Question1) Differentiate between Microprocessor and Microcontrollers?

Answer:
A microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them, i.e. only the processing powers
such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors don’t have RAM,
ROM, and other peripherals on the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make
them functional. Applications of microprocessor include Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.

A microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other
peripherals all embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a
computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers produce microcontrollers with a wide
range of features available in different versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI,
Freescale, Philips, Motorola etc.
Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where the
relationship of input and output is defined. Depending on the input, some processing needs to
be done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine, digicam,
pendrive, remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles, watches, etc. Since the
applications are very specific, they need small resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc and
hence can be embedded on a single chip. This in turn reduces the size and the cost.
Question2) Explain in brief various characteristics of RTOS ?

Answer:

An application's requirements define the requirements of its underlying RTOS. Some of the
Characteristics of Rea; time operating System are :
 reliability,
 predictability,
 performance,
 compactness, and
 scalability.

 Reliability
Embedded systems must be reliable. Depending on the application, the system might need to operate for
long periods without human intervention.

Different degrees of reliability may be required. For example, a digital solar-powered calculator might
reset itself if it does not get enough light, yet the calculator might still be considered acceptable. On the
other hand, a telecom switch cannot reset during operation without incurring high associated costs for
down time. The RTOSes in these applications require different degrees of reliability.

Although different degrees of reliability might be acceptable, in general, a reliable system is one that is
available (continues to provide service) and does not fail. A common way that developers categorize
highly reliable systems is by quantifying their downtime per year, as shown in Table 4.1. The percentages
under the 'Number of 9s' column indicate the percent of the total time that a system must be available.

Predictability
Because many embedded systems are also real-time systems, meeting time requirements is key to
ensuring proper operation. The RTOS used in this case needs to be predictable to a certain degree. The
term deterministic describes RTOSes with predictable behavior, in which the completion of operating
system calls occurs within known timeframes.

Performance
This requirement dictates that an embedded system must perform fast enough to fulfill its timing
requirements. Typically, the more deadlines to be met-and the shorter the time between them-the faster
the system's CPU must be. Although underlying hardware can dictate a system's processing power, its
software can also contribute to system performance. Typically, the processor's performance is expressed
in million instructions per second (MIPS).

Compactness
Application design constraints and cost constraints help determine how compact an embedded system
can be. For example, a cell phone clearly must be small, portable, and low cost. These design
requirements limit system memory, which in turn limits the size of the application and operating system.

Scalability
Because RTOSes can be used in a wide variety of embedded systems, they must be able to scale up or
down to meet application-specific requirements. Depending on how much functionality is required, an
RTOS should be capable of adding or deleting modular components, including file systems and protocol
stacks.

Question3) List an important features of Raspberry_pi board ?

Answer:
Features of Raspberry PI Model B

 512 MB SDRAM memory

 Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full high definition  multimedia processor
 Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
 Single 2.0 USB connector
 HDMI (rev 1.3 and 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL & NTSC) Video Out
 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI Audio Out
 MMC, SD, SDIO Card slot on board storage
 Linux Operating system
 Dimensions are 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.7cm
 On board 10/100 Ethernet RJ45 jack

Question4 ) What is Raspberry_pi ?

Answer:
The Raspberry pi is a single computer board with credit card size, that can be used for many
tasks that your computer does, like games, word processing, spreadsheets and also to play HD
video. It was established by  the Raspberry pi foundation from the UK. It has been ready for 
public consumption  since 2012 with the idea of making a low-cost educational microcomputer
for students and children. The main purpose of designing the raspberry pi board is, to
encourage learning, experimentation and innovation for school level students. The raspberry pi
board is a portable and low cost. Maximum of the raspberry pi computers is used in mobile
phones. In the 20th century, the growth of mobile computing technologies is very high, a huge
segment of this being driven by the mobile industries. The 98% of the mobile phones were using
ARM technology.
Fig: Raspberry Pie Pin Diagram
Question 5) Explain RTOS?

Answer:

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve

real time application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer
delay. The full form of RTOS is Real time operating system.

In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of second’s

increments of time. It is time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time
constraints. 

The difference between an OS (Operating System) such as Windows or Unix and an RTOS
(Real Time Operating System) found in embedded systems, is the response time to external
events. OS’s typically provide a non-deterministic, soft real time response, where there are no
guarantees as to when each task will complete, but they will try to stay responsive to the user.

Question6)
Answer: