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Materials Today: Proceedings: V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das, C. Nithyapathi

The document summarizes research on the fabrication and analysis of aluminum hybrid composites. Aluminum alloy LM13 was reinforced with alumina and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) particles using stir casting techniques. Samples with different volume percentages of alumina (2%, 4%, 6%) and CSC (15%) were produced. The wear behavior of the composites was tested using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads and speeds. Microstructure analysis revealed a uniform distribution of reinforcements in the aluminum matrix. The study aims to improve the wear resistance of the aluminum alloy by adding ceramic and CSC reinforcements.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views5 pages

Materials Today: Proceedings: V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das, C. Nithyapathi

The document summarizes research on the fabrication and analysis of aluminum hybrid composites. Aluminum alloy LM13 was reinforced with alumina and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) particles using stir casting techniques. Samples with different volume percentages of alumina (2%, 4%, 6%) and CSC (15%) were produced. The wear behavior of the composites was tested using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads and speeds. Microstructure analysis revealed a uniform distribution of reinforcements in the aluminum matrix. The study aims to improve the wear resistance of the aluminum alloy by adding ceramic and CSC reinforcements.

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Daniel Das
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Experimental analysis of tribological characteristics of aluminium hybrid


composites fabricated by using stir casting techniques
V. Preethi ⇑, A. Daniel Das, C. Nithyapathi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper focuses on the fabrication of the Aluminium hybrid composite because of its high flexibility
Received 30 June 2020 properties. The aim of this project is to enhance the wear properties by enhancing the Wear resistance
Received in revised form 16 July 2020 of Aluminium alloy by adding the different reinforcement. The reinforcement used here is that
Accepted 21 July 2020
Alumina and CSC (Coconut Shell Charcoal) of varying proportions is fabricated using the stir casting tech-
Available online xxxx
niques. The wear behaviour of the sample is then tested using Pin-On-Disc apparatus by considering the
corresponding process parameters such as Load, Speed, and Time. The microstructure analysis is also car-
Keywords:
ried out using the inverted microscope and thereby revealing that there is the proper distribution of the
Aluminium composite
Al2O3
reinforcements.
CSC Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wear analysis Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Wear morphology ence on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science.

1. Introduction and speed. A. Baradeswaran, et al., [12] optimized the wear


behaviour of Aluminium alloy Al7075 with the introduction of
The aluminium metal matrix composite is selected in this Al2O3 reinforcement the wear resistance of the composite gets
project because it has good strength to weight ratio used in increased. Siddhartha Prabhakar, et al., [13] investigated the tri-
many of the aerospace as well as the automobile industry bological behaviour of Aluminium/B4C composite and it showed
[1–4]; It has high performance and light weight properties. Most that optimum conditions for good tribological behaviour under
of the literature survey reveals that the introduction of the rein- the low load and high velocity and distance, the corresponding
forcement into the Aluminium alloy shows the increase in the wear is analysed using the SEM techniques. Some researcher fab-
properties embedded in the Aluminium alloy [5–8]. V.V. ricated the Aluminium composite using Stir casting by introduc-
Manikandan, et al., [9] analysed the wear behaviour of Alu- ing B4C particles and this alloy revealed that the proper
minium alloy of series Al6061 the introduction of reinforcement distribution of the particles and has the good lubricating proper-
is B4C and MoS2, the results shows that the presence of MoS2 ties. Kurahatti, et al., fabrication of the aluminium alloy rein-
reduces the wear rate as well as the coefficient of friction forced with the Zirconium Silicate, it increases the wear
thereby results in the decrease in the hardness. Mohammed resistance and also shows the uniform distribution of reinforce-
Zakaulla, et al., [10] found that the most common method for ment of particles. Sumod Daniel, et al. tested the abrasive wear
the calculation of coefficient of friction and specific wear rate of the aluminium alloy which has dual reinforcement (6%
is Taguchi Method and in this literature survey determines the TiB2 + 6%SiC) shows the good resistance to wear at both high
sliding wear properties of Al6061/Cu-10 SiC/Cu-1% Gr composite. and low load corresponding to all the temperatures. S. Rajesh,
Ravindra Singh Ranaa, et al., [11] conducted the wear analysis of et al., [14] analysis the wear behaviour of Aluminium incorpo-
Al5083 with 10 wt% SiC and concluded that the applied load has rated with the graphite particles found out the wear volume loss
the more influence on the wear rate having its sliding distance and coefficient of friction.
The present work in this project mainly depends upon the
⇑ Corresponding author. experimental determination of analysing the wear behaviour
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (V. Preethi), danieldas.a@kahedu. of the aluminium alloy LM13 alloy reinforced with the
edu.in (A. Daniel Das), [email protected] (C. Nithyapathi). alumina/CSC.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.493
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering:
Materials Science.

Please cite this article as: V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das and C. Nithyapathi, Experimental analysis of tribological characteristics of aluminium hybrid composites
fabricated by using stir casting techniques, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.493
V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das and C. Nithyapathi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Chemical composition of LM13.

Chemicals Contribution %
Copper 0.7–1.5max
Magnesium 0.8–1.5 max
Silicon 10.0–13.0 max
Iron 1.0 max
Manganese 0.5 max
Nickel 0.5 max
Zinc 0.1 max
Lead 0.1 max

Table 2
LM13 properties.

