X X¡

1-

10 '
-1 -- xl = 1 -1 - xl = -2.5

For -—y + — + sinx = 0 the motion appears to be periodic with decreasing amplitude. The dx/dt
at¿ dt
term could be said to have a damping effect.
20. When y — sin x, y' = eos x, y" = — sinx, and

(t/7)2 — y2 — sin2 x — sin2 x == 0.

When y = e~x, y' = —e"1, y" = e“T, and
(/)2 _y2 = e~2x - e~2x = 0.

From (t/77)2 — y2 — 0 we have y” — ±y, which can be treated as two linear equations. Since linear
combinations of solutions of linear homogeneous differential equations are also solutions, we see that
y — aex + C2^~x and y = C3 cosx + C4 sinx must satisfy the differential equation. However, linear
combinations that involve both exponential and trigonometric functions will not be solutions since
the differential equation is not linear and each type of function satisfies a different linear differential
equation that is part of the original differential equation.
21. Letting u = y", separating variables, and integrating we have
du r ~ du . , . . _i
— = \J y1 + u, / . = dx, and sinh u = x + ci.
dx V1 + u2
Then

u = y" = sinh(x + ci), y1 — cosh(x + ci) + C2, and y — sinh(x + ci) + 02% + C3.

________ Chapter 4 Review Exercises

1. y = 0
2. Since yc = c¡ex + C2¿~x, a particular solution for y” — y = 1 + ex is yp = A + Bxex.
3. True
4. True
5. They are linearly independent over (—00,00) and linearly dependent over (0, 00).
6. (a) Since f2(x) = 21nx = 2/i(x), the functions are linearly dependent.

184
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

(b) Since zn+1 is not a constant múltiple of xn, the functions are linearly independent.
(c) Since x 4- 1 is not a constant múltiple of x, the functions are linearly independent.
(d) Since fi(x) = cosa?cos(7r/2) — sinzsin(7r/2) = — sinz = — the functions are linearly
dependent.
(e) Since fi(x) = 0 • /2(z), the functions are linearly dependent.
(f) Since 2rr is not a constant múltiple of 2, the functions are linearly independent.
(g) Since 3(z2) + 2(1 — x2) — (2 + x2) = 0, the functions are linearly dependent.
(h) Since xex+1 + 0(4z — 5)ex — exex = 0, the functions are linearly dependent.
7. (a) The auxiliary equation is (m — 3)(m + 5)(m — 1) = m3 4- m2 - 17m -4-15 = 0, so the differential
equation is y"' 4- y" — 17?/ 4-15?/ = 0.
(b) The form of the auxiliary equation is

m(m — l)(m — 2) + bm(m — 1) 4- cm + d = m3 4- (b — 3)m2 4- (c — b + 2)m + d — 0.

Since (m — 3)(m + 5)(m — 1) = m3 4- m2 — 17m -4-15 — 0, we have 5 — 3 = 1, c — ó 4- 2 = —17,

and d — 15. Thus, 5 = 4 and c = —15, so the differential equation is yf” + 4y" —15?/ 4-15?/ = 0.
8. Variation of parameters will work for all choices of p(x), although the integral involved may not
always be able to be expressed in terms of elementary functions. The method of undetermined
coefficients will work for the functions in (b), (c), and (e).
9. From m2 — 2m — 2 = 0 we obtain m = 1 ± \/3 so that
v = C]e(l+^)x + C2e(l-73>

185
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

14. From 2m4 + 3m3 + 2m2 + 6m - 4 = 0 we obtain m = 1/2, m = —2, and m = ±\/2z so that

y = ciex^2 + C2e~2x + C3 eos V2 x + C4 sin \/2 x.

15. Applying D4 to the differential equation we obtain D4(D2 - 3D + 5) = 0. Then

/ a/IT . VTl \
y = e3x/2 ( ci eos —— x + C2 sin ——x I + C3 + C4X + C5Z2 + cqx3

ye
and yp = A + Bx + Cx2 + Dx3. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

(54 - 3B + 2C) + (5B - 6C + 6D)x + (5C - 9B)rr2 + 5£>z3 = -2x + 4z3.

