English For Social Workers1

ŠIAULIAI STATE COLLEGE
Nijolė Litevkienė
English
for Social Workers
Šiauliai, 2018
English for Social Workers
Mokymo priemonė skirta aukštųjų mokyklų studentams, studijuojantiems socialinį darbą. Mokymo
priemonė supažindina studentus su profesine terminija, padeda jiems tobulinti profesinės
komunikacijos įgūdžius anglų kalba.
Leidinį sudaro aštuonios temos, kuriose nagrinėjamos socialinio darbuotojo veiklos sritys, jų
ypatumai, analizuojamos probleminės situacijos.
Kiekvieną temą sudaro tekstas, įvairios užduotys, parengtos vadovaujantis užduočių sudėtingumo
principu: nuo lengvesnių, nesudėtingų iki užduočių, skatinančių analitinį, loginį mąstymą,
sprendimų priėmimą.
Šia mokomąja priemone siekiama padėti socialinio darbo studentams formuoti ir tobulinti profesinį
žodyną, reikalingą profesinėje veikloje.
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INTRODUCTION
The teaching aid is designed for social work students. It covers a wide
range of topic-areas concerned with practical social situations and consists of a
variety of tasks. The lexical items are introduced and tested through means which
include multiple choice, matching, gap-filling, puzzle. There are tasks based on
problem-solving, reading, grouping words etc.
This teaching aid is designed to help a student in transferring the
knowledge of the caring process components to working with a client.
The material is mainly developed as additional course material which can be
used flexibly either with the whole class or individually.
We hope the users of this book will find it stimulating, useful and informative.
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CONTENTS
I. WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK?....................................................5

II. CHILDREN WITHOUT CARE.............................................16
III. ALCOHOLISM....................................................................27
IV. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE...................................................35
V. DRUG ADDICTION.............................................................42
VI. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.....................................................53
VI.I. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN..............................53
VI.II. VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN........................67
VI.III. VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN..................................74
VII. DISEASES CAUSING DISABILITIES.............................80
VIII. DISABLED AND AGED..................................................95
VIII.I. SOCIAL INSURANCE IN LITHUANIA..............105
VOCABULARY....................................................................... 112
REFERENCES.........................................................................119
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The most important value in life

is man’s relationship with a man.
Antoine de Saint - Exupery
WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK?
Task 1. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions given below.
ORIGIN OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work as a profession has a relatively modern origin. However, the

concept of working to correct social ills is an age-old idea. Social work is linked with
the idea of charity work.
The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of
providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions. However, the practice
and profession of social work has a relatively modern (19th century) and scientific
origin. Charity in Europe was considered to be a responsibility and a sign of one’s
piety. This charity was in the form of direct relief (i.e. money, food, etc.). After the
end of feudalism, the poor were seen as a more direct threat to the social order, so the
state formed an organized system to care for them. In England, the Poor Law served
this purpose (The Poor Law was the system for the provision of social security in
England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State
in the 20th century.)
The 19th century ushered in the Industrial Revolution. There was a great
leap in technological and scientific achievement, but there was also a great migration
to urban areas. This led to many social problems, which in turn led to an increase in
social activism. Also with the dawn of the 19th century came a great “missionary”
push from many Protestant denominations. Some of urban missions, attempted to
resolve the problems (poverty, prostitution, disease, etc.) inherent in large cities.
These “friendly visitors”, supported by church and other charitable bodies, worked
through direct relief, prayer, and evangelism to alleviate these problems. In Europe,
chaplains or almoners (the name Almoner has come from the Greek via Latin
Almosunartius and French, and is known in English as a chaplain or church officer
5
who originally was in charge of distributing charity) were appointed to administrate

the church’s mission to the poor.
During this time, rescue societies were initiated to find more appropriate
means of self-support for women involved in prostitution. Mental asylums grew to
assist in taking care of the mentally ill. In the late 1880s, a new system to provide aid
for social ills appeared, that would become known as the settlement movement which
was concerned with urban poverty and the causes of poverty. They did this through
the "three Rs" - Research, Reform, and Residence. They provided a variety of
services including educational, legal, and health services. These programs also
advocated changes in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement immersed
themselves in the culture of those they were helping.
 Where do the roots of charity lie?
 What was meant under the concept “charity”?
 Why was The Poor Law established in England in the 16th century?
 What social problems did the Industrial Revolution bring to cities?
 What community units appeared to alleviate social problems?
 How was the movement which focused on poverty and causes of poverty
called?
 What services did it (the movement) provide?
Task 2. Read the text.
Social work can be better understood when it is broken down into its two
parts. "Social" from the Latin (socius), meaning member, friend, or ally refers to
human society, its organization, or people in general. "Work" from the Old English
(weorc) and German (werc) means to complete a specific task or to influence, effect,
or improve by varying degrees. Social Workers are concerned with social problems,
their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. Social workers work with
individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities. Social Work is the
profession committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the enhancement of the
quality of life, and to the development of the full potential of each individual, group
and community in society.
Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve
people’s lives. Social workers help people function the best way they can in their
environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems.
Social workers often see clients who face a life-threatening disease or a social
problem, such as inadequate housing, unemployment, a serious illness, a disability, or
substance abuse. Social workers also assist families that have serious domestic
conflicts, sometimes involving child or spousal abuse.
Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings.
These organizations emphasize short-term intervention, ambulatory and community-
based care.
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Some social workers conduct research or are involved in planning or

policy development, but most of them prefer an area of practice in which they
interact with clients.
 Child, family, and school social workers provide social services and
assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and their
families. Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions, or help find
foster homes for neglected, abandoned, or abused children. In schools, they address
such problems as teenage pregnancy, misbehaviour, and truancy and advise teachers
on how to cope with problem students. Some social workers specialize in services for
senior citizens, advising elderly people or family members in housing, transportation,
and long-term care, and coordinating and monitoring these services.
 Medical and public health social workers provide persons, families, or
vulnerable populations with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic,
acute, or terminal illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, or AIDS. They also
advise family caregivers, counsel patients, and help plan for patients’ needs after
discharge by arranging at-home services from meals-on-wheels to oxygen equipment.
Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals, nursing and
personal care facilities, individual and family services agencies, or local
governments.
 Mental health and substance abuse social workers assess and treat
individuals with mental illness or substance abuse problems, including abuse of
alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs. Such services include individual and group therapy,
outreach, crisis intervention, social rehabilitation, and training in skills of everyday
living. They also may help plan the supportive services to ease patients’ return to the
community. Mental health and substance abuse social workers are likely to work in
hospitals, substance abuse treatment centres, individual and family services agencies,
or local governments. These social workers may be known as clinical social workers.
Task 3. Prepare a short presentatation about social work specialities.

Task4. Find the answers from the text to the following statements:
 The work object of a social worker;

 The main functions of a social worker;
 The specialization areas of a social worker.
Task 5. Translate the following word combinations into English.

socialinės socialinis darbas
problemos
dirbti su šeimomis stiprus noras
ir žmonių padėti žmonėms
grupėmis
socialinis susidurti su
teisingumas žmonėmis
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gyvenimo kokybė socialinės

paslaugos
padėti šeimoms padėti vienišiems
tėvams
trumpalaikis vyresnio amžiaus
įsikišimas gyventojai
bendrauti su visuomenės
klientais sveikatos
socialiniai
darbuotojai
psichologinė kliento poreikiai
pagalba
išvežiojamas psichinė sveikata
maistas
palengvinti klientų klinikiniai
grįžimą į socialiniai
bendruomenę darbuotojai
Task 6. Say whether the statements are true or false.

T/F
Medical and public health social workers can not work for hospitals,
nursing and personal care facilities.
Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions.
Some social workers do not specialize in services for senior
citizens, advising elderly people or family members in housing,
transportation.
Social workers often see clients who face a life-threatening disease
or a social problem.
Social work is not a profession for those with a strong desire to help
improve people’s lives.
Mental health and substance abuse social workers assess and treat
individuals with mental illness or substance abuse problems.
Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals,
nursing and personal care facilities, individual and family services
agencies, or local governments.
Some social workers conduct research or are involved in planning
or policy development, but most of them prefer an area of practice
in which they interact with clients.
Social workers also can not help plan the supportive services to
ease patients’ return to the community.
Task 7. Read the text. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
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What is Social Work?

Social work is a profession concerned with ..............................
individuals, families, groups and ...................................... to enhance their individual
and collective well-being. It aims to help people develop their skills and their ability
to use their own ........................ and those of the community to ........................
problems. Social work is concerned with individual and personal problems but also
with broader ..................... issues such as poverty, unemployment and domestic
violence.
Human rights and social ...................... are the philosophical
underpinnings of social work practice. The uniqueness of social work ..................... is
in the blend of some particular values, knowledge and skills, including the use
of ........................... as the basis of all interventions and respect for the client’s choice
and involvement.
In a socio-political-economic context which increasingly
generates ..................... and social tensions, social ..................... play an important and
essential role.
communities, helping, resolve, resources, justice, social, insecurity, workers,
relationship, practice.
Task 8. Look at the pyramid of Personal Requirements for Social Workers. The
principle of the pyramid is that the items presented on the ground level are considered
to be the most important. Would you like to change the gradation of Personal
Requirements for a Social Worker? What other requirements would you add?
maturity
emotionalmaturity
maturity
emotional maturity
keen analytical abilities
keen analytical abilities
good organisational skills

good organisational skills
good communication skills

good communication skills
ability to work as part of a team

ability to work as part of a team
ability to view other people's problems objectively

ability to view other people's problems objectively
ability to work independently
ability to work independently
commitment to social justice

commitment to social justice
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Task 9. Choosing a career is a very important decision. People choose social work for
variety of reasons. Why did you decide to become a social worker?
 I am patient and understanding.

 As a child, I wanted to be a social worker.
 I always had a strong desire to help people.
 I like to communicate with people.
 I enjoy working with different people.
 I like to make people feel happy.
 My parents/friends encouraged me to become a social worker.
Task 10. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. Find some information about
study programme of social work in Lithuania in the internet.
 What is the duration of course?

 What subjects do you study?
 What are your favourite subjects? Why?
 What do you like most about college?
 What do you like least about college?
 What are you good at?
 How would you describe yourself as a student?
 Do you pay student fees?
Task 11. Read the information about main characteristics of a social worker.
7 Characteristics Every Social Worker Need
by Latonia S. Johnson, Ph.D.
1. Flexibility: There are many areas in which social workers provide services.
Whether you are new to the field, flexibility is needed in order to meet the
specific needs of the agency and those served. There is no “one size fits all” in
this field. At the same time, the social worker should be flexible enough to
multi-task, as this is more often a requirement than not. It is not uncommon to
have many demands on your time and attention at any given moment.
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Knowing how to prioritize and complete several tasks at once is crucial to

getting things done in an effective and efficient manner.
2. Creativity: Even people who think they are not the least bit creative usually
possess an inkling of creativity when they really attempt to utilize this skill.
There is usually more than one way to accomplish a task, and it takes
creativity at times to get things done when the “obvious way” seems
impossible. Thinking “outside the box” may mean the difference between
seeing what’s needed and getting those needs met.
3. Passion: Everyone has a strong opinion about what feels right or wrong and
how change should occur. When working to improve and enhance the lives of
others, social workers should channel their passion and desire for “the helping
profession” into going the extra mile to empower others to lead healthier, more
productive lives.
4. Empathy: Sympathy says “I hurt with you,” while empathy says “I see that
you are hurting and I want to help you to cope and move forward”. Social
workers should not get “stuck” in just feeling what their clients feel, but we
have an obligation to teach them effective skills and strategies needed to move
past their present situation and apply to future experiences.
5. Trustworthiness: People are more apt to be relaxed and open with someone
they feel they can trust. Present your original (yet professional) self to clients
They will appreciate you for being “real” with them and respect you more for
it.
6. Competence: It is very important for social workers to be competent and
confident in the services they provide. Stay abreast of online and in-person
training sessions and workshops that will benefit you as you continue to hone
your skills. Doing so becomes advantageous for you as well as your clients.
7. Sense of Humor: “Laughter is good for the soul.” It eases tension, relieves
stress, breaks the ice, and keeps the work environment from becoming too rigid
and formal. Find space and opportunities to laugh often. Remember to
celebrate small victories.
Task 12. Read the texts above about features of character of a social worker and
describe your personal features according to the statements given bellow:
 Personal features;
 Communication skills;
 Passion about social work.
Task 13. Answer the following questions:
 What features of character do you have?

