A STUDY ON VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

IN AN ORGANIZATION

Project Report
Submitted by
AZHAR K
Reg. no: 07BBM08
Under the guidance of
V.Abirami
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Business Management

DR. G.R. DAMODARAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

(Accredited with 5 star by NAAC and
An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution)
Affiliated to Bharathiar University
Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE – 641 014
 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
Dr. G.R. DAMODARAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
(Accredited with 5 star by NAAC and
An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution)
Affiliated to Bharathiar University
Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE – 641 014

CERTIFICATE

INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING
AT

SWADESHI CLAY BRICKS & POTTERIES

Submitted by

AZHAR K
07BBM08

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Of GRD college of science,
coimbatore
_________________________ ________________________
Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD

Submitted for the Viva- Voce examination held on ______________

______________________ _______________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the management of Dr. G. R. Damodaran College of Science for

giving a nice opportunity to the project very successfully.

I express my sincere thanks to the Principal of Dr. G. R. Damodaran

College of Science, Dr. PONNUSAMY, M.A(S.W), PGDPM DILL, PH.D,
for his encouragement and guidance for the progress of project work.

My heartfelt thanks to the HOD of BBM Department, Mr. A.

Gnanasekaran MBA (MM), MBA(FM),MDFT, for his guidance and support
throughout the project work.

I extend my very special thanks to Mrs. V.Abirami, project guide, for her
guidance, relentless efforts and time in making this project successful.

Lastly, I would like to extend my thanks to the management and other

staff members of SWADESHI CLAY BRICKS & POTTERIES. for their
kind co-operation and support to finish my project successfully.

DECLARATION
 I hereby declare that the project report entitled “A study on various
departments in an organization” in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
the degree bachelor of business management was prepared during my study
at Dr. G.R.D institute of Management, Coimbatore under the guidance of
Mrs. Abirami,

Place:

AZHAR K
(07BBM08)

4
CONTENT
PAGE NO
I. INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY 6
COMPANY PROFILE 7
SWADESHI CLAY BRICKS & POTTERIES 8
The Vision 9

II. .DEPARTMENTS 10
 PLANNING DEPARTMENT 11
FINANCE DEPARTMENT 12
SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT 13
HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT 14
i. TRAINING
i. Job Instruction
i. Job Methods
i. Program Development
Threats 17
MAIN RESPONSIBILITES OF HUMAN RESOURCE
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT 18
ORGANISATION DEVELOPMENT 19
QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT 20
QUALITY CHECKING DEPARTMENT 21
SAFTY AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT 22
IMPORT AND EXPORT DEPARTMENT 23

III. PRODUCTS 24

CLAY BRICKS
CLAY TILES

IV. BRICKS MAKING PROCESS 26

CLAY BRICKS
i. Rail kilns
i. Pressed bricks
i. Bull's Trench Kilns
i. Extruded bricks

CLAY BRICKS MACHINE 28

De-airing extruder

ROOF TILES 30

V. CONCLUSION 31
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

COMPANY PROFILE

Name of organization : SWADESHI BRICKS AND POTTERIES

Address :SWADESHI BRICKS AND POTTERIES

Kodampuzha
 P.o. farook college
Calicut - 673 632

Legal representative : FIROZ CK (MD)

Employee’s strength : 120

Type :Sole proprietor

Status : Medium enterprises

Capital : 90 lakh

Established year :1990

Product : Bricks and Tiles

Banker :State Bank Of India and ICICI bank

SWADESHI CLAY BRICKS & POTTERIES

SWADESHI CLAY BRICKS & POTTERIES is established in

1990,Today acknowledged as one of India's leading manufacturers wall
bricks industries. In the industrial suburbs of ferok, swadeshi employs state-
of-the-art facilities, stringent quality control systems and superior technical
expertise to achieve customer satisfaction and standards of excellence. The
team is continuously finding better ways to meet customer expectations for
both better quality products. Consistency in quality & product parameters is
attained by a systematic approach beginning at raw materials and covering
the final processing.
The range of products is shipped in standard packaging as guidelines. The
products are available- wall bricks and roof tiles.

The Vision

Providing extra value addition in terms of quality, right product,

Just in time delivery and apt services.
To be one of the recognized global players in clay product business.
Excellent customer care
 9

DEPARTMENTS
 10

PLANNING DEPARTMENT

The development of “high potentials” is to effectively take over the

current leadership when their time comes to exit their positions. This type of
leadership development usually requires the extensive transfer of an
individual between departments. In many multinationals, it usually requires
international transfer and experience to build a future leader.
My first visit in the company was to the planning department which is
the brain centre of the industry. I came to know the reason of the company’s
efficiency of their performance. They told me that planning is the only way
through which any organization or industry can reach to great heights if their
planning is properly made. The planning department is got a few specialized
people wherein they all put together their ideas and the idea which is the best
amongst them is been taken consulting from everyone. They also plan how
much purchase should be made, how many sales would be there in the fore
coming months, how to market the products which are been produced by the
organization, how much salary should be given to each employee depending
on the basis of their work, etc. They also told me that if there would be any
shortage of the raw materials then they always have an alternative ready for
themselves so that the work does not stop and always be going on in a
smooth way. The planning department is also ready with the alternatives if
the machine goes out of order they always have the other raw materials
ready in hand with them. Over here I came to know that the planning
department is very essential for an organization because NO ONE PLANS
TO FAIL THOSE WHO FAIL THEY ACTUALLY FAIL TO PLAN.

11

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Then, I went to the finance department because without any

monetary measures the organization would not have come into existence at
all. The organization was set up by the proprietor himself but he did not take
all the credit on his side he also told that he employees have also contributed
by their active involvement in reaching the organizational objective. They
purchase in credit and the sales are also made in credit. Hence the credit
purchases and the credit sales are recorded in the finance department as well
to collect the money from the debtors and to pay the money back to the
supplier as in the right time.
During the establishment of the company, the chairman had
borrowed some money from various sources. When I asked him about it, he
mentioned that he had repaid the whole amount with the interest to the
creditors. This was possible for him only because the company was
successful and was in good books of the outsiders. After the success of the
company, he then started investing from his profits and became much more
successful. With enough funds, he then started expanding his business by
exporting his products to various places.
This company has an annual turn over of 50 lakh.The accounting
system followed here is mercantile system. The major expense of the
company is in the purchase of raw material and eletricity.The major source
of capital includes bank guarantee, bank loan, cash credit (working capital)
and internal sources such as profit from previous sales. All the accounting is
computerized using the Tally software.

The different taxes paid include:

Fringe Benefits
Income Tax
Sales Tax
Service Tax
Annual Return
Banking is done through State Bank Of India and ICICI bank.
12

SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT

This department is responsible for the sales of the company. The

price is set here and the profit margin also. Work is done in such a manner so
as to obtain the goal and the target set up by the company. The sales
department maintains a good relation with the purchase department so as to
have a clear view of what is going on and what has to be done so that the
company works in a equilibrium manner and things are properly balanced. It
is clubbed to the marketing department so that the company incurs no loss
and maintains its standard throughout. A representative is selected from the
company to know about the various needs in other companies which would
require the spare parts of the air compressors. This is done in order to know
how much the company needs to manufacture the spare parts. This also
helps in knowing how much raw material would be needed so that the order
would be made well in advance so that the spare parts could be delivered on
the right time to the companies.
A representative is selected from the company to know about various
needs in other companies which would require the spare parts of the air
compressors. This is done in order to know how much the company needs to
manufacture the spare parts. This also helps in knowing how much raw
materials would be needed so that the order would be made well in advance
so that the spare parts could be delivered on the right time to the companies.
It doesn’t market the products much because they have a mutual
understanding with other companies.

13

HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

The humble of all are employed in this department. This department is

set up with the aim to maintain a good relation with its buyers and also know
the defects and the needs of the companies. The department takes care to see
that the workers are not ill treated and all necessary requirements are given
to the workers there. Good working standards have been set up by the
company for its workers so that they don’t suffer from fatigue.
Human resource management is one of the main functions of an
organization, since it involves various activities such as recruiting and more
importantly creating a satisfactory work environment in the organization,
which is the responsibility of the human resource department. The success of
the organization is largely dependent on the job satisfaction of the
employees.. Since the employer believes that the efficiency and dedication
of the employees is largely dependent on their job satisfaction.

TRAINING

The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills and

competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and
knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of
apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at technical colleges
and polytechnics. In addition to the basic training required for a trade,
occupation or profession, observers of the labor-market recognize today the
need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade
and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions
and occupations may refer to the sort of training as professional
development. Some commentators use a similar term for a workplace
learning to improve performance: training and development.
One can generally categorize such training as on-the-job or off-the-job:
On-the-job training takes place in a normal working situation, using the
actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that trainees will use when
fully trained. On-the-job training has a general reputation as most effective
for vocational work. 14

Off-the-job training job takes place away from normal work situations-
implying that the employee does not count as a directly productive worker
while such training takes place. Off-the-job training has the advantage that it
allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly on
the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective [citation
needed] in inculcating concepts and ideas.
Training differs from exercise in that people may dabble in exercise as
an occasional activity for fun. Training has specific goals of improving one`s
capability, capacity and performance.
The four training programs developed by TWI were developed in an
emergency situation by experts on loan from private industry. Because of the
intensity of the situation, a large number of experimental methods were tried
and discarded. This resulted in a distilled, concentrated set of programs.
The TWI trainers had to be invited to a factory in order to present their
material. In order to market the service, they developed the Five Needs off
the Supervisor: every supervisor needs to have Knowledge of the Work,
Knowledge of Responsibility, and Skill in Instructing, Skill in Improving
Methods, and Skill in Leading. Each program was based on Charles Allen`s
4-point method of Preparation, Presentation, Application, and Testing.
The four programs were:

Job Instruction(JI)- a course that taught trainers(supervisors and

experienced workers) to train inexperienced workers and get them "up to
speed" faster. The instructors were taught to break down jobs into closely
defined steps, show the procedures while explaining the Key Points and the
reasons for the Key Points, then watch the student attempt under close
coaching, and finally to gradually wean the student from the coaching. The
course emphasized the credo, "If the worker hasn`t learned, the instructor
hasn`t taught".

15

Job Methods(JM)- a course that taught workers to objectively evaluate the

efficiency of their jobs and to methodically evaluate and suggest
improvements. The course also worked with a job breakdown, but students
were taught to analyze each step and determine if there sufficient reason to
continue to do it in that way by asking a series of pointed questions. If they
determined some step could be done better by Eliminating, Combining,
Rearranging or Simplifying, they were to develop and apply the new method
by selling it to the "boss" and co-workers, obtaining approval based on
Safety, Quality, Quantity and Cost, standardizing the new method, and
giving "credit where credit is due."

Job relations(JR)- a course that taught supervisors to deal with workers

effectively and fairly. It emphasized the lesson, "People Must Be Treated as
Individuals".

Program Development(PD) - the meta-course that taught management how

to develop a training and improvement program. There was also a short-
lived course that taught union personnel to work effectively with
management.
 16

Threats

- Technological obsolesce and rapid technology changes

- Serve competition from freely available imported equivalent
- Incredibly low priced offerings by new entrants causing price erosion
- Slow economic progress in India and abroad hitting the top level
- Heavy dependence on few product lines and few customers.

Business Objectives
Maintain an average growth rate of 20% in sales turnover
To achieve a net profit margin on sales of 15%
to reach/exceed a sales turnover of Rs. 25 LAKH by 2008-09
Evolve as a contract manufacturing base for whole clay products

MAIN RESPONSIBILITES OF HUMAN RESOURCE

Recruitment, maintenance and separation of human resources

Employment relations
Welfare activities
Training and development
Security services
Cleaning activities
Public relations
 17

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

GENERAL MANAGER

Chief General Manager

Asst General Manager

(Includes – HRD officer

Security officer

Canteen contractor

First aider)

Training given to people based on

Skilled employees

Semi skilled employees

Unskilled employees

Clerical post and accountants post employees

17
 ORGANISATION DEVELOPMENT

Organization development is the process through which an

organization develops the internal capacity to most efficiently and
effectively provide its mission work and to sustain itself over the long term.
This definition highlights work and the achievement of organizational
mission. This connection is the rationale for doing OD work. Organization
development, according to Richard Beck hard, is defined as: a planned
effort, organization-wide, managed from the top, to increase organization
effectiveness and health, through planned interventions in the organization’s
'process', using behavioral science knowledge

18

QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

 A built-in process where the production supervisors are responsible for
the product to be assembled. Constant quality checks are done in order to
maintain product preciseness and accuracy.

There also is a separate department for quality check on final goods. This
department is called O/E/N (quality control) certified to the ISO 9000:2001
which has facilities for testing the product under stringent quality measures
for meeting the modern customer needs. Relays and switches are sorted out
according to their type and then tested in ordered to be accepted for sale to
the public.

19

QUALITY CHECKING DEPARTMENT

The Quality checking department has the responsibility of maintenance of
machinery too. This is very essential not only in the industrial, but also in
the environmental point of view.
Quality checking department has the responsibility of maintaining consistent
quality for its products and services. So as to ensure the customer
satisfaction, this is very important for any organization.

This department of SWADESHI also enjoys the ISO 9001:2000 and the
ISO 14001 standards.

ISO 9001:2000 for Quality Management System (QMS).

20

SAFTY AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT

Swadeshi believes that the safety of each employee is a fundamental

responsibility of the organization
The performance of the employee is often judged on the basis of their
working with safety regulations and safety performance.

Various kinds of safety devices as a precaution are provided to the

employees by the company.
Besides that the employees are given medical benefits by the organization.
As a follow up swadeshi provides Safety training to each and every
employee in the organization.

21

IMPORT AND EXPORT DEPARTMENT

35% of the total produced is exported to different countries of the world.

Hence it contributes a major share of the profit. And also often raw materials
are imported in cases where requirement of high quality products are to be
met.
Hence the following procedures are followed in cases of export & import

Order- A commodity which has demand will receive order in case of

export, and a commodity required to be imported an order should be placed.
In response to the order, a catalogue or company profile is given or received,
so as to promote the deal.