Density 2.68 g/cm3


Elastic Modulus 69.3 Gpa
Melting Point 670–780 °C
Specific Heat Capacity 880 J/Kg-K
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS) 195–290 Mpa
Vickers Hardness 98 HV
Thermal Conductivity 138 W/mK
Elongation 7–27%

Table 3
Compositions of hybrid composites. Fig. 2. Preheater electric furnace.

SI. No. Al (Vol%) Al2O3 (Vol%) CSC (Vol%)


1 83 2 15
2 81 4 15
3 79 6 15
2. Material preparation

2.1. Preparation of hybrid composites

The aluminum alloy which is selected in this project is LM13


which is the light metal series has a good fluildity properties and
can be eaily converted into thin sections. The reinforcement such
as the aluminium oxide and CSC is added in the different weight
ratios so as to enhance the wear resistance and as well as the other
properties. The chemical composition of the LM13 aluminum alloy
is tabulated in the Table 1.
LM13 aluminum alloy is mainly used in many automobile
industry applications such as the Rim of the Wheel, Connecting
Rod and encoders. The major alloy present in this is the elements
like Silicon and copper which provides the better castability and
machinability [15–21]. The major Mechanical properties of the alu-
minium alloy LM13 is tabulated in Table 2.
Alumina is added as the reinforcement because of its good wet-
tabilty and temperature stability, it also has the various levels of
purity than any other ceramics which are commonly used. CSC is
used as a other reinforcement which enhances the wear properties.
The compositions of the hybrid composite is presented in Table 3.

2.2. Fabrication of LM13–Al2O3-CSC

The method employed for fabricating the specimens are Stir


Casting. The aluminium alloy LM13 ingot were machined as the
small pieces and are then it is introduced in the crucible, it is
headed at the temperature of 700 °C-7500 for changing its phase
from solid to semi-liquid state, the reinforcement is then pre-
heated at a temperature of about 900 °C then the known quantity
Fig. 1. Stir casting equipment. of CSC is added to the mixture and stirring is carried out by means
2
V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das and C. Nithyapathi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The casted specimen is then machine sinto the smaller diameter


of about 10 mm diameter and 30 mm height, where it is subjected
to the wear test (Fig. 2).

3. Experimental procedure

3.1. Dry sliding wear

The apparatus used for testing the wear behaviour is Pin-On-


Disc, the pins which are machined into the suitable diameter are
holder on the suitable fixture against the rotating steel disc[15].
The track diameter of about 80 mm is kept constant at all the
experiments [29–32]. The wear rate thereby produced for each [ex-
periment is monitored by means of LVDT (Linear Variable Differen-
tial Transducer; the weight of the sample which is to be measured
before and after the experiment is verified and noted by means of
the weighing machine of least count of 0.1 mg. The corresponding
wear rate as well as the coefficient of friction is recorded by the
software named WINDUCOM software. The wear] rate thereby
Fig. 3. Samples for PIN-ON-DISC. obtained is tabulated in the Table 4 as below and the images of
the specimen as well as the apparatus are shown in the Figs. 3
and 4.
From the above Fig. 5 and Table 4, the graph shows that the
sample 3 exhibits the higher wear resistance when compared to
the samples 1 and 2. Therefore, it is clear that the aluminium alloy
LM13 series exhibits the higher wear rate when the percentage of
reinforcement introduction in the alloy gets increased [16,33,34].

3.2. Wear morphology

The wear morphology of the samples before and after the wear
test experiment was carried out using the inverted microscope
equipmemt, it reveal that the proper distribution of the reinforce-
ments added to the main alloy material [35–39]. The wear mor-
phology of the specimen is shown in the Figs. 6, 7, and 8.

4. Conclusions

The following are the some of the conclusions from this present
project work.

 It is concluded that the composite having the composition of


LM13-Al2O3 (6%) – CSC(3%) shows the extreme wear resistance
properties, in other words which lowers has the lower wear rate
as observed in the Pin-On-disc apparatus.
Fig. 4. PIN-ON-DISC apparatus.  The morphology of the wear also showed the proper distribu-
tion of the reinforcements added to the samples.
of the mechanical stirrer at a 600 rpm for about 5 min [22–28]. The  This project work mainly focuses on the wear resistance of the
mixture which is molten is then poured on the preheated die of aluminium hybrid composites. Some of the corresponding can
about 250 mm height and 300 mm diameter. The bottom pouring be considered to exhibit the future possibilities to enhance
type of the stir casting apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. the other properties embedded into LM13 aluminum alloy.

Table 4
Results of wear analysis.

Samp No. Load (N) Speed (rpm) Time (mins) Velocity (m/mins) Wear rate (micrometer)
A 10 500 6.6 1 113
B 10 500 25 1 109
C 10 500 33 1 90
A 20 500 8.3 2 163
B 20 500 16.6 2 145
C 20 500 12.5 2 94
A 30 500 5.5 3 166
B 30 500 8.3 3 152
C 30 500 11.1 3 106

3
V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das and C. Nithyapathi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Wear graph-sample c at load 20 KG.

Fig. 6. Wear morphology-sample c at load 10 KG.


Fig. 8. Wear morphology-sample c at load 30 KG.

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Sujeevan Athanarsamy, Satheshkumar Arumugam, and Gajendhiran

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