 What features would you like to foster?
 Give a short description of your person as a student-social worker.
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Task 14. Work with dictionaries. Make adjectives from the given nouns:
Noun Adjective
objectiveness
creativity
communication
maturity
independence
resourcefulness
practicality
honesty
realism
stability
confidentiality
Task 15. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:
Social workers are ................... whose job is to work with people

experiencing difficulties in their ................ and family lives. They .......... with many
different problems, arising for example, from .............. and depriviation, or
relationship problems in families, or drug use. They ............. care for adults with
disabilities, work with health workers in .............. and the community, and assist
the courts in dealing with people who ................ ................ Many social
workers are based in ............. and see ............. in the office or visit them in
their homes. Some work in day ................... for children, families or people
with ...................., while others work in children’s homes, care homes for
elderly people or special ...................... for people with mental health problems.
Social workers are ................. by local authorities in the social work and social
services departments; others work in a wide range of large and small ................
organisations. Some ............... workers specialize in the community work,
social education or social reform rather than direct service to individuals.
personal deal professionals arrange offices

poverty commit offences clients centres hospitals
social voluntary accommodation employed disabilities
Task 16. Read the list of specializations of social work. Which is your favourite
sphere of work? Why?
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Specializations of Social Work
family,youth
youthand
andchild
childwelfare
welfareservices
services
family,
juvenileand
andfamily
familylaw
lawcourts
courts
juvenile
psychiatricand
andgeneral
generalmental
mentalhealth
healthservices
services
psychiatric
agedcare
careand
anddisabilities
disabilities
aged
medicaland
andhealth
healthservices
services
medical
disabilityservices
services
disability
Task 17. The chart below shows the major tasks of a social worker. Pick out the most
important six types of tasks of a social worker which correspond to the chosen
specialization above.
TASKS AND DUTIES OF SOCIAL WORKERS
13
Help people
Help
makepeople
decisions
make decisions
about their
about their
personal
personal
problems
problems
Work with other
Give advice on Work with otherin a
professionals
Give advice
social on
problems professionals in a
multidisciplinary
social problems multidisciplinary
team
team
Use the law to

Support people Use thevulnerable
law to
Support people protect
in crisis protect vulnerable
insituations
crisis children and
children and
young people
situations young people
Social workers
Social
may do workers
some or
may
all ofdothe
some or
following
all tasks
of the and
following
duties
tasks and duties
Link people with

Link people with
community Advise people on
community
resources such as Advise
theirpeople on
rights and
resources such
benefits andas their rights and
opportunities
benefits and
accommodation opportunities
accommodation
Talk to clients
Talk to clients
Write reports about their
Write reports
and case notes about their
problems
and case notes Work to advance the problems
Work to advance
well-being the
of children,
well-being of children,
young people, their
youngfamilies
people, their
and
families and
communities
communities
Task
18. Work in pairs. Analyse the social statistic charts. Describe the social situation
in Lithuania? Give a short summary.
Lithuanian average monthly wages Figure 1
14
Population in Lithuania Figure 2
Population in Lithuania (by gender) Figure 3
(google.lt/search?q=social+situation+in+lithuania&source)
Task 19. Analyse the social statistic chart of Europe. Compare the data. Make a
short summary about social life conditions in European countries.
Average Monthly Net Salary (After Tax), Salaries And Financing (2016)
15
1. Switzerland 4,472.89 €
2. Norway 2,868.43 €
3. Luxembourg 2,748.75 €
4. Denmark 2,587.64 €
5. Iceland 2,525.02 €
6. Ireland 2,232.69 €
7. Finland 2,202.30 €
8. Germany 2,169.12 €
9. Netherlands 2,145.45 €
10. United Kingdom 2,121.97 €
11. Sweden 2,097.51 €
12. France 1,923.17 €
13. Austria 1,823.85 €
14. Belgium 1,808.10 €
15. Italy 1,358.70 €
16. Spain 1,265.66 €
17. Malta 1,113.01 €
18. Slovenia 1,011.50 €
19. Estonia 865.67 €
20. Czech Republic 826.11 €
21. Portugal 813.62 €
22. Slovakia 770.57 €
23. Poland 755.17 €
24. Greece 721.77 €
25. Croatia 691.50 €
26. Lithuania 630.53 €
27. Latvia 606.75 €
29. Romania 504.16 €
30. Hungary 490.28 €
31. Bulgaria 458.98 €
32. Montenegro 451.67 €
33. Bosnia And Herzegovina 419.33 €
34. Kosovo (Disputed Territory) 367.65 €
35. Serbia 324.64 €
37. Macedonia 287.07 €
38. Albania 260.02 €
(source: NUMBEO)
Task 20. Translate the following words or word combinations into English.
Lithuanian English Lithuanian English

socialinės bėdos atlikti tyrimus
(nelaimės)
labdara globėjų šeimos
16
misionieriška pagalba neprižiūrėti,

palikti,
skriaudžiami
vaikai
problemų priežastys socialinės
paslaugos
problemų sprendimas pažeidžiama
visuomenės
grupė
socialinis teisingumas patarti
socialiniais
klausimais
pagerinti gyvenimo žmogaus teisės
kokybę
liga, kelianti grėsmę socialinė
gyvybei pašalpa/pagalba
konfliktai namuose socialinio
darbuotojo
pareigos
trumpalaikė/ilgalaikė socialinis darbas
socialinė priežiūra

Where Do Social Workers Work?
Social workers work in a variety of settings: family services agencies,

children’s aid agencies, general and psychiatric hospitals, school boards, correctional
institutions, welfare administration agencies, federal and provincial departments. An
increasing number of social workers work in private practice.
Social workers provide services as members of a multidisciplinary team
or on a one-to-one basis with the client. The duties performed by social workers vary
depending on the settings in which they work. Social workers employed by child
welfare agencies (public and private) investigate cases of family violence, child abuse
and neglect and take protective action as required. They may recruit foster parents or
supervise the placement of children in protective care. Others work on adoption
cases.
Many school boards hire social workers to help students adjust to the
school environment. They help students, parents and teachers to deal with problems
such as aggressive behaviour, truancy and family problems, which affect the
students’ performance.
In general and psychiatric hospitals, social workers are members of the
treatment team. They provide a link between the team and the family as well as with
community resources. In these settings they contribute to the care, treatment and
17
rehabilitation of the aged and of physically or mentally ill individuals, as well as the
care of disabled persons.
In health and community services centres, social workers are involved in
the provision of counselling to individuals or families and in providing services to
seniors. Some work as community developers helping citizens to identify their needs
and proposing ways of meeting these needs. Others may assist with parent-child
relationships and marriage counselling. The services may be offered on an individual
basis or in groups.
In the correctional field, social workers may be part of a team concerned
with the social rehabilitation of young or adult offenders. They may work as
classification officers. Others work as probation officers or as parole officers. Parole
officers help ex-prisoners adjust to life in the community while conforming to the
conditions of their parole.
Social workers in private practice offer their services on a fee-for-service
basis to individuals, families and organizations. Their services include counselling,
psychotherapy, mediation, sex therapy, policy and program development,
organizational development, and employee assistance programs.
Social workers involved in policy analysis, policy development and
planning are usually working in federal and provincial departments or social planning
councils. Researchers are found in universities and governments. Others are teaching
in universities and community colleges.
Task 22. Group social work activitivities you wuold like to work. Why?
Task 23. Match the words, word combinations and their definitions.
A B
1.Social workers in private practice a) hire social workers to help students
adjust to the school environment.
2. In the correctional field social b) are involved in the provision of
workers counselling to individuals or families
and in providing services to seniors
3. Many school boards c) offer their services on a fee-for-
service basis to individuals, families and
organizations.
4. Social workers employed by child d) may be part of a team concerned with
welfare agencies (public and private) the social rehabilitation of young or
adult offenders.
5. In health and community services e) investigate cases of family violence,
centres social workers child abuse and neglect and take
protective action as required.
6. Social workers involved in policy f) are members of the treatment team.
analysis
7. In general and psychiatric hospitals, g) usually work in federal and provincial
18
social workers departments or social planning councils.

1___2___3___4___5___6___7___
Task 24. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
Social Work Jobs

Social ........................ is an incredibly broad and diverse field. It offers an almost
limitless range of career options. Social workers work in a variety of settings,
including ..........................., non-profit .......................................,
mental ........................centers, schools, advocacy .........................., community
organizations, and government offices.
Many social workers work directly with clients who
are .............................., families or small ...................... These social workers help
clients cope with problems such as poverty, ............................., addiction, and
mental ....................... by providing counseling, connecting clients with service
providers, and empowering clients to meet their own ..........................
Other social workers choose to work with communities, organizations
or ................................ These workers ......................... for vulnerable populations,
fighting to end the inequalities and .......................... they see in their communities.
They create policies, break down barriers, and drive reform.
Social work .............................opportunities are expected to grow at a rate
of 25% between now and 2020, which is faster than average. This means it’s a great
time to become a social ...................... Demand will be particularly high for social
workers employed in the fields of ..........................., substance abuse, and
social .............................
hospitals, work, health, agencies, needs, organizations, groups, abuse,
individuals, illness, governments, injustices, advocate, employment, worker,
healthcare, services
Task 25. Make a dialogue between a social worker and a client. Advice your client
how to take care of his/her invalid parents.
Task 26. Work in small groups. Prepare a short presentation of the spheres of
activities of a social worker in Lithuania and UK.
Vocabulary
abuse v piktnaudžiauti
substance abuse piktnaudžiavimas psichotropinėmis
medžiagomis
alleviate v sumažinti, palengvinti
asylum n prieglobstis, prieglauda
assist v pagelbėti, padėti
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chaplain n kapelionas
charity v labdara
consept n sąvoka
cope (with) v susidoroti, įveikti
counsel v, n patarti, rekomenduoti, patarimas
denomination (rel.) n sekta
desire v trokšti (ko nors)
direct adj tiesioginis
enhance v sustiprinti, padidinti
inherent adj būdingas, neatskiriamas, įgimtas
major adj pagrindinis
mental health psichinė sveikata
nature n pobūdis, esmė, gamta, prigimtis
origin n kilmė
outreach n (Am) paslaugų centras žmonėms su negalia
piety n pamaldumas, pagarba vyresniems
prayer n prašytojas, maldininkas
poverty n skurdas, neturtas
purpose n tikslas
pursuit n siekimas
relief n palengvinimas
root n šaknis
serve v tarnauti
setting n aplinka
social ills socialinės ydos, blogybės
spousal adj sutuoktinių
threat n grėsmė
urban adj miesto
A danger foreseen is half – avoided.

Cheyenne
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CHILDREN WITHOUT CARE
Task 1. Read the information.
Do you know that …

150 million of children throughout the world are currently in, or in need of out-of-home care
because their parents are unavailable or unable to care for them:
 In the USA there are 600,000 children in the foster-care system alone.
 Some 1.5 million children are reported to be in out-of-home care in Central and Eastern Europe
and the CIS (The Commonwealth of Independent States), including 900,000 in residential
facilities.
 In Africa, Asia and Latin America, some 9.5 million children whose both parents have died
from HIV/AIDS are looked after by relatives or others in the community.
(Data from UNCF)
Task 2. Read the text. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
Street children
Children sometimes lose their first line of protection – their ………………….

Reasons for separation include abduction, trafficking, ………………, living on the street, being
displaced, or recruited by ……………..forces; living in alternative care due to health issues,
educational reasons, household violence, ……………….., death of parents, or stigma.
Where are they?
Street children exist everywhere. What is more surprising is that the experiences that lead them to
the ………………, the challenges that they face when they get there and the service ……………..
they seek, are all so similar whether in developing or in developed ……………………...
Why are they there?
Street Children fall through the gaps in the safety net of ........................ Poverty and family
background have always been .................... with street children but, clearly, not all poor children
take to the street, nor are all street ..................orphans or abandoned. “Most families of street
children have experienced persistent ..........................., poverty and social exclusion within societies
where ....................... are high and/or growing.
What can we do?
StreetInvest (investing in .................. on the street) believes that responses should be child-centred
and rights based. We should work where the ......................... is, respect the child’s existing
21
circumstances and .............................., listen to their views about their own needs and see the child
neither as a victim nor a criminal but as a positive agent of their own change.
migration, parents, society, poverty, street, support, inequalities, armed, children, countries,
provision, associated, parents, relationships, discrimination, health, child, children.

gyvenimas gatvėje jų pačių pokyčius
ne visi vaikai patenka iššūkiai su kuriais
į gatvę susiduria vaikai
išgirsti apie jų mokymosi problemos
poreikius
matyti vaiką ne kaip netenka pagrindinės
auką globos
patyrė diskriminaciją esamos aplinkybės
ir skurdą
reabilitacijos pagalba prižiūrint
paslaugos vaikus
gatvės vaikai išsivysčiusios šalys

T/F
Poverty and family background have not always been associated
with street children but, clearly, not all poor children take to the
street, nor are all street children orphans.
All families have received economic support, child-care assistance,
help to ensure that absent parents assume responsibilities towards
their children.
Street children exist everywhere.
Each child is an individual demonstrating a range of other
identities.
Reasons for separation include abduction, trafficking, migration,
living on the street.
Living in alternative care due to health issues, educational reasons,
household violence, poverty, death of parents.
Children never lose their first line of protection – their parents.
Task 5. Analyse the data in the chart. What are the stated reasons for children coming in to care in
Lithuania? Make a short summary.
Number of Children according to the reasons of placement in care
Parents did not care, educated in improper way, neglected, abused or showed no 1846
interest in a child
Restriction of parental rights 354
Parents death, orphan 234
22
Children separated from their parents according the law 31

Parents went missing and are searched 38
Parents are find legally incapable 8
During three months after finding a child parents or relatives were not found. 1
Parents are announced being dead or missing by the court. 1
Parents temporally cannot take care of a child (because of imprisonment, illness 311
or other reasons)
Total 2824
(Source: EUROCHILD - Children in alternative care - National Surveys-2nd Edition January 2010)
Task 6. Find information about the problem of neglected children in other U.K. Make a short
summary.

Economic and social problems of Lithuania have affected family’s stability and
morality. One in 9 or 10 families falls apart. Each year about 15,000 under- aged children are left
with one parent. There are approximately 100,000 single parent families in Lithuania (usually
lacking a father) including 120,000 children. There are 18,000 asocial families and 40,300 lived in
them.
Children that are neglected are not only from dysfunctional or asocial families, but
also from the families whose parents move abroad for search of better life.
Lithuania has 103 state-run child care institutions: 6 infant homes, 39 public child care
homes, 13 boarding schools, 51 boarding school for children with mental and physical disorders, 4
boarding homes for mentally and physically disabled children.
The majority of children cared for by the state are unhealthy and suffer from physical
or mental disorders. Preventive medical check-ups have determined that 76% of children at infant
homes, 37% at children’s homes and 90% of those at boarding schools suffer from mental
development disorders.
Children under the age of three stay in infant homes. There are two types of infant
homes: standard homes and special homes for children with nervous system disorders. A third of
children at infant homes have been abandoned. Others have parents who have lost their parental
rights, have been criminally convicted etc. Only 15% of children in infant homes are healthy. Upon
reaching three years of age, these children leave infant homes. 30% are taken back by parents, 33%
are adopted, 7% with obvious mental or physical development problems go to boarding facilities,
38% go to children’s homes.
The principal reasons for child neglect and children that need state care are: loss of
parental rights, long-term parental illness and parental mortality, no fixed residence, parental
conviction, parents’ life and work abroad, alcohol and drug abuse, parents’ rejection of their own
children etc.
The Lithuanian Law on Education declares that all children, regardless of physical or
mental disability, have a right to schooling and education. Physically disabled children are being
integrated into ordinary basic schools. 6,500 children with intellectual disorders attend 51 special
boarding school. 7 of them are designated for children with physical disorders: deafness, blindness,
speech disorders, cerebral palsy. 1,200 children attend these schools in accordance with adapted
programmes. Children with mental disabilities or clear physical disorders live in boarding homes
and are trained to do some job.
Social care facilities are being decentralized and new facilities are being established.
Currently, there are 9 municipal children homes that care for more than 300 children, 39 foster
families taking care of more than 300 children, parish children homes etc.
23
However, it is doubtful if anyone can fully take the place of a child’s real parents.
Consequently, everything possible must be done to guarantee that the fewest number of children
lose their families and they grow up in their parental homes. The family must be strengthened. It
must receive material assistance and wide-based aid for child-rearing.
Task 8. Answer the following questions.
1. What reasons have affected family’s stability and morality?

2. What state-run care institutions are found in Lithuania?
3. Are there any other homes (facilities) that care for children?
4. What families do children come to state-run care institutions from?
5. What are the main reasons for child neglect?
6. What is the ratio of healthy and unhealthy children placed in state-run care
facilities?
7. Do physically disabled children get their schooling in basic schools?
8. Do mentally disabled children get any training?
9. What should be done to decrease the number of neglected children?
Task 9. What do these numbers refer to? Present them in sentences.
103 120,000 6,500 51 9 7 15,000 39 300 13
Task 10. Look at the table which shows the placement of neglected or homeless children. Write 5
sentences as in the example:
 The number of children living in infant homes has gone down (has risen by 100
children, has doubled).
 The number of children living in parish child care homes was the highest.
 The number of temporary child care homes has increased greatly.
The table shows the placement of neglected or homeless children.
2010 2011 2012 2013

In infant homes 111 201 240 275
In child care homes 238 694 774 703
In boarding schools 45 255 247 242
In family child care homes 21 37 76 54
With individuals or families 934 1044 1260 1372
Adopted 97 308 220 418
Adopted by foreign citizens 15 198 94 104
Task 11. Are the following statements true or false?
1.Children of a very young age represent the most vulnerable social group
in Lithuania.
2. According to various researches, people who grow up in care institutions

will experience a great pleasure in the future.
3. The children who grow up in care institutions often become homeless, are
more prone to commit crimes and have a high suicide rate.
24
4. It is common for children who grow up in infant and children’s homes not
to develop the adequate social and personal skills necessary for independent
living.
5. In the family care homes established by “SOS Vaikai”, five to seven

children live with a guardian.
6. The growing number of individuals and families taking in foster children is

a bad thing.
7. Psychologists and childcare experts maintain that older foster children may
have personality disorders such as a distorted or delayed process of cognitive
development, learning disorders, difficulties in associating with peers and
problems in emotional contact with their guardians.
8. The state is neither expanding nor improving the care of foster children.
9. Bearing in mind that the birth rate in Lithuania has decreased, the increase
in the number of institutionalised children is alarming.
10. More and more children from infant homes are returning to their
families.
Task 12. Read the text and write at least five questions.
Attempts have been made to bring conditions at children’s boarding

homes closer to those found under normal family conditions. Children are no longer
transferred from pre-school children’s homes to boarding schools once they reach
school-age. Attempts are being made to reorganize children’s homes into smaller
facilities with smaller groups of children. New mixed-age groups of children are
being established with family ties as a priority condition. Conditions for children to
come into contact with the outside world are being created: they can go to community
kindergartens and ordinary basic schools together with other family members
(brothers, sisters etc.) More and more attention is being paid to teaching chores to
children. They are being taught the same chores as children who grow up in families.
1…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Task 13. Fill in the blanks with the given words.
25
humanism, integration, neglect, responsibility, divorce, nearest, state-run, left,

priority, drug
Child ………… is a serious matter in Lithuania. Children are

…………… for different reasons: parents’………………, illness, mortality, alcohol
and ……………… abuse. The state should take more …………….. for family
strengthening instead of establishing more ………………. care facilities. The
traditions of .................... and caring should be developed in the community itself too.
………………. of homeless and neglected children into society, multi-sided help for
them is the ………………….. of the state for the ……………… decade.
Task 14. Translate the following word combinations. Make up the sentences of your
own.

asociali šeima valstybės
išlaikoma įstaiga
vieno tėvo šeima internatinė
mokykla
benamiai vaikai kūdikių namai
nedarni šeima tėvų priežiūra
tėvų teistumas medicininis
patikrinimas
stiprinti šeimą neprižiūrėti
vaikai
protinė negalia fizinė negalia
vystymosi laikini globėjai
problemos
parapijos vaikų išaugusios
namai ekonominės
problemos
Task 15. Read the text. Work in pairs. Discuss the problem of child neglect.
Neglect
Neglect is a persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or
developmental needs. Neglect includes failing to provide for a child’s health,
education, emotional development, nutrition, clothing, shelter, safety and safe living
conditions, and includes exclusion of the child from the home and abandonment. It is
different from poverty, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), because
it happens when there is failure to provide the resources to meet a child’s needs if
those resources exist or should be available.
Neglect includes:
26
• a parent’s or guardian’s failure to provide adequate food, clothing and shelter, such
as excluding a child from the home, abandoning them and leaving them alone;
• failure to protect a child from physical or emotional harm, or danger;
• failure to ensure that the child has adequate supervision (including the use of
inadequate and inappropriate caregivers);
• failure to ensure the child has access to appropriate medical care and treatment
when needed;
• unresponsiveness to a child’s basic emotional needs.
Neglect is defined developmentally, so that a parent or guardian failing to
do or to provide certain things will have a detrimental impact on the development or
safety of a young child, but not necessarily on an older child. The guidance notes that
“neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse” (
source: Child abuse and neglect in the UK today).

vaikų nepriežiūra negebėjimas
apginti vaiką
žalinga įtaka atitinkama
priežiūra
nėštumo metu tenkinti vaiko
poreikius
piktnaudžiavimas pasaulinė sveikatos
narkotinėmis organizacija
medžiagomis
emociniai vaiko fizinė ir emocinė
poreikiai žala
atitinkama mažo vaiko
medicininė saugumas
priežiūra
skiriasi nuo skurdo vaikų
prievartavimas
mityba, saugumas, negebėjimas
pastogė užtikrinti vaiko
globą
vaikas gauna palikti vaikus
tinkamą priežiūrą vienus
apginti nuo pavojų nuolatinis
negebėjimas

T/F
Neglect is not different from poverty.
Neglect is failure to ensure the child has access to appropriate
27
medical care and treatment when needed.

Neglect includes failing to provide for a child’s health, education,
emotional development, nutrition, clothing, shelter.
Neglect is defined developmentally, so that a parent or guardian
failing to do or to provide certain things.
Neglect is not unresponsiveness to a child’s basic emotional needs.
Neglect happens when there is failure to provide the resources to
meet a child’s needs if those resources exist or should be available.
Neglect is not failure to ensure the child has access to appropriate
medical care and treatment when needed.
Neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal
substance abuse.
Neglect is a persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or
developmental needs.
Task 18. Read the text about the types of neglect of children. Give a short
summary/presentattions.
TYPES OF NEGLECT
Professionals define four types of neglect: physical, educational,

emotional, and medical.
Physical neglect accounts for the majority of cases of maltreatment.
Physical neglect generally involves the parent or caregiver not providing the child
with basic necessities (e.g., adequate food, clothing, and shelter). Failure or refusal to
provide these necessities endangers the child’s physical health, well-being,
psychological growth, and development. Physical neglect also includes child
abandonment, inadequate supervision, rejection of a child leading to expulsion from
the home, and failure to adequately provide for the child’s safety and physical and
emotional needs. Physical neglect can severely impact a child’s development by
causing failure to thrive; malnutrition; serious illness; physical harm in the form of
cuts, bruises, burns, or other injuries due to lack of supervision; and a lifetime of low
self-esteem.
Educational neglect involves the failure of a parent or caregiver to enroll
a child of mandatory school age in school or provide appropriate home schooling or
needed special educational training, thus allowing the child or youth to engage in
chronic truancy. Educational neglect can lead to the child failing to acquire basic life
skills, dropping out of school, or continually displaying disruptive behavior.
Educational neglect can pose a serious threat to the child’s emotional well-being,
physical health, or normal psychological growth and development, particularly when
the child has special educational needs that are not met.
Emotional abuse
28
The persistent emotional maltreatment of a child such as to cause severe and

persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development. It may involve
conveying to children that they are worthless or unloved, inadequate, or valued only
insofar as they meet the needs of another person. It may include not giving the child
opportunities to express their views, deliberately silencing them or “making fun” of
what they say or how they communicate. It may feature age or developmentally
inappropriate expectations being imposed on children. These may include
interactions that are beyond the child’s developmental capability, as well as
overprotection and limitation of exploration and learning, or preventing the child
participating in normal social interaction. It may involve seeing or hearing the ill-
treatment of another. It may involve serious bullying (including cyberbullying),
causing children frequently to feel frightened or in danger, or the exploitation or
corruption of children. Some level of emotional abuse is involved in all types of
maltreatment of a child, though it may occur alone.This definition includes
witnessing domestic violence.
Severe maltreatment
It is very difficult to make judgments about the severity of experiences of
abuse or neglect on the basis of responses to a survey. However, there are indicators
which can be taken into account. Physical harm is one indicator of severity but child
maltreatment does not always result in injuries, there may be no physical injuries in
very harmful cases of child sexual or emotional abuse. While there can be specific
acts of physical violence or sexual abuse that are relatively easily counted, typically
child abuse and neglect are not discrete events but a pattern of behaviour, a process of
undermining and debilitating the child’s wellbeing and healthy development. Some
acts, for example making fun of a child, may appear to be relatively trivial because
they are unlikely to cause immediate physical injury but the impact can be
cumulative. The frequency and accumulative pattern of the behaviour may be very
harmful, creating psychological distress, for example so that the child is suicidal.
Victims of abuse often report the psychological impact as being more damaging than
the physical injuries. Measuring the psychological impact is difficult because, unless
prospective research has been done (following through over a period of several years
a birth cohort of children), we do not know whether the poorer emotional wellbeing
was a contributory factor to or an outcome of the abuse. Victim perception can be an
indicator of severity of impact but within a power or dependency relationship, it can
be difficult for the child to name the experience as being abuse or neglect. We
identified more “severe” maltreatment by combining subjective and objective factors
and assessing the context of the abuse by looking at who was the perpetrator and the
age related vulnerabilities of the child. Experiences of maltreatment were defined as
severe on the basis of the type of maltreatment, its frequency, whether there were
multiple forms, an injury, whether a weapon had been used, if it was defined by the
29
victim as being abusive or would fall into a more severe category of abuse under the
criminal law (Child abuse and neglect in the UK today).

psichologinė elgesio
įtaka dažnumas
sunkumo sunku įvardyti
indikatorius patirtį
objektyvus blogo elgesio
faktorius rūšis
vaikų aukos suvokimas
pažeidžiamumas
emocinis spręsti, kas buvo
išnaudojimas kaltininkas
kriminalinė teisė daugybinės
formos
blogo elgesio panaudotas
patirtys ginklas
fizinė skriauda nustatyti
psichologinę
įtaką
sunku spręsti fizinis smurtas
Task 21. Read the text. Insert the right preposition.
by, of, of, with, in, for, by, of, on
Impact ..... maltreatment ......... behaviour: delinquency
The impact of maltreatment .............non-resident adults on the delinquent behaviour

of research participants prior to 18 years ........age is big. Maltreatment by non-
resident adults was associated .................. higher levels of self-reported delinquency
among 11–17s and 18–24s, but not among under 11s. 11–17s who had experienced
any type of maltreatment by a non-resident adult reported significantly higher levels
of delinquency when compared to young people who had not been abused ............
this way. Young adults’ retrospective reports ................. childhood delinquency were
significantly higher among those who also reported experiencing maltreatment,
emotional and sexual abuse. Children aged 5–10, exposed to sexual abuse were less
30
likely to display delinquent behaviour, though these associations reversed ..................