Price Negotiation- Where the price of the commodity to be purchased or

sold is decided. Generally in cases for entry into the market the prices are
very much adjusted.

Performa Invoice- This is an official document consisting of the:

1. Price
2. Terms and conditions
3. Quantity
4. Time of delivery
5. Payment term.

22
 PRODUCTS

23

CLAY BRICKS
CLAY TILES

24

BRICKS MAKING PROCESS

Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete,
or shaped from quarried stone.
Clay is the most common material, with modern clay bricks formed in one
of three processes - soft mud, dry press, or extruded.
In 2007 a new type of brick was invented, based on fly ash, a by-product
of coal power plants.
CLAY BRICKS
The soft mud method is the most common, as it is the most economical. It
starts with the raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25-30% sand to reduce
shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired
consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a hydraulic
press. The shaped clay is then fired ("burned") at 900-1000 °C to achieve
 strength.

Rail kilns

In modern brickworks, this is usually done in a continuously fired tunnel

kiln, in which the bricks move slowly through the kiln on conveyors, rails,
or kiln cars to achieve consistency for all bricks. The bricks often have
added lime, ash, and organic matter to speed the burning.

Bull's Trench Kilns

In India, brick making is typically a manual process. The most common
type of brick kiln in use there are Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK),
An oval or circular trench, 6-9 meters wide, 2-2.5 meters deep, and 100-
150 meters in circumference, is dug. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed
in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green" (unfired)
bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow. The
lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick.
25

Pressed bricks
The dry press method is similar to mud brick but starts with a much thicker
clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force
in pressing and the longer burn make this method more expensive.

Extruded bricks
With extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10-15% water (stiff extrusion)
or 20-25% water (soft extrusion). This is forced through a die to create a
long cable of material of the proper width and depth. This is then cut into
bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are
made by this method, as hard dense bricks result, and holes or other
perforations can be produced by the die. The introduction of holes reduces
the needed volume of clay through the whole process, with the consequent
reduction in cost. The bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have
thermal properties different from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened
by drying for between 20 and 40 hours at 50-150 °C before being fired. The
heat for drying is often waste heat from the kiln.
 26

CLAY BRICKS MACHINE

General works is one of the leading companies in the fields of both

sintered brick making machine and concrete block making machine in
China with many years experience. Since the foundation, we had
devoted ourselves to design, development, manufacture of brick
machines and promotion and application of new brick making
technology. Meanwhile, we also have been introducing state-of-art
technologies from USA, Germany, etc.

As an ISO9001 certificated company, we have gained 52 patents, 5 of

which are national invention patents. Our products have gained
favorable comment from our customers in quality, service, price,
delivery time, and have been exported to Russia, India, etc.

We provide not only brick machines or equipments as our customers

request but also provide technical design, dryer and kiln design, whole
plant design and turn-key service. You can get professional before-sale
consultancy on line, onsite installation & stuff training by our
experienced engineers and in-time trouble shooting service.
 27

De-airing extruder
The extruder are suitable to manufacture all kinds of solid and hollow
brick with clay, coal gangue, shale, fly ash, etc. The material of auger is a
wear-resistance material and has been processed by metal spay
technology. The upper mixing shaft, the upper and the lower bodies have
all been processed by quenching. The surface of the gears are made of
hardened material. The clutch uses spiral pressure plate patent technology
to prolong the service life. Moreover, with the reasonable design and
compact structure, the extruder can run stably without installation of
foundation bolt and reduce power consumption.
 28

ROOF TILES

Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made
from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such
as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof
glaze. A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved.
These include:
Flat tiles - the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping rows. This
profile is suitable for stone and wooden tiles, and most recently, solar cells.
Imbrex and tegula, an ancient Roman pattern of curved and flat tiles that make
 rain channels on a roof
Roman tiles - flat in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a convex
curve at the other, to allow interlocking.
Pantiles - with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent tiles to interlock. These
result in a ridged pattern resembling a ploughed field.
Mission or barrel tiles are semi-cylindrical tiles made by forming clay around a
curved surface, often a log or one's thigh, and laid in alternating columns of
convex and concave tiles.
Roof tiles are 'hung' from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails.
The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the
row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row
below.
There are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes
of the several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley tiles.

29

CONCLUSION

The study on various departments has led us to great learning and

knowledge. We came to know about different strategies used in the
organization in order to achieve the great height of success. Such projects
can help us to know many new things in our formal educational knowledge
and training. We came across so many new people whose interests was all
different, but everyone where working towards one organizational objective.
We learn to face many challenges which are to arise in our everyday lives.
 30

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. azhar k, 1st year BBM student of dr. Damodaran
college of science, coimbatore has undergone an in Institutional Training in
our organization for a period of one month from 12 December 2008.
FOR SWADESHI BRICK & POTTERIES