Equating coefficients gives A = —222/625, B — 46/125, C — 36/25, and D = 4/5. The general
solution is
( Vñ . vTí \
y = e^- I c¡ eos + c2sin I
222 46
--------- 1 xH
36 2 4 o
x H—x.
625--- 125------ 25------- 5

16. Applying (B — l)3 to the differential equation we obtain (D — 1)3(B — 2D + 1) = (Z) - l)5 = 0.
Then

ye
and yp = Ax2ex + Bx3ex + Cx4ex. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

12Cx2ex + 6Bxex + 2Aex = x2ex.

Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 0, and C = 1/12. The general solution is

y = C]_ex + C2xex + y7^4ex.

17. Applying D(D2 + 1) to the differential equation we obtain

D(D2 + 1)(D3 - 5D2 + 6D) = D2(D2 + 1)(B - 2)(D - 3) = 0.

Then
y = ci + C2e + c^e + c±x + es eos x + c$ sin x
ye
and yp = Ax + B cosx + Csinz. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

64 + (5B + 5C) eos x + (—5B +. 5C) sin x = 8 + 2 sin x.

Equating coefficients gives 4 = 4/3, B = —1/5, and C = 1/5. The general solution is
2x 3z 4 1 1.
y = ci + C2e + C3C + -x - - eos X + - sin X.

186
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

18. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain P(P3 — D2) = D3(D — 1) = 0. Then
T c^x 2
y = ci 4- c^x 4- c$e 4-
“ “v'.......
ye
and yp = Ax2. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields -2 A = 6. Equating coefficients
gives A = —3. The general solution is

y = ci 4- C2X 4- c$ex — 3z2.

19. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m + 2 == [m — (1 + ¿)][m — (1 — ?)] = 0, so yc = ciex sinz4-C2ex cosz

and
e^sinx e^cosz
W= = -e2x
e eos x 4- e sin x — e sin# 4- ex eos íc
x x x

Identifying f(x) = e^tanx we obtain

U1 =- _e2x

20. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 1 = 0, so yc = c^e1 + c?e x and

ex e~x
W= = -2.
ex -e~x
Identifying /(x) = 2ex/(ex 4- e we obtain

v'1= 1 = eX
ex + e~x 1 + e2z
, __ e2x _ e3x _ _ x ex
2 4- e~x 1 + e2x 14- e2x
Then u\ = tan-1 e1, t¿2 — ~~eX + tan-1 e1, and

y = aex + C2e x,—x

+ ex tan 1 ex - 1 + e x tan 1 ex.

21. The auxiliary equation is 6m2 — m — 1 = 0 so that

y = CiíT1/2 + CyX ^3

187
 Chapter 4 fíeview Exercises

22. The auxiliary equation is 2m3 4- 13777,2 4- 24m 4- 9 = (m 4- 3)2(m 4-1/2) = 0 so that

y = c\x~3 4- C2X~3 lnx 4- ^x3.

23. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 5m 4- 6 = (m — 2)(m — 3) =0 and a particular solution is yp =

x4 — x2 lnx so that
y = Cjx2 4- C2X3 4- x4 — x2 ln x.

24. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m 4-1 = (m — l)2 = 0 and a particular solution is yp = |x3 so that
13
y — c\x 4- C2X! ln x 4- -x .

25. (a) The auxiliary equation is m2 4- o>2 =0, so yc = c\ cosut 4- C2sinuré. When u a, yp =
A eos at 4- B sin at and

y = ci eos cjt 4- C2 sin ujt 4- A eos at 4- B sin at. ■

When üj = a, yp = Ateos a14- Btsin at and

y = Q eos üjt 4- C2 sinejt 4- At eos at 4- Bt sin at.

(b) The auxiliary equation is m2 — cu2 = 0, so yc = cieut 4- C2e-U,í. When yp = Aeat and

y = c\eut 4- C2e”wt 4- Aeaí.

When üj = a, yp = Ateaí and

y = ciewí 4- C2e_ü2Í 4- Ateat.

26. (a) If y = sinx is a solution then so is y = cosx and m2 4- 1 is a factor of the auxiliary equation
m4 4- 2m3 4- llm2 4- 2m 4-10 = 0. Dividing by m2 4-1 we get m2 4- 2m 4-10, which has roots
— 1 ± 3?. The general solution of the differential equation is

y — ci eos x 4- C2 sin x 4- e~x (03 eos 3x 4- 04 sin 3x).

(b) The auxiliary equation is m(m 4-1) = m2 4- m = 0, so the associated homogeneous differential
equation is y" 4- y' = 0. Letting y = ci 4- C2e~x 4- ^x2 - x and computing 3/' 4- y’ we get x.
Thus, the differential equation is y" + yr = x.
27. (a) The auxiliary equation is m4 — 2m2 4- 1 = (m2 — l)2 — 0, so the general solution of the
differential equation is

y — ci sinh x 4- 02 cosh x 4- C3X sinh x 4- C4X cosh x.

(b) Since both sinh x and x sinh x are solutions of the associated homogeneous differential equation,
a particular solution of y^ — 2y" + y = sinhx has the form yp = Ax2 sinhx + Bx2 coshx.

188
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

28. Since y{ = 1 and y" = O, x2y” — (a:2 + 2x)y{ + (x + 2)?/i = —a:2 — 2x + x2 + 2a: = O, and y\ = x is
a solution of the associated homogeneous equation. Using the method of reduction of order, we let
y — ux. Then y' = xu' + u and y" — xu" + 2i¿', so
x2y" — (x2 + 2x)y' + (x + 2)y = x3u" + 2x2u' — x3u — 2x2u — x2u — 2xu + x2u + 2xu

= x3u" — x3u = x3(u" — u').

To find a second solution of the homogeneous equation we note that u = ex is a solution of
u" — u' = 0. Thus, yc = c^x + C2xex. To find a particular solution we set x3(u" — u') = x3 so
that u" — u' = 1. This differential equation has a particular solution of the form Ax. Substituting,
we find A = —1, so a particular solution of the original differential equation is yp = ~x2 and the
general solution is y = C]X + C2xex — x2.
29. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 2m + 2 = 0 so that m = 1 ± i and y — ex(c-[ eos x + C2 sin x). Setting
y(ft/2) = 0 and i/(7r) = —1 we obtain ci = e-7r and C2 — 0. Thus, y = eI_7r cosa;.
30. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m +1 = (m + l)2 = 0, so that y = c\e~x + C2xe~x. Setting
y(—1) — 0 and ¡/'(O) = 0 we get c\e — C2e = 0 and —ci + C2 = 0. Thus ci = C2 and y ~ ce~x + cxe~x
is a solution of the boundary-valué problem for any real number c.
31. The auxiliary equation is m2 — 1 = (m — l)(m + 1) = 0 so that m = ±1 and y = c\ex + C2e~x.
Assuming yp = Ax + B + C sin x and substituting into the differential equation we find A ~ — 1,
B = 0, and C = — |. Thus yp = —x — sin x and

y = ciex + C2e~x — x — | sin x.

Setting ?/(0) = 2 and t/(0) = 3 we obtain

ci + C2 = 2
3 .
ci - c2 - - = 3.

Solving this system we find ci = and C2 = — |. The solution of the initial-valué problem is
13 * 5 1.
y=—e - -e -x- -sinx.

32. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so t/c = ci eos x + C2 sin x and

cosa: sin a:
W= = 1.
— sin a: cosa:
Identifying /(a:) = sec3 x we obtain

189
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

Then
t¿i — —11
- —5— = —1 - sec2x
2 eos2 x 2

u2 = tana;.
Thus
12
y = ci eos x + 02 sin x % cos x sec x sm x x

1
— C3 cos x + C2 sin x + - sec x.
and
,.1
yp = —C3 sin x + c2 cos x + -sec x tan x-

The initial conditions imply

C3 + | =1
1
c2 = ~

Thus C3 = C2 = 1/2 and

111
y = - eos x + - sin x + - sec x.

/ / // m íZzZ
33. Let u = y so that u = y . The equation becomes u — = 4x. Separating variables we obtain

u du = 4x dx |u2 = 2x2 + ci t¿2 = 4a;2 + c2.

When x — 1, y' = u — 2, so 4 = 4 + c2 and c2 = 0. Then

u2 = 4z2

When x — 1, y = 5, so 5 = 1 + C3 and 5 = — 1 + C4. Thus C3 — 4 and C4 — 6. We have y — x2 + 4

and y = —x2 + 6. Note however that when y = —x2 -4-6,1/ = —2x and y'(l) = —2 / 2. Thus, the
solution of the initial-valué problem is y = x2 + 4.

34. Let = y so that y" — u~~. The equation becomes 2t¿ — 3u2. Separating variables we obtain
dy dy
2t¿ dy = 3y2 dy ==> u2 — y2 + q .

190
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

When x — O, y = 1 and y' = u — 1 so 1 = 1 4- cj and c\ ~ 0. Then

u2 = y3

_2ri/2 = rr + C2 => y = ^^-

4 4 4
When x = 0, y = 1, so 1 = => C2 = ±2. Thus, y = ¿ and y ~ • Note
C2 (X ~r -¿y
4 8
however that when y — ~, y' — - ----- 573 and y'(ty = “1 7^ 1- Thus, the solution of the
[x H 2) 4~ 2j
4
ini ti al- valué problem is y = - --------x .
(rr - 2)2

35. (a) The auxiliary equation is 12m4 + 64m3 + 59m2 — 23m — 12 — 0 and has roots —4, —3/2, —1/3,
and 1/2. The general solution is

y = Cle~4x + C2e 3x/2 + c^e x/3 + c4ea:/2.

(b) The system of equations is

Cj+ C2 + C3 + c4 = -1

-4.Cl - 3 -c - -c
2
1 + -c 1
3 4 =2

9 1 1
16ci + -C2 + -C3 + -C4 = 5

27 1 1o
_64CI__C2.-_C3 + -C4 = O.

Using a CAS we find cT - —, 02 = > C3 = -35^> and c4 = . The solution of the

initial-value problem is

. _ _21e-4. , 109 3^/2 _ 3726e-/3 + ^7ex/2

y ~ 495 6 + 35e 385 + 45

191
 Chapter 4 Fleview Exercises

36. Consider xy" 4- 3/ = 0 and look fór a solution of the form y — xm.
Substituting into the differential equation we have

xy" + y' = ~ + mxm^r ~ m2x.

Thus, the general solution of xy" 4- ?/ = 0 is ?/c = ci 4- C2 lnx. To find a

particular solution of xy" + y' = — \/x we use variation of parameters.
The Wronskian is
1 lnx 1
W=
0 1/x x
Identifying /(x) = —x 1/Z2 we obtain
, x~V2\nx /-1 , -x’^2 -
u\ =—----------- — vxlnx and t¿2 = —tt— = — r ,
1/x 1/x
so- that
u\ = x' -z3/2.
3
Then yp = x3/2(| ln x -1) — |x3/2 ln x = -§x3/2 and the general solution of the differential equation
is y = ci 4- c2lnx — |x3/2. The initial conditions are y(l) — 0 and y'(l) = 0. These imply that
ci = | and C2 = | - The solution of the initial-valué problem is?/ = |4-|lnx — |x3/2.
37. From (D — 2)x 4- (D - 2)y = 1 and Dx 4- (2D — l)y = 3 we obtain (D ~ 1)(B — 2)y — —6 and
Dx = 3 — (2D — l)i/. Then
2
y = cie2t 4- C2el — 3 and x = —C2el — -cie2í + C3*

Substituting into (B — 2)x 4- (B — 2)y = 1 gives C3 — 5/2 so that

¿ 3 2t 5
x = —c2eJ - 2Cie + 2 •

38. From (B — 2)x — y = t — 2 and —3x 4- (B — 4)?/ = —4t we obtain (B — 1)(B — 5)x ~ 9 — 8t. Then
¿ 5¿ 8 3
x = c\e + c2e - ~t- —
o zo
and
16 11
y = (£> - 2)z - t + 2 = -cíe4 + 3c2e5í + — + —t.
zo zo

39. From (B — 2)x ~ y = ~eL and — 3x 4- (B — 4)?/ = —7e£ we obtain (B — 1)(B — 5)x = —4e£ so that

x = cie£ 4- c2e5£ 4- te1.

Then
y — (D — 2)x 4- el = —cieí 4- 3c2e5t — te1 4- 2et.

192
 Chapter 4 Review Exercises

40. From (P+2)i+(P + 1)j/ = sin 2i and 5rr + (P+3)j/ = eos 2i we obtain (P2 + 5)t/ = 2cos2t —7 sin2t.
Then
2 7
y = c\ eos t + C2 sin t — - eos 2í + - sin 2t
<J 0
and
x= + 3)y + | eos 2t
00
rl 3 \ / 1 3 \ 5 1
= 7C1 - -C2 siní + --C2 — -Ci cosí - - sin 2í - - cos2í.o
\o o / \ 5 5 / 3 3

193
 5 Modeling with Higher-Order
Differential Equations
Exercises 5.1—■■■- . —■ ■■■ ■■, — ....

1. From %x" + 16z — 0 we obtain

x — ci eos 8\/2 ¿ + 02 sin 8>/21

so that the period of motion is 2n/8y/2 = seconds.

2. From 20z/z + kx = 0 we obtain
1 T” l [k
x = ci cos-J-í+ C2sin-y-t

so that the frequeney 2/ít = ^fc/Ó 7r and k = 320 N/m. If 80z" + 320z = 0 then x — c\ cos2t +
C2sin2¿ so that the frequeney is 2/2tt = 1/tv vibrations/second.
3. From + 72z = 0, z(0) = —1/4, and z'(0) = 0 we obtain x = — |cos4\/6í.

4. From ^x" 4- 72z = 0, z(0) = 0, and a/(0) =2 we obtain x — sin4\/61.

5. From ^x" 4- 40z = 0, z(0) = 1/2, and z'(0) =0 we obtain x = cos8¿.

(a) x(7t/12) = —1/4, x(7t/8) = -1/2, x(7r/6) = —1/4, x(ir/8) — 1/2, z(97t/32) = \/2/4.
(b) x' = —4sin8¿ so that a/(37r/16) = 4 ft/s directed downward.
(c) If x — eos 8í = 0 then t = (2n + 1)7t/16 for n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
6. From 50x" + 200z = 0, rr(O) = 0, and x'(0) = —10 we obtain x = — 5sin2¿ and x' = -10cos2¿.
7. From 20íe,/ + 20x = 0, z(0) = 0, and zz(0) = —10 we obtain x = —10sin t and x' = —10cosí.
(a) The 20 kg mass has the larger amplitude.
(b) 20 kg: z'(7t/4) = — 5\/2 m/s, x'(ir/2) = 0 m/s; 50 kg: x,(7t/4) = 0 m/s, zz(7t/2) = 10 m/s
(c) If —5sin2¿ = —10 sin t then 2 sin ¿(cosí-1) = 0 so that ¿ = mr for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., placing both
masses at the equilibrium position. The 50 kg mass is moving upward; the 20 kg mass is
moving upward when n is even and downward when n is odd.

194