adolescence.
Task 22. Roleplay. A reporter comes to a day care centre. He needs information for
his article about neglected children. Help him. Develop a discussion.
Vocabulary
adopt v įvaikinti
affect v paveikti
boarding homes internatai
boarding schools internatinės mokyklos
child-care homes vaikų globos namai
child-rearing vaikų auginimas
disability n negalia, neįgalumas
physical disability fizinė negalia
mental disability proto negalia
disabled n neįgalus
infant homes kūdikių namai
family n šeima
asocial family asociali šeima
dysfunctional family nedarni šeima
single parent family vieno tėvo šeima
majority n dauguma
municipal children‘s homes savivaldybei pavaldūs vaikų globos
namai
neglect n nepriežiūra
parents n tėvai
foster parents globėjai
parental care tėvų priežiūra
parental rights tėvų teisės
parental mortality tėvų mirtis
parental illness tėvų liga
parental conviction tėvų teistumas
parish children homes parapijiniai vaikų namai
residence n gyvenamoji vieta
resident n gyventojas, globos įstaigoje gyvenantis
žmogus
state-run institution valstybės išlaikoma įstaiga
(facility)
31
Truth can never be told so as to be understood,

and not believed.
Blake
Do you know:
 It is estimated that over 3 million teens between the ages of
14 and 17 in the United States today are alcoholics.
 Youth who began drinking before they turned 15 were
twice as likely to develop an alcohol abuse problem and
four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence,
compared with persons who did not begin drinking before
age 21.
 An estimated 6.6 million children under 18 live in
households with at least one alcoholic parent.
 One half of all traffic fatalities and one-third of all traffic injuries are related to
alcohol abuse . Accidents and suicides that are associated with alcohol problems
are especially prominent in the teen years.
 62% of high school seniors report that they have been drunk.
ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is a painful problem that is quickly spreading throughout
Lithuania. Alcohol abuse among men, women and adolescents can be seen
everywhere - in streets, in schools and in families. Lithuania belongs to the European
countries being at the highest risk on the basis of alcohol abuse and its resulted
32
damage. Although alcohol abuse in European Union countries decreases slowly, in

Lithuania during the last 5 years the use of pure ethyl alcohol for one person a year
has risen from 9 to 10, 2 liters.
Alcoholism is a disease and it is thought to arise from a combination of a
wide range of psychological, physiological, social and genetic factors. Men of 20-40
years usually experience this disease, but also women and teenagers. Alcoholism
starts slowly and usually in the period of using alcohol for 5-10 years it develops a
desire to drink and to use it again after drinking days.
In the whole world a person who uses alcohol on different occasions and
gets completely drunk at least 4 times a year is considered to be an alcohol addict of
the first type. A person who gets drunk 12 and more times a year is referred to
alcohol addict of the second type. The third type of alcohol addict is a person who
uses alcohol and gets drunk every day.
Alcohol is the main reason of man-made accidents, traumas, violence,
crimes, suicides as well as the source of many social problems: domestic violence,
neglected children, parentless children etc. In 2004 in Lithuania the number of
accidents made by drunken people reached 13,8%, casualties – 22,1% and the injured
– 16,5%. During the first quarter of 2006 the accidents caused by drunken drivers
have increased by 10,2% in comparison with 2005. There were found 17,447 drunken
drivers in the period of 2005; 8,099 had light alcohol grade, 5,923 – average and
2,307 – heavy grade.
Alcohol can damage almost all parts of the body and the entire body
system. It is the reason of more than 60 diseases. Alcohol has direct toxic as well as
sedative effects on the body. The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and
include a wide range of digestive - system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of
pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can
be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremors may occur.
The latter symptoms are involved in the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome,
delirium tremens, which can prove fatal despite prompt treatment. Drinking during
pregnancy can cause damage to the unborn child: physical or mental retardation.
Which strata of society abuses alcohol the most? Currently - everyone
drinks. Perhaps the unemployed, blue collar workers and the poorly educated drink
the most. In 2003 in Lithuania there were registered 64 thousand people being cured
of alcoholism, and every year at least 2,000 people are recorded. The number of
anonymous patients is on the rise in Lithuania. Patients having alcohol problems are
treated in narcological and detoxication centres.
1. Alcohol abuse in European countries decreases and in Lithuania too.
2. In the period of 5-10 years after everyday drink a man can become an alcoholic.
33
3. Excessive drinking is a reason for many accidents and traumas.
4. Currently only blue collar workers drink.
5. Alcohol has a great effect on the liver.
6. Drinking during pregnancy is harmful for fetus.
7. The number of anonymous patients is on the rise in Lithuania.
8. Every year more than 1,500 people are registered for treatment in narcological and
detoxication centres.
9. When central and peripheral nervous systems are damaged, hallucinations,

blackouts and tremors occur.
10.There are three alcohol grades determined by doctors.
Task 3. What do these numbers refer to? Present them in sentences.
10,2 17,447 60 64,000 2,000 12 4 2,307 8,099 5,923
Task 4. Fill in the blanks. Use the given words.
1. Alcohol abuse among ______________, _______________ and ___________ can

be seen everywhere.
2. It often starts in ________________families and parents do not care for children.
3. Statistics show that in 2003 64,000 individuals ___________ _________ from
alcoholism.
4. One of alcoholism’s dangerous complications is ________________, and
individuals suffering it are _________________ in drug and alcohol rehabilitation
facilities.
5. The number of women alcoholics are _____________.
6. Excessive drinkers do not help themselves, because they do not critically
___________ their drinking and come in for treatment.
7. Which _______________ of society abuses alcohol the most?
8. Educated people __________________ their alcohol abuse and everything looks
“prettier”.
34
9. Many individuals begin to drink as ________________ fall, family

______________ decrease, or they ______________ a job.
10. Many crimes are committed under the ______________ of alcohol.
suffered, influence, living standard, women, alcohol psychosis, evaluate, strata,

treated, increasing, hide, income, dysfunctional, men, teenagers, lose
Task 5. Insert the correct preposition.
HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM
With, at, by, without, with, of, in, throughout, for
Thousands of years ago people began to make alcohol …………..

practical reasons. Wine making began …………. the early Egyptians who found that
grape juice spoiled quickly, but that fermented juice or wine would keep ………….
spoiling. They also had problems with impure water, and whenever they drank it,
they often became ill. In later years, wine became important to the Roman Catholic
Church ……….. Europe because wine was used to celebrate the Sacrament
………… the Mass. …………. the 1300 beer industry had started ………… Central
Europe. ……….. that time , wine was also continuing to grow in popularity. People
began to experiment ………… different types of alcohol. Alcohol became an integral
part …………….. European culture.
Task 6. Read the information: fill in the mind-map and present the information to
your colleagues.
Chronic consumption of alcohol leads of many body problems.

Initially, alcohol affects thought, emotion, judgement. In sufficient
amounts, alcohol impairs speech and muscle coordination and produces sleep. It also
causes fatigue, short-term memory loss, as well as weakness and paralysis of eye
muscles.
Drinking heavily can cause you to develop alcoholic hepatitis, an
inflammation of the liver. Signs and symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, yellowing of the skin. Over years
hepatitis may lead to cirrhosis.
Alcohol can result in inflammation of the lining of the stomach, which can
lead to tears in the upper part of your stomach and lower part of your esophagus.
Alcohol can also interfere with the absorption of the B vitamins and other nutrients.
Heavy drinking can also damage your pancreas.
Excessive drinking can lead to high blood pressure and damage your heart
muscle.
35
Alcohol prevents the release of glucose from your liver and can increase
the risk of your blood sugar falling too low ( hypoglycemia). This is dangerous if you
have diabetes and are already taking insulin to lower your blood sugar level.
Alcohol abuse can cause erectile dysfunction in men. In women, it can
interrupt menstruation.
If you drink excessively during pregnancy, your child may be born with
fetal alcohol syndrome. This condition results in birth defects including a small head,
heart defects, a shortening of the eyelids and various other abnormalities. As these
children grow older, they may have various development disabilities.
Excessive drinking can affect your nervous system, causing numbness of
your hands and feet, disordered thinking and dementia.
Chronic alcohol abuse has been linked to a higher risk of cancer of the
esophagus, larynx, liver and colon.
Task 7. There are situations when drinking just a little alcohol is prohibited. Think of
such situations and write as many sentences as you can.
1. Don’t drink alcohol if you are taking certain medicines.

1. ……………………………………………………….........
2. ……………………………………………………………..
3. ……………………………………………………………..
4. ……………………………………………………………..
36
5. ……………………………………………………………..
Task 8. Translate the words or word combinations into English.

moksliniai pažeisti
tyrimai organus
troškimas gerti skausminga
problema
nežymus gerti retkarčiais
mažėjimas
pirmo laipsnio nusikaltimų
alkoholikas augimo
priežastis
antro laipsnio socialinių
alkoholikas problemų
šaltinis
trečio laipsnio prievarta
alkoholikas namuose
lengvas anoniminiai
girtumo alkoholikai
laipsnis
vidutinis tiesioginis
girtumo toksinis efektas
laipsnis
sunkus girtumo pagirių
laipsnis sindromas
gausus gėrimas gydymas
Task 9. Read the text. Work in pairs. Answer the questions?

- How does a social worker identify individuals with alcohol
problems?
- What should a social worker ask a client?
- How does a social worker determine a client's risk for alcohol
problems?
Social workers encounter individuals with alcohol use problems in every setting, not
only in settings specifically designed to treat and prevent alcohol problems. Thus, it is
necessary for all social work professionals, at a minimum, to be able to identify
individuals who would benefit from referral to specialized services for alcohol
treatment. In addition, it is important for social workers to identify those individuals
who do not necessarily meet the criteria for abuse or dependence, yet are drinking at
37
levels that place them at risk for problems. Not only will this enhance effectiveness in
working with the target problems, it is important to implement effective interventions
for alcohol abuse prevention. In short, social workers in many different settings can
improve outcomes for their clients by becoming skilled in identifying alcohol
problems and intervening in appropriate ways.
Social workers ask clients questions about both the frequency and
quantity of alcohol consumption for important reasons. For example, a social worker
might ask, "Do you drink alcohol?".
A positive response would be followed by a question concerning
frequency, "On average, how many days a week do you drink?"
Questions concerning amounts consumed would also be in order, such as:
"On a day when you do drink, how many drinks do you usually have?" and "What is
the maximum number of drinks you consumed on any given occasion during the past
month?"
These simple questions, posed in a direct but non-confrontational manner,
allow the social worker to determine a client's risk for alcohol problems. This is
based on recognition of the existence of a relationship between alcohol use and
alcohol problems.
How Social Workers Help
Social...................can help counsel addicts. When an active addict seeks

help, they are taking a very positive step in their ........................... By
asking ................... questions, the social worker assesses the exact nature and extent
of the problem. He or she then facilitates referrals to either an appropriate 12-Step
program like AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) or NA (Narcotics Anonymous), or to an
inpatient or .................................. rehabilitation program where the .....................
receives individual and group counseling. The social worker ................... education
about the disease of addiction and the effects of continued ..................... on the
addict’s medical, work, family, social and financial life. Often, the social worker will
provide aftercare once the client ................... an inpatient or outpatient recovery
program.
Remember, family counseling is an important part of any substance abuse

......................program. It provides education and support to help
family ........................... understand the cycle of addiction and avoid participating in
it. Social workers recommend that loved ones detach emotionally because the addict
needs to own the problem and take ......................... for their recovery. The 12-Step
program for .......................... provides help for anyone who loves or lives with an
addict or ..................... (source: NASV – National Association of Social Workers,
Washington).
38
recovery, key, outpatient, client, provides, drug use, completes, treatment, workers,
members, responsibility, families, alcoholic
Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis that manifests as prominent

hallucinations and delusions occurring in a variety of alcohol-related conditions. For
patients with alcohol use disorder, previously known as alcohol abuse and alcohol
dependence, psychosis can occur during phases of acute intoxication or withdrawal,
with or without delirium tremens. In addition, alcohol hallucinosis and alcoholic
paranoia are 2 uncommon alcohol-induced psychotic disorders, which are seen only
in chronic alcoholics who have years of severe and heavy drinking. Lastly, psychosis
can also occur during alcohol intoxication, also known as pathologic intoxication, an
uncommon condition the diagnosis of which is considered controversial.
Alcohol-related psychosis spontaneously clears with discontinuation of alcohol use

and may resume during repeated alcohol exposure. Distinguishing alcohol-related
psychosis from schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders through clinical
presentation often is difficult. It is generally accepted that alcohol-related psychosis
remits with abstinence, unlike schizophrenia. If persistent psychosis develops,
diagnostic confusion can result. Comorbid psychotic disorders (eg, schizophrenia
spectrum and other psychotic disorders) and severe mood disorder with psychosis
may exist, resulting in the psychosis being attributed to the wrong etiology.
Some characteristics that may help differentiate alcohol-induced psychosis from

schizophrenia are that alcohol-induced psychosis shows later onset of psychosis,
higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, fewer negative and disorganized
symptoms, better insight and judgment, and less functional impairment.
Tas 12. Say whether the statements are true or false.

T/F
It is generally accepted that alcohol-related psychosis remits with
abstinence, unlike schizophrenia.
Distinguishing alcohol-related psychosis from schizophrenia or
other primary psychotic disorders through clinical presentation is
not difficult.
If persistent psychosis develops, diagnostic confusion can result.
Severe mood disorder with psychosis may exist, resulting in the
psychosis being attributed to the wrong etiology.
Some characteristics that may help differentiate alcohol-induced
psychosis from schizophrenia are that alcohol-induced psychosis
does not show later onset of psychosis.
Alcohol hallucinosis and alcoholic paranoia are not common
39
alcohol-induced psychotic disorders.

Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis that manifests as
prominent hallucinations and delusions occurring in a variety of
alcohol-related conditions.
Alcohol-related psychosis does not clear with discontinuation of
alcohol use and may resume during repeated alcohol exposure.
Psychosis can also occur during alcohol intoxication, also known as
pathologic intoxication.
For patients with alcohol use disorder, previously known as alcohol
abuse and alcohol dependence, psychosis can occur during phases
of severe drinking.
Comorbid psychotic disorders may exist, resulting in the psychosis
being attributed to the wrong etiology.
Task 13. Roleplay. A reporter is interviewing a doctor about the danger of excessive
drinking to the body. Make up a dialogue.
Vocabulary
alcohol grade; light ~; average~; girtumo laipsnis (lengvas,

heavy~; vidutinis, sunkus)
blackouts n sąmonės aptemimas
casualty n nukentėjėlis, auka
cumulative adj augantis, sukauptas
desire n troškimas
disguise v slėpti
domestic adj šeimyninis, namų
delirium tremens baltoji karštligė
detoxication centre priklausomybių centras
fatal adj fatališkas, mirtinas
injured adj sužeistas
occasion n proga, galimybė
record v užrašyti, užregistruoti
split adj suskaldytas
suicide n; to commit a suicide savižudybė, žudytis
tremor n drebulys
withdrawal syndrome pagirių sindromas
It is easy to be brave from a distance.
40
Omaha
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

Instances of child abuse in Lithuania were kept quiet until recently. One
of the principal reasons standing in the way of examining sexual abuse is society’s
silence. Social, legal and psychological grounds are used to justify the silence.
Child sexual abuse occurs when sexual activity such as exposure of
genitalia, fondling, intercourse, oral sex, or pornography (exposure to or involvement
in) is enacted with a minor by a person who holds power over the event. The power
difference eliminates consent. If your child tells you that something happened –
Listen!
Seventy to eighty percent of victims of sexual violence knew their
attacker. The attacker was often an intimate, respected and even loved individual.
Many families do not search for help because these actions, implemented by loved-
ones, are criminal and liable to penalty. Families seek to avoid long trial processes,
do not wish to bring criminal cases against their loved-ones or friends, and do not
want to lose their family’s provider. There is a variety of reasons which force one to
seal the pain inside oneself and avoid the search for help.
In a one-year period, 25% of girls and 10% of boys experience sexual
abuse. Of the girls, 1-2% were victims of direct assault. Two thirds of all the victims
were between the ages of 6 and 12.
The myth that sexual abusers are old, unfamiliar to the child and are
simply paedophiles is not true. Abusers are usually men under the age of 30 (90%).
Children often know who they are: approximately 36% are their fathers, 6% are their
mothers, 4% uncles, 6% brothers, 4% family friends, 1% teachers, and 2% are
individuals looking after the child or others. Only 20-30% of child abusers are not
acquainted with the child. Abusers are from different social layers, violence,
alcoholics, drug addicts, mentally disabled people.
Girls between the ages of six and twelve from a variety of social strata are
most often the victims of sexual abuse (90%). Sexual abuse occurs in so called
respectable families as well. These families just have more opportunities to hide the
crime. Abused children often abuse others when they grow up (70%).
Sexual abuse leaves deep wounds in a child. A child who is the victim of
prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self-esteem, a feeling of worthlessness
41
and an abnormal or distorted view of sex. The child may become withdrawn and
mistrustful of adults, and can become suicidal.
Neither love nor gentleness or attention can completely compensate the
pain, abuse, shame and indignity experienced by a sexually abused child. This trauma
affects a child for the rest of his life. Sexually abused children and their families need
immediate professional evaluation and treatment. Child and adolescent psychiatrists
can help abused children regain a sense of self-esteem, cope with feelings of guilt
about the abuse, and begin the process of overcoming the trauma. Such treatment can
help reduce the risk that the child will develop serious problems as an adult.
Sexual abuse is clearly a crime, few people contact criminal officials - not
only because abused children are afraid to tell anyone about their experience, but
because adults are afraid of a shameful court case and have the least idea of what to
do. The greater part of Lithuanian society believes that these types of criminal cases
can only harm the child.
1.How is sexual abuse defined?
2.What is the society’s reaction to child sexual abuses? How do families react to
sexual abuse of their child?
3.What social strata do sexual attackers come from?
4.What is the age of sexual victims?
5.How greatly is a sexually abused child affected?
6.How are children’s rights defended by Lithuanian Laws?
7.Do sexually abused victims need the help of psychiatrists?
8.In what way can a psychiatrist help a victim?
Task 3. The following items show the problems that abused children face. Make up
sentences of your own using the words or phrases given below
Sexually
Sexuallyabused
abusedchildren
childrenmay
maydevelop
developthe
thefollowing:
following:
unusual
unusualinterest
interestininor
oravoidance
avoidanceof
ofall
allthings
thingsof
ofaasexual
sexualnature
nature
seductiveness
seductiveness
sleep
sleepproblems
problemsor
ornightmares
nightmares
depression
depressionor
orwithdrawal
withdrawalfrom
fromfriends
friendsor
orfamily
family
statements
statementsthat
thattheir
theirbodies
bodiesare
aredirty
dirtyor
ordamaged,
damaged,or
orfear
fearthat
thatthere
thereisissomething
somethingwrong
wrongwith
withthem
them
ininthe
thegenital
genitalarea
area
refusal
refusaltotogo
gototoschool
school
delinquency/conduct
delinquency/conductproblems
problems
secretiveness
secretiveness
aspects
aspectsof
ofsexual
sexualmolestation
molestationinindrawings,
drawings,games,
games,fantasies
fantasies
42 unusual
unusualaggressiveness
aggressiveness
suicidal
suicidalbehavior
behavior
Task 4. Match the words or word combinations in the sentences.
What is Child Sexual Abuse
Child sexual abuse includes touching and non-touching activity. Some examples of
touching activity include:
 touching a child's …………………………………….for sexual pleasure;

 making a child touch someone else's genitals, play ……………or have sex
putting objects or body parts (like fingers, tongue or penis) inside the vagina,
in the mouth or in the anus of a child for………………………;
Some examples of non-touching activity include:
 …………..pornography to a child;
 deliberately exposing an adult's genitals to a child;
 photographing a child in…………………;
 encouraging a child to watch or hear ……………..acts;
 inappropriately watching a child ……………or use the bathroom.
As well as the activities described above, there is also the serious and growing
problem of people making and downloading sexual ………………of children on the
Internet (also known as child pornography). To view child ………….. images is to
participate in the abuse of a child. Those who do so may also be abusing children
they know.
abuse, images, undress, sexual, sexual poses, showing, sexual games, sexual
pleasure, genitals or private parts.
Task 5. A) Read the text.
How do people commit child sexual abuse?

By getting close to children:
People who want to abuse children often build a relationship with the child and the
caring adults who want to protect them. Many are good at making 'friends' with
children and those who are close to them. Some may be a friend of parents who are
facing difficulties, sometimes on their own. They may offer to baby-sit or offer
43
support with childcare and other responsibilities. Some seek trusted positions in the
community which put them in contact with children, such as childcare, schools,
children's groups and sports teams. Some find places such as arcades, playgrounds,
parks, swimming baths and around schools where they can get to know children.
By silencing children:
People who sexually abuse children may offer them gifts or treats, and sometimes
combine these with threats about what will happen if the child says 'no' or tells
someone. They may make the child afraid of being hurt physically, but more usually
the threat is about what may happen if they tell, for example, the family breaking up
or father going to prison. In order to keep the abuse secret the abuser will often play
on the child's fear, embarrassment or guilt about what is happening, perhaps
convincing them that no one will believe them. Sometimes the abuser will make the
child to believe that he or she enjoyed it and wanted it to happen. There may be other
reasons why a child stays silent and doesn't tell. Very young or disabled children may
lack the words or means of communication to let people know what is going on.
B) Translate the words or word combinations into English.

apginti vaikus priartėti prie vaikų
skriaudėjas nutildyti vaikus
priversti patikėti žmonės, norintys
nuskriausti vaikus
neįgalūs vaikai susiduria su
sunkumais
vaiko baimė padėtis
bendruomenėje
sporto komanda bijo būti fiziškai
nubausti
gebėti vaikų seksualinis
susidraugauti išnaudojimas
patikima padėtis baimė dėl to, kas
nutinka
prižiūrėti kūdikį įkalinamas tėvas
44
Task 5. Read the text. Work in pairs. Make a dialogue between a social worker and a
child. What would you ask/answer him/her?
Task 6. Do You know who sexually abuses children?
There is a growing understanding that sexual abusers are likely to be

people we know, and could well be people we care about; after all more than 8 out of
10 children who are sexually abused know their abuser. They are family members or
friends, neighbours or babysitters - many hold responsible positions in society. Some
people who abuse children have adult sexual relationships and are not solely, or even
mainly, sexually interested in children. Abusers come from all classes, ethnic and
religious backgrounds and may be homosexual or heterosexual. Most abusers are
men, but some are women. You cannot pick out an abuser in a crowd.
Task 7. Work in groups. Read the information about the victims of sexual abuse.
Discuss the main reasons why children are unable to tell.
Why don’t children tell?
Three quarters of children who are abused do not tell anyone about it and many keep
their secret all their lives. There are some of the reasons why children were unable to
tell:
“it was nobody else’s business”;

“didn’t think it was serious or wrong”;
“didn’t want parents to find out”;
“didn’t want friends to find out”;
“didn’t want the authorities to find out”;
“was frightened”;
“didn’t think would be believed”;
“had been threatened by abuser”.
Task 8. Read the text. Translate the following word combinations into English.
What should I do if I know a child is / has been abused?
It is very disturbing to suspect someone we know of sexually abusing a child,
especially if the person is a friend or a member of the family. It is so much easier to
dismiss such thoughts and put them down to imagination. But it is better to talk over
the situation with someone than to discover later that we were right to be worried.
And remember, we are not alone.
Thousands of people every year discover that someone in their family or circle of
friends has abused a child. Children who are abused and their families need
professional help to recover from their experience. Action can lead to abuse being
prevented, and children who are being abused receiving protection and help to
recover. It can also lead to the abuser getting effective treatment to stop abusing and
45
becoming a safer member of our community. If the abuser is someone close to us, we
need to get support for ourselves too.

įtarti ką nors vaiko
išnaudojimas
pakalbėti su kuo išmesti iš galvos
nors apie tokias mintis
susidariusią padėtį
tūkstančiai žmonių šeimoms reikia
sužino profesionalios
pagalbos
atsigauti nuo baisios gauti apsaugą
patirties
užkirsti kelią veiksmingas
išnaudojimui elgesys
tapti bendruomenės sustabdyti
nariu išnaudojimą
draugų ratas artimas žmogus
įtarinėti išnaudojimu ką reikėtų daryti
išnaudotojas yra teisūs, kad
šeimos narys įtarinėjome
vaikai ir jų šeimos lengviau
nekreipti
dėmesio
Task 9. Match the words and word combinations on the left (A) with their
endings on the right (B).
Do children sexually abuse other children?
A B
1.We are becoming increasingly aware of a) other children can sometimes

the risk of sexual abuse present a risk.
2. But very few people realise that b) are themselves under the age of
18.
3. Unless the problem is recognised and c) that some adults present to our
help provided, children and there is growing
understanding that this risk lies
46
mostly within families and

communities.
4. A third of those who have sexually d) often older than themselves.

abused a child
5. Many children are abused by other e) a young person who abuses other
children or young people, children may continue abusing as an
adult.
6. This is an especially difficult issue to f) may engage in such behaviour

deal with, with no knowledge that it is wrong
or abusive.
7.Children, particularly in the younger g) partly because it is hard for us to

age groups, think of children doing such things,
but also because it is not always easy
to tell the difference between normal
sexual exploration and abusive
behaviour.
h) rather than abuse.
8. For this reason, it may be more
accurate to talk about sexually harmful
behaviour
1...... 2...... 3...... 4...... 5...... 6...... 7...... 8......
Task 10. A) Read the text.
There are many actions that we can take as a society to reduce the
prevalence of child sexual abuse, although it is probably not possible for any parent
or caring adult to guarantee a child’s protection. Child sexual abuse is a problem that
breeds in secrecy; simply speaking openly and publicly about it will enhance efforts
at prevention. It is critically important to educate our children. They need to know
that their bodies belong to them and that they don’t have to go along with everything
an adult tells them to do. It is important to teach children the proper names for their
genitals. We must encourage them to feel comfortable talking to their parents about
their bodies without embarrassment, and teach them what kind of touching is okay
between a child and an adult, and what is not. Parents should explain to children that
offenders may try to trick them into keeping the “not okay” touching a secret. It is
important that we help them to understand the difference between secrets and
surprises. We can remind children not to keep secrets and that no matter what an
47
offender might say, it’s okay for the child to tell. Finally, when children are brave
enough to disclose sexual abuse, it is important that we respond by doing everything
we can to protect them, enforce the laws against the perpetrators, and offer effective
medical and mental health care. We can help children to recover from such
experiences and protect other children in the process.
The majority are male, although a small percentage is female. Sexual
offenders are not “dirty old men” or strangers lurking in alleys. More often, they are
known and trusted by the children they victimize. They may be members of the
family, such as parents, siblings, cousins or non-relatives, including family friends,
neighbors, babysitters, or older peers.
There’s no clear cut profile of a sex offender. Some offenders were
sexually abused as children, others have no such history. Some are unable to function
sexually with adult partners and so prey on children, but others are sexual with adults.
Child sexual abuse is so hard for most people to comprehend that we want to believe
it only happens when an offender is under the influence of alcohol or drugs but that’s
not usually the case. Very frequently abusers are repeat offenders and a significant
percent are adolescents.
Research has repeatedly shown that child sexual abuse can have very
serious impact on physical and mental health, as well as later sexual adjustment.
Depending on the severity of and number of traumas experienced, child sexual abuse
can have wide-reaching and long-lasting effects on an individual’s physical and
mental health. Sexual abuse also tends to occur in the presence of other forms of
child maltreatment and life adversity. (An Interview with Esther. Deblinger Dr. Esther Deblinger is a
member of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and Co-Director of the Child Abuse Research Education &
Service (CARES) Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - School of Osteopathic Medicine).
B) Answer the questions.
1.What is child sexual abuse?
2. Is there any way to prevent abuse?
3. Who are the most common perpetrators?
4. What is the psychological impact of child sexual abuse?
5. What are the signs of post-traumatic stress reactions?
6. What’s the long-term impact of sexual abuse?
7. Is it common for children not to tell even their parents that they’ve been abused?
What are the signs that a child is being abused?
Children often show us rather than tell us that something is

………………them. There may be many reasons for changes in
their…………………, but if we notice a combination of …………………signs it
may be time to call for help or advice.
What to watch out for in children:
48
 Acting out in an inappropriate ……………………..with toys or objects.

 Nightmares, …………………..problems.
 Becoming ………………….or very clingy.
 Personality changes, seeming……………………....
 Unaccountable fear of particular places or people.
 Outburst of………………….
 Changes in…………………….. habits.
 Physical signs, such as, unexplained ……………………………around
genitals, sexually-transmitted diseases.
 Becoming ………………………….
behaviour, worrying, upsetting, sleeping, sexual way, withdrawn, anger, insecure,

behaviours, eating, soreness or bruises, secretive.
Task 12. Trahslate words and word combinatioms into English

košmarai fiziniai ženklai
asmėnybės kaita elgesys
šauktis pagalbos pokyčiai valgant
paslaptingas pyktis
nubrozdinimai tam tikrų vietų
baimė
nuotaikos pykčio
nebuvimas prasiveržimas
keistai elgtis su tampa priekabus
žaislais
mėlynės ir kokie
nubrozdinimai pagrindiniai
požymiai
jautrus aplink lytinius
organus
Task 13. Read the text. We may feel uncomfortable about the way they play with
the child, or seem always to be favouring them and creating reasons for them to be
alone. There may be cause for concern about the behaviour of an adult or young
person if they:
Spend most of their spare time with children and have little interest in spending time
with people their own age.
Buy children expensive gifts or give them money for no apparent reason.
Frequently walk in on children/teenagers in the bathroom.
Treat a particular child as a favourite, making them feel 'special' compared with
49
others in the family.

Regularly offer to baby-sit children for free or take children on overnight outings
alone.
Pick on a particular child.
Insist on time alone with a child with no interruptions.
Are overly interested in the sexual development of a child or teenager.
Are overly interested in the sexual development of a child or teenager.
Insist on physical affection such as kissing, hugging or wrestling even when the
child clearly does not want it.
Refuse to allow a child sufficient privacy or to make their own decisions on personal
matters.
Task 14. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.
HELPING A CHILD
Many people are afraid of reporting …………………………………. .

They think, “I don’t want …………………………. I reported to know,” or , “I’m
afraid it will come back to haunt me,” or , “it’s not my ………………………… “
Ironically, if you asked people if they should help if seeing a nearby
…………………………., most will say yes. But in a ………………. of sexual child
abuse, that thinking may be different. Without adults, some children might never
receive ……………….. . Remember, you are …………………suspicion of sexual
abuse. Even if you aren’t sure, it’s better to let ……………………………… check it
out. You might save a child’s ………………. .
help, life, child abuse, authorities, person, business, car accident,
responsibility, reporting, case
Task 16 . Prepare a short presentation/talk of a social worker and the abuse.
Task 17. Say whether the statements are true or false. Give examples.
True/false
If a child hints in a vague way that sexual abuse has occurred, don’t let
him talk freely.
Show that you understand and take seriously what the child is saying.
Child and adolescent psychiatrists have found that children who are
listened to and understood, do much better than those who are not.
The disclosure of sexual abuse doesn’t cause any trauma for the child.
Assure the child that he or she did the right thing in telling.
A child who is close to the abuser may feel guilty about revealing the
secret.
The child may feel frightened if the abuser or other family members have
50
threatened him for telling the secret.

Tell the child that he or she is to blame for the sexual abuse.
Offer the child protection and promise to take steps to stop the abuse.
Task 18. Translate the following word combinations.

seksualinė auka gili žaizda
pagrindinė priežastis nuslėpti
nusikaltimą
tyla visuomenėje skriausti kitus
seksualinė prievarta fizinis kontaktas
artimas žmogus (pri)gąsdinti vaiką
(individas)
ieškoti pagalbos patirti pažeminimą
teismo procesas garantuoti apsaugą
šeimos maitintojas priekabiavimas
pateisinti veiksmus žaloti vaiką
socialinis sluoksnis kriminalinė byla
Task 19. Read the information. Why do not children want to be open? Choose one of
the topics and try to spreak with a child.
“What is child abuse?” “Who abuses kids?”

Some kids are abused by strangers, but
Child abuse is when an adult hurts a most are abused by someone they know
child, and it is not an accident. Hitting, —a parent or stepparent, another relative,
constant yelling, or unwanted touching a babysitter, a teacher, or an older kid.
can all be child abuse. If someone is Abuse can happen to all kinds of kids, no
hurting you or making you uncomfort- matter where they live or how much
able, ask the person to stop or leave and money their families have. It can happen
tell someone you trust about what just about anywhere—at home, school,
happened. day care, or the playground.
Physical abuse “Why would someone abuse a kid?”
Physical abuse is when an adult hurts a Most adults care about kids and never
child by hitting, shaking, choking, hurt them. It can be hard to believe that
burning, pinching, beating, or any other someone you love or someone who is
action that causes pain or injury. If you nice can hurt you or other kids, but some
are physically abused, you may notice adults lose their tempers or can’t control
cuts, bruises, or other marks on your the way they act. Drinking alcohol can
body. also make it hard for some people to
control how they act. An adult who hurts
51
children has a problem and needs to get

help to stop.
Emotional abuse “Is it my fault that this happened to me?”
Emotional abuse is when an adult hurts a No. No matter what, abuse is never your
child by always yelling at the child, fault and you don’t deserve it. It’s normal
threatening to leave, or saying mean to feel upset, angry, and confused when
things. If you are emotionally abused, someone hurts you. But don’t blame
you may feel like you are all alone and yourself or worry that others will be
that no one cares about you. angry with you. Even if you think you’ve
done something wrong, that does not
make it okay for someone to hurt you. All
kids deserve to have adults in their lives
who love and support them as they grow
up.
Sexual abuse How can I stop it?”
Sexual abuse is when an adult or If you think that you are being abused,
someone older than a child touches the the bravest and most important thing you
private parts of a child’s body or has a can do is tell someone you trust. Never
child touch the older person’s private keep it a secret, even if the person hurting
parts. Private parts are the parts covered you tells you that something bad will
by bathing suits or underwear. It is also happen if you tell. Trusting someone after
sexual abuse if an adult shows a child you’ve been hurt can be hard to do. If you
pictures or movies of people without their can’t trust anyone at home, talk to
clothes on or takes these types of pictures someone at school (like a teacher,
of a child. If someone is sexually abusing counselor, or school nurse) or a friend’s
you, you may feel uncomfortable, scared, mom or dad. And if that person cannot
or confused. help you, keep telling until you get the
help you need to feel safe.
Neglect “What will happen to the person who
Neglect is when an adult does not give hurt me if I tell?”
the food, care, and place to live that a An adult who hurts children needs special
child needs. If you are neglected, you help to learn to stop. While this person is
may not have clean clothes, a bed to sleep getting help, you may see less of him or
in, or medicine when you are sick. her. This may be tough for you,
especially if that person is a part of your
family. Your whole family may need
help, too.
Vocabulary
abuse n piktnaudžiavimas, prievartavimas
abuser-attacker n prievartautojas
52
avoid v išvengti
case n atvejis, byla
conform(with, to) v atitikti
consent n sutikimas
eliminate v (pa)šalinti, atmesti
enact v įvykdyti
exposure n demonstravimas, rodymas
grounds n pagrindas, priežastis
fondling n glamonėjimas, mylavimas
indignity n pažeminimas
individual n individas
intercourse n lytiniai santykiai
justify v pateisinti
molestation n priekabiavimas
search for v ieškoti
sexual abuser prievartautojas
sexual violence seksualinis smurtas
sexual assault išprievartavimas
social strata socialinis sluoksnis
threaten v gasdinti
trial n teismas
victim n auka, nukentėjęs
violent adj, violence n įsiutęs, įtūžęs; smurtas,
prievartavimas
Force, no matter how concealed, begets resistance.

Lakota
53
DRUG ADDICTION
Country Drug Report 2018 — Lithauania
Task1. Task 1. Read the text.

It seems that official medical statistics do not reflect the true state of
drug addiction in Lithuania and the facts show no great reason for worry.
Based on the statistics from the research conducted by the Lithuanian AIDS
Center, 5,000-6,000 individuals use drugs in Lithuania on a regular basis.
Approximately 6000 people do so occasionally. About 50% of drug addicts are
dependants – unemployed and out of school. Approximately 45% of registered
drug addicts have spent time in correctional facilities, almost 30% of addicts are
women.
Usage of drugs among Lithuanian students since to 15,5%.
Teenagers may be involved with legal or illegal drugs in a variety of ways.
Experimentation with drugs during adolescence is common. Unfortunately,
teenagers often don’t see the link between their actions today and the
consequences tomorrow. They also have a tendency to feel indestructible and
immune to the problems that others experience.
There are many reasons why young people begin to use drugs. It has
been established that young people who are subject to pressure and stress, those
who lack self-esteem, as well as feel lonely and unneeded, are the most likely
users of drugs and substances. They do not want to be left behind by friends and
want to “grow up and become independent” quickly.
The chart below shows the students’ opinion about the main reasons
why people experiment with drugs (Eurobarometer, Astrauskienė A. Strategic directions of drug
control policy in Lithuania).
54
Society is beginning to understand that drug addiction is a disease.

The children of drug addicts suffer from many psychological problems. They
experience nervousness, depression, asocial behavior, constant truancy and
slow development. The children of drug addicts are considered a high risk
group prone to various nervous and mental disorders, alcoholism, drug
addiction and asocial behavior. The children of drug addicts are forgotten by
everyone. Neither their parents nor society care for them.
Prevention should be used as the primary method for solving drug
addiction in Lithuania. It is said that the number of drug addicts in a community
is equal to what is earned through hesitancy and passivity. This is why current
and future drug prevention programmes should be developed.
These are the Priorities of the National Programme on Drug Control
and Prevention in Lithuania:
 Primary drug addiction prevention among children and young
people.
 Reduction of supply of narcotic and psychotropic substances.
 Health care, rehabilitation and social reintegration of persons
using narcotic and psychotropic substances.
 Development of information systems and scientific research.
Task 2. Read the text carefully. Make a short presentation of Lithuanian

National drug strategy in educational institutions. Use any additional
information you need. If it is possible, compare the situation with the situation
in UK.
National drug strategy and coordination National drug strategy

The Lithuanian National Programme on Drug Control and Prevention of Drug
Addiction 2010-16 was endorsed by parliament. The overarching goal of the
programme is to reduce the supply of and demand for illicit drugs and psychotropic
substances and their precursors and to stop the spread ofdrug dependence by
strengthening individual and public education, health and safety. Several priorities
were included in the national programme, which addressed drug demand reduction, in
particular among children and young people; drug supply reduction; drug use
monitoring; the provision of information; and coordination and international
cooperation. The programme was constructed around two pillars covering the areas
of supply and demand reduction and two cross-cutting themes focusing on
coordination and cooperation, and on information and research. The programme was
concerned primarily with illicit drugs. Since 2015, the strategy has been implemented
55
as part of the Interinstitutional Action Plan for Prevention of Drugs, Tobacco and
Alcohol 2015-17, which was approved in 2015. Like other European countries,
Lithuania evaluates its drug policy and strategy through ongoing indicator monitoring
and specific research projects. A final evaluation of the National Programme on Drug
Control and Prevention of Drug Addiction
2010-16 and its implementation through the Interinstitutional Action Plan
for Prevention of Drugs, Tobacco and Alcohol 2015-17 is planned. The Action Plan
sets out a range of goals, objectives and measures, details of planned financial
resources, a set of measures to be undertaken and the institutions responsible for them
and a set of evaluation criteria.
Drug harms
Drug-related infectious diseases In Lithuania, the Centre for
Communicable Diseases and AIDS at the Ministry of Health collects aggregated
nationwide diagnostic data on new cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) and on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acute hepatitis B virus (HBV)
and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections.The numbers of new HIV cases indicate that
there were slight annual fluctuations in the period 2010-15, while the proportion of
new HIV cases linked to injecting drug use in Lithuania declined from more than 60
% in 2010 to less than 30 % in 2015. Nevertheless, with 15.1 notifications per million
population, Lithuania is among the European countries with the highest rate of newly
reported HIV-positive cases linked to injecting (Figure 9). Some data on acute HBV
and HCV infections resulting from injecting drug use are also available from the case
notifications; however, in the majority of the cases, risk factors are not reported. HIV
prevalence rates among sub-groups of people who inject drugs (PWID) increased to
more than 1 % in 1997, but remained consistently below 5 % until 2001. In 2015, a
total of 200 clients of harm reduction programmes in three cities (Alytus, Visaginas,
Klaipeda) were tested, and the results indicated that HIV prevalence was 12.5 % and
HCV antibody prevalence was 77 %, while 10.5 % of those tested were positive for
HBV surface antigen (i.e. indicating a current infection).
Drug-related emergencies
The information on drug-related emergencies in Lithuania originates from
the Institute of Hygiene, which reports the number of contacts with healthcare
institutions (inpatient and outpatient) attributable to poisoning by drugs or
psychoactive substances. In 2015, a total of 599 contacts were reported, which was an
increase compared with 2013 and 2014 (327 and 415 contacts, respectively). This
increase was attributed mainly to the rise in opioid- and cannabis-related
emergencies(opium, in particular). The mean age of people seeking emergency
carewas 28 years and the majority were male.
Drug-induced deaths and mortality
Drug-induced deaths are deaths directly attributable to the use of illicit
drugs (i.e. poisonings and overdoses). Since 2012, the General Mortality Register of
the Institute of Hygiene has reported a continuous increase in the number of drug-
induced deaths in Lithuania, with a record number of deaths in 2015.Some of this
56
increase can be attributed to the increased number of post-mortem toxicological

screens that have been carried out in recent years and to improved toxicological
analysis methods and tools.
Most of the victims in 2015 were male and the mean age at death was
34.9 years. Opioids remained the primary substances involved in 102 deaths with
known toxicology results (one involved fentanyl and eight involved methadone). The
drug-induced mortality rate among adults (15-64 years) was 59 deaths per million in
2012, more than double the European average of 20.3 deaths per million.
Task 3. Complete the crossword.
57
ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Drug Abuse Statistics
A number of different government agencies take annual surveys to monitor the ups
and downs of substance abuse and addiction in the United States. Some findings
include:
 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH),

approximately 27 million Americans, or 10.2% of the American population
over the age of 12 reported using illicit drugs in 2014.
 The NSDUH also estimated that about 28.7 million people or 10.9% of the
population over 12 drove while intoxicated at least once in 2013.
 An estimated 6.5 million Americans over the age of 12 reported current, non-
medical use of prescription drugs, such as painkillers, tranquilizers, stimulants,
and sedatives.
 Estimates showed that in 2014, nearly 140 million Americans over the age of
12 were, at the time, currently using alcohol, with 16.3 million having reported
heavy alcohol use in the prior month, and 60.9 million having reported binge
drinking in the prior month, reflecting an increase from previous years.
 NSDUH reports that cocaine use declined among Americans over the age of 12
– from about 2.3 million people in 2003 to approximately 1.5 million people in
2014.
 In 2014, 21.5 million Americans aged 12 or older met the criteria for a
substance use disorder (or addiction) in the previous year.
 In 2013, 22.7 million Americans needed treatment for a substance use disorder
– almost 9% of the population over the age of 12. Only about 2.5 million
received such treatment at a specialty facility. It is estimated that more than
41% of treatment admissions were for alcohol abuse, 20 % of admissions were
for opiate addiction treatment, and 17% were for the treatment of marijuana
abuse in 2009. (Drug Abuse Symptoms, Facts, and Statistics Edited By Maria Gifford,
B.A. Reviewed By Leah Miller, M.A.).
58

1. What does the statistics indicate?
2. Do the facts and figures about drug addiction make you alert?
3. What is the percentage of young people using drugs?
4. Why do people “join the ranks of Morfius”?
5. Is drug addiction a disease? How much do children of drug addicts suffer?
6. Is help for drug abusers greatly developed in Lithuania? What should be
done?
Task 6. Read the information.
Popular Club Drugs
Club drugs are prevalent in many venues where young people prefer to spend their
time, such as parties, concerts, or raves. Older teens and adults can get access to
these same drugs in clubs and bars on a regular basis.
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has a high potential for abuse and no recognized
medical use in the United States. This drug is a central nervous system depressant.
GHB imitates the GABA neurotransmitter in the human brain. GABA works by
regulating consciousness, activity, and sleep, as well as improving mood and
promoting a feeling of relaxation. When GHB is taken, it can create feelings of
euphoria, drowsiness, reduced anxiety, confusion, and memory impairment. These
effects can lead to GHB used as a “date rape” drug*, since the individual may not
have any recollection of the event. Combining GHB with other drugs or alcohol can
lead to breathing difficulties and overdose. Continued abuse of GHB can result in
coma, seizures and even death.
*
A date rape drug, also referred to as a predator drug, is any drug that is an incapacitating agent
which, when administered to another person, incapacitates the person and renders them vulnerable
to a drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), including rape.
Rohypnol
A second central nervous system depressant popular among young people is a

benzodiazepine called Rohypnol. Like GHB, Rohypnol can decrease inhibitions,
impair memory and coordination, and create a feeling of euphoria. Rohypnol is often
59
used to sedate and incapacitate a victim of sexual attack, leaving them with no
memory of the attack. Continued abuse of Rohypnol can lead to addiction.
Ketamine
Ketamine is an anesthetic with dissociative properties, which some users find

enjoyable. Ketamine can lead to feelings of euphoria, hallucinations, distorted
perception of sight and sound, disconnection, and loss of control.
Taking even small amounts of ketamine can result in significantly dangerous

symptoms, including difficulties with cognition and focus, and becoming
unresponsive to stimuli. Moderate use generally produces hallucinations and a
dreamy euphoria. Higher doses may cause the individual to suffer from amnesia or
become delirious. With any level of abuse, memory can be negatively affected.

narkotikai yra pavojingi
paplitę simptomai
iškreiptas garso vartojant net mažą
suvokimas kiekį
centrinės nervų paveikta atmintis
sistemos
depresantas
atminties vyresni paaugliai
sutrikimai
įvykių kvėpavimo
prisiminimas sutrikimai
sudaryti euforijos vartoti pastoviai
jausmą
didesnės doses atsipalaidavimo
jausmas
sukelti maišyti su kitais
haliucinacijas narkotikais
Task 8. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.
1. ……………themselves admit that their children suffer more than those of

alcoholics.
2. Adequate attention to ………………….. drug addicts has yet to be shown.
3. ……………….committed by these individuals are also increasing.
4. About 50% of drug addicts are ……………… .
60
5. Neither their parents nor ………………………. care for the children of drug
abusers.
6. They earn ……………………….. for drugs through crime.
7. There are many ……………………. why young people begin to use drugs.
8. Some use drugs on a ……………………………. .
9. The …………………… of young people comes too late.
10. Pain, tears and sometimes ……………………. of children are the price of
waiting.
11. The network of ………………….. assistance provided to children must
also be broadened.
12. ………………….. work in the family is the only method to remove drug
addiction from society.
13. Lithuania’s current steps in ………………….. children from drug
addiction can be called passive cries for help.
14. A clear relation between the drug and ………………….. use was
established.
15. The majority of students admitted that they lacked ……………………
about narcotics.
16. The growth of the initial ………………….. of drug addiction should be
blocked.
Alcohol, protecting, regular basis, treatment, crimes, money, juvenile, preventive,
dependants, society, death, reasons, psychological, information, indicators, drug
addicts
Task 9.
a) Read aloud some facts from American Drug Addiction Statistics. Pay
attention to reading the numbers correctly.
 In one research study, approximately 1 in 5 people between the ages
of 16 and 59 said that they had taken at least one of the drugs mentioned.
 More men than women said that they had taken drugs. 24% of men
and 16% of women had taken at least one kind of drug in their lives. 52% of
men and 36% of women had taken drugs, and had taken more than one type.
 Marijuana was the most commonly used drug, experienced by 12%
of all participants and 24% of those aged 18 to 25.
 Alcohol in combination with other drugs was the most frequently
mentioned drug at time of emergency department admission, followed by
cocaine, heroin/morphine, and marijuana.
 The percentage of the population using illicit drugs increased from
6,3% to 7,1%. Statistically significant increases were noted for the current use
61
of marijuana (4,8 to 5,4%), cocaine (0,5 to 0,7%), pain relievers (1,2 to 1,6%),
and tranquilizers (0,4 to 0,6%).
 There were 19,102 deaths from drug-induced causes (legal and
illegal drugs). The number of persons with drug addiction problems increased
from 14,5 million (6,5 percent of the population) to 16,6 million (7,3%).
(Drug Addiction Statistics)
b)Give a short summary of the situation.
Task 10. Read the story about Drug Addict.
E.B. was just 18 when she was referred to detoxication centre by a

homeless agency. She had used heroin and other drugs for some years on and off. She
was supported by the centre in her struggle with drugs and managed to maintain her
progress.
This is E.B.’s poem:
I am back on the drugs and back on the pins.

I made it for two years and then just gave in.
There’s no reason for it so please don’t ask why,
I just couldn’t resist it, on immediate high.
Now I am angry with me for what I have done,

My arms are both bruised and it hasn’t been fun.
Yes, I regret it, I know I’m to blame,
I won’t ask for help though, I feel so much shame.
No-one but me got me into this state,

And no-one but me can make me go straight.
I’d better do something, my life is at stake,
Will I make it this time or is it too late?
Task 11. Write the story of Your help.
Task 6. Check your comprehension saying whether the sentence is true or false.
1. E.B. is very happy.
2. The girl’s life is at stake.
62
3. Her friends got her into this state.
4. She can’t ask for help because she feels shame.
5. She has been using drugs for two years.
6. The girl’s arms are nice.
7. She doesn’t regret about using drugs.

8. She is the only person to blame for the situation she is in now.
9. E. B. was 15 when she was taken to the detoxication centre.
10.She had been using marijuana until she was taken care of by social workers.
Task 7. Give a short story about E. B. using the following phrases.
Homeless agency Detoxication on the on the pins bruised

centre drugs arms
regret blame life is at shame late
stake
Task 8. Read the information about drug groups. Use the dictionary if necessary.
Describe every drug group.
What is a psychoactive drug?

The word “psycho” comes from Greek and means “mind”. A
psychoactive drug is a drug that has an effect on the brain and central nervous
system. It can affect the way a person thinks, feels or acts. Psychoactive drugs
impact on our thinking, senses, emotions, how awake or sleepy we feel, energy
levels, organ functions, hormone levels, coordination and motor control.
Barbiturates Hard Drugs

These drugs relax the nervous system. This term refers to opium and the
They include sleeping pills and drugs made from opium, such as
tranquillizers. They are sometimes morphine and heroin, and synthetic
called sedatives-hypnotics. substitute such as methadone.
Barbiturates can produce an effect These drugs depress the central
similar to drinking too much alcohol: nervous system as well as heart
63
confusion, slurred speech, staggering rate, breathing, immune system.

walk and fumbling hands. They may All muscles are relaxed, walking
produce physical dependence. gait is slowed, speech is slurred.
Breaking the habit can result in All narcotic drugs are addictive,
nausea, delirium and in some cases, and the habit becomes harder and
death. Barbiturates are particularly harder to break. Giving it up means
lethal when combined with alcohol. fever, nightmares, vomiting and
severe pain. Not giving it up means
death.
Hallucinogens Stimulants (Amphetamines)
These drugs cause hallucinations- These drugs have the opposite
seeing, hearing, smelling things in a effect to barbiturates. Stimulants
distorted way. The best known of commonly used are cocaine and
them are – LSD, Phencyclidine, drugs of the amphetamine family.
Mescaline, Peyote. Phencyclidine, or A highly addictive smokable form
PCP, known popularly by such names of cocaine called “crack” appeared
as “angel dust” and “rocket fuel” in the 1980’s.These drugs cause
produce symptoms like those of excessive physical or mental
schizophrenia. Physical effects of activity. Heavy doses cause
hallucinogens are: altered mood, irritability, tension, jerky
altered perception of ones own body, movements and rapid heartbeat.
increased emotionality. Marijuana is Both cocaine and amphetamines,
also counted as a hallucinogen, and it after prolonged daily use, can
comes from the plant cannabis. The produce a psychosis similar to
leaves of the plant are crushed to acute schizophrenia. Large or small
produce marijuana; its concentrated doses can produce aggressive
resin is hashish. Both drugs are behaviour.
usually smoked.
Task 9. Fill in the table. What fact goes with which group? Make a cross in the
column.
S (A)=stimulants
B HD H S/A
64
1. Marijuana belongs to this group.

2. These drugs may make a person walk unsteadily.
3. Heroin belongs here.
4. These drugs are addictive.
5. These drugs can cause death.
6. LSD belongs here.
7. These drugs relax the nervous system.
8. Morphine belongs to this group.
9. These drugs make you extremely active.
10. You can have nightmares if you try to give them up.
11. Sleeping pills belong here.
12. These drugs make you see things in a twisted way.
13. You’ll find tranquillizers here.
14. These drugs are dangerous.
15. These drugs cause a person’s heart to beat faster than usual.
16. Opium belongs to this group.
Task 10. Match the word to the corresponding definition.
1. Temporary place for those who have no residence.

2. Drugs relaxing the nervous system.
3. The state of not being well.
4. A group of drugs, which cause seeing, hearing, smelling in a distorted way.
5. Nightmares.
6. A group of drugs, which produces excessive activity.
7. A centre, where body can be cleaned from toxins and poisons.
65
horrible dreams
f)hallucinogens
b)detoxication
e)barbiturates
g)stimulants
d)homeless
c)dreadful
a)disease
agency
centre
1… 2… 3… 4… 5… 6… 7…
Task 11. Translate the following word and word combinations combinations into
English:

narkomanas iškreiptas
būdas
atspindėti padėtį pakitęs
suvokimas
pagal statistiką koncentruota
derva
pastoviai vartoti agresyvus
elgesys
psichologo stiprūs
pagalba skausmai
spręsti problemą pagreitėjęs
širdies
plakimas
įvykdyti atsisakyti
nusikaltimą narkotikų
atpalaiduoti nervų didelės dozės
sistemą
fizinė kampuoti
priklausomybė judesiai
neaiški prailgintas
kalba(murmesys) veikimas
Task 12. Fill in the table. Add suffixes to the following verbs (if necessary) in order
to make new parts of speech.
Verb Noun Adverb Adjective

correct
addict
66
reflect
establish
press
depress
prevent
solve
develop
Check up the vocabulary.
addiction n polinkis, žalingas įprotis

addictive adj įprantamas
correctional facility pataisos įstaiga
drug n vaistas, narkotikas
drug addiction narkomanija
drug addict narkomanas
drug abuser narkomanas
dependant adj priklausomas (nuo ko nors)
hesitancy n svyravimas, neryžtingumas
on a regular basis reguliariai
passivity n pasyvumas
prone to adj turintis polinkį į ką nors
reflect v atspindėti
self-esteem savigarba
subject to adj linkęs į ką nors
Improvement makes straight roads, but the

crooked roads without improvement,
67
are roads of genius.

Blake
VI. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
VI.I. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Task 1. Read some statistical facts and give genera-lized comments on
them in 2-3 sentences.
 63.3% of Lithuanian women have been victims of male physical or sexual
violence or threats after their 16th birthday;
 42.2% of all married and cohabiting women have been victims of physical or
sexual violence by their present partner;
 93% of women who killed their mates had been battered by them;
 67% killed them to protect themselves and their children at the moment of
murder;
 53.3% of women who had a husband or a partner in the past, suffered
violence by their ex-spouse or ex-partner;
 70% of men who batter their partners either sexually or physically abuse
their children;
 75.3% of adult women do not feel safe from risk of assault. Most Lithuanian
women do not feel safe in public places and this restricts their freedom;
 79% of the battered women think that their home is the safest place for their
children and themselves.
68
Domestic violence contains three main elements: psychological,

physical and sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse within the domain of domestic violence can be defined
as a situation whereby the perpetrator uses or threatens to use force against his
partner (i.e. twisting hands, hitting and kicking) to make her kiss and caress, or
force intercourse against his partner‘s will.
Physical abuse encompasses a broad range of actions, from pushing
to murder, and is accompanied by emotional abuse which entails mockery and
nasty remarks, as well as non-verbal actions seeking to offend, humiliate and
hurt victims of domestic violence. Psychological abuse may also include threats
or fear of possible violence as a control mechanism.
Two thirds of young women experienced psychological abuse by
their boy-friends. 43% of young women said that their boy-friends accused
them of infidelity, ignored their feelings and wishes, threatened to desert them
(25%), the boy-friends called them offending names (28%), 18% of young
women mentioned that the boy-friend controlled their freedom, and 14%
maintained that their boy-friends humiliated them publicly by mocking at things
dear to them.
Economic abuse is expressed through financial dependence of
women on their men. Economic dependence of women is closely linked to
physical and sexual abuse. An economically dependant woman cannot leave the
man who abuses her because she would not be able to support her children and
herself. Social Programmes that seek to help victims of violence are usually
aimed at helping women to acquire economic freedom, i.e. find employment
and accommodation.
The research on violence against women conducted in Lithuania
usually focuses on married women and young single women abuse in family ,
in public places and at work.
Violence is not restricted to the family. Many women sustain
violence from their boy-friends/lovers and friends. This is violence in co-
habituating relations between unmarried women and men whose aim is to
choose a partner. In pre-marital relations we can find all forms of domestic
violence: physical, sexual and psychological abuse. In co-habituating relations
economic abuse is the least likely as there is no mutual economic dependence.
Experience of violence in the family depends on the level of
education, although this connection is not very strong. Women whose education
is less than secondary, experience violence in the family more often (47.8%)
than those with secondary and higher education (38.8%). The level of education
69
of husband/partner is a more influential factor: men who have not completed

secondary school but have a higher than primary education, are the most violent
(60.4%), while men with higher education are the least aggressive (31.9%).
Nearly two thirds of women who experienced abuse in the family thought about
divorce, but their children’s welfare prevented them from taking any such
action.
Why do women stay in such abusive situations? There are several
situational and emotional factors:
Situational factors Emotional factors

- economic dependence; - fear of loneliness;
- fear of greater physical harm - insecurity over potential
to themselves and their independence and lack of
children if they attempt to emotional support. Guilt about
leave; failure of marriage;
- fear of psychological/social - fear that husband is not able
damage to the children; to survive alone;
- fear of losing custody of - belief that husband will
children; change;
- lack of alternative housing; - ambivalence and fear over
- lack of good job skills; making formidable life
- social isolation resulting in changes;
lack of support from family or - power and control wheel.
friends and lack of
information regarding
alternatives;
- fear of involvement in
civil/court processes;
- cultural, social and religious
constraints;
- fear of an unknown future.
Violence is a powerful social control mechanism.Women’s activity
both in the family or in the public is restricted by either actual abuse or fear of
possible violence. Therefore, the implementation of the principles of women’s
freedom and equality should be based on the abolition of violence against
women in all forms.
70
1. Physical violence is the worst form of violence.

2. Social programs which help abused women are aimed at finding a job and
accommodation for them.
3. Violence occurs only in families.
4. Economic abuse has no place in co-habituating relations.
5. The statistics show the whole scale of violence against women.
6. Education of people positively affects the number of cases of violence.
7. Two thirds of abused women think about the divorce with perpetrator.
8. Women don’t leave their husbands because they love and trust them.
9. Women know that after leaving their husbands they lose custody of children.
10. Men’s control and power over women stop them from running away.
Task 4. Choose between the simple present and present continuous tense:
1. Children often suffer / are suffering when their parents divorce.

2. While a marriage ends / is ending, parents should think of their children.
3. John is / is being separated from his wife. They split up last year.
4. The judge gives / is giving her sentence next week.
5. Divorce proceedings in Britain take / are taking several months.
6. They work / are working in a supermarket at the moment, but hope to change
jobs soon.
7. We normally have / are having a lot of friction in our marriage.
8. He does / is doing his best to save the relationship, but his wife is not trying
very hard.
(From Geraldine Ludbrook, English for Welfare Services)
Task 5. Describe each type of domestic violence against women. Pick out the
necessary words from the text.
 Physical violence:……………………………………………………...……
 Psychological violence:………………………………………….…………
 Sexual violence:……………………………………………….……………
 Economic violence:…………………………………………………………
Task 6. Fill in the prepositions in, of, on, to.
The breakdown …… a marriage gives rise to a variety of legal problems as well

as being very distressing …… the partners involved. The matters of most
concern involve the children, income ……. which to live, and who will live
71
…… the family home. In most cases of marriage breakdown, the partners

involved manage to agree …… the steps to be taken regarding children,
possessions and maintenance either informally or through mediation. ……
other cases, the courts have to decide. Separation and divorce also may affect
the tax you pay, your pension, National Insurance contributions, loans and hire
purchase, the mortgage, and ownership ……. property and possessions.
Task 7. Analyse the table. Make up 10 questions which could reveal the
information.
Young women who experienced emotional abuse (per cent)
Abuser
Fathe Brother Friend Other
r s
Experience of emotional 63 22 62 64
abuse
Abuser:
Called insulting names 22 21 28 49
Humiliated in a public 3 3 14 38
place
Jeered at dear beliefs and 5 4 13 36
things (beliefs, attitudes,
etc.)
Controlled freedom 59 6 18 32
(where you go, what you
do, with whom you
associate, etc.)
Forced to leave school, 3 - 3 2
sports, art, work
Forbade to associate with 15 1 8 13
friends, family members,
acquaintances
Was apt to suspect of - - 43 -
infidelity
72
Ignored feelings and 19 6 43 17

wishes
Threatened to beat up, 10 2 9 20
maim
Threatened to leave, 1 - 25 -
divorce
Threatened to destroy, 3 - - 2
take away property
Did not give money, 8 - - 2
forced to ask for money
for living
Regarded as an inferior 3 - - 8
being, worse employee
(From Sociological Survey of the Problem of Violence against Women in Lithuania by Raimonda
Mikalajūnaitė)
Task 8. Fill in the gaps choosing the right word:
1. This was one of the few crimes he did not …………… .

a)achieve b)commit c)make d)perform
2. The girl jumped out of the window and committed ………….. .

a)death b)homicide c)murder d)suicide
3. The thief was badly ……………… by the dog in the garden.

a)damaged b)eaten c)mauled d)violated
4. The children were kidnapped by a …………… of robbers.

a)crew b)gang c)staff d)team
5.The policeman asked the man to make a(n) ………………. .
a)decision b)declaration c)story d)statement
6.The lieutenant of the police said that he saw no ………….. between

the three crimes.
a)communication b)connection c)join d)use
73
7.The police arrested the wrong woman because they ………….. the
names they had been given by the witness.
a)mixed b)confused c)used d)puzzled
8.We promise not to reveal your …………… if you tell us who the
murderers are.
a)anonymity b)identification c)identity d)character
9.As she was caught in …………….. of a gun, she was immediately

imprisoned.
a)way b)ownership c)property d)possession
10.He was informed by the police that he would be forced to take the
women into ……………. .
a)guardianship b)custody c)protection d)detection
11.The police don’t take …………….. measures against crimes.

a)real b)effective c)new d)perfect
12.If you can’t solve the task, it will have to be settled by ……

a)arbitration b)court c)judge d)choice
13.Jane’s comments ………….. no relation to the facts of the case.

a)bear b)give c)show d)prove
14.It is a criminal offence to ………….. the facts.

a)find b)cause c)hide d)suppress
15.The judge will hear the second …………… after supper.

a)case b)event c)murder d)cause
16.If you commit an offence, you will be …………….. trouble.

a)at b)in c)with d)out
17.He couldn’t tell the truth so he had to …….. a story.
74
a)make b)invent c)create d)lie
18.They recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile

………………. .
a)murderers b)delinquents c)perpetrators d)convicts
Task 9. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct
place in the passage below:
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS FIND HOPE AT THE VILNIUS

WOMEN’S HOUSE AND CRISIS CENTER
crisis dan- shelter lawyers psycholo volun- victim provi-

gerous -gists teers s des
active- project do- intolera- women society vio-
ties mestic ble lence
violen-
ce
The Vilnius Women’s House and …………. Center began its

work on August 15th, 1996, following more than three years of activities
and programs raising the issue of ……………………………. against
…………….. in Lithuanian …………… . The Center resulted from co –
operation between the Women’s House organization in Lithuania, Oslo
University in Norway, and the Women’s Crisis centers in Denmark. The
Crisis Center …………. has been financed by the Norwegian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.
The main ………….. of the Center have been:
- a help line since November 1996 that …………. Information and
support to …………. of domestic …………….. . The help line is run by
the Crisis Center’s staff and …………. who have received training in
counseling;
- personal consultations with …………….. , …………….. , and medical
doctors, if necessary;
- the creation of a temporary ………….. for women and their children in
cases where the home environment becomes too …………… or
…………….. .
75
Task 10. Look at the table. Make up sentences of your own which help to reveal
information.
Forms of physical Abuser

abuse
Fathe Friend Fellow Strange
r student r
Experience of 48 31 52 30
physical abuse
Abuser
Beat on the face 18 14 12 21
Pulled their hair 9 5 39 10
Pushed 13 16 39 25
Strangled 3 3 3 2
Kicked 4 4 18 3
Twisted hands 4 13 30 9
Bit - 2 - -
Trampled - - - -
Beat up with an 42 - 5 3
object
Poked - 1 7 -
Burned - - - -
(From Sociological Survey of the Problem of Violence against Women in Lithuania by Raimonda
Mikalajūnaitė)
Task 11. Read the passage associated with domestic violence in U.K. and give
a summary of this pasage in 6-7 sentences:
Domestic violence is a major cause of health problems for

Women. About 80% of women experiencing domestic violence visit health
services and require wide – ranging health interventions. A study of the
use of health services by domestic violence survivors found:
18% go to a physician in the first year of abuse;
- 56% turn up in the second year;
76
- 31% do not have any contact with their physician until the
third year.
Domestic violence is a factor of at least 1 in 4 suicide
attempts by women. The psychological effects of domestic violence can
include low self esteem, dependence upon the perpetrator, feelings of
hopelessness about ending the violence, a tendency to minimize or deny
the violence. Domestic violence often starts or intensifies during
pregnancy. Amongst a group of pregnant women attending primary care
in East London: 15% reported violence during their pregnancy; just under
40% reported that violence started whilst they were pregnant, whilst 30%
who reported violence during pregnancy also reported they had at
sometime suffered a miscarriage as a result. Domestic violence is
associated with increases in rates of miscarriage, low birth weight,
premature birth, fetal injury and fetal death. (Annual Report by Chief
Medical Officer, 1997).
Task 12. Write questions for these answers:
1) _________________________________________________________?
No, I‘m divorced.
2) _________________________________________________________?
He‘s seeing a solicitor about financial matters.
3) _________________________________________________________?
We live with our mother in a flat in London.
4) _________________________________________________________?
She rarely sees her father.
5) _________________________________________________________?
They are getting divorced next week.
6) _________________________________________________________?
She wants a lot of maintenance.
7) _________________________________________________________?
Yes, the divorce is final.
8) _________________________________________________________?
It is all John's fault.
Task 13. Read the passage associated with assistance for victims of violence.
Do you know any other shelters for abused women in Lithuania?
77
From the 1st January 1999 there was the only one institution
named the Crisis Center and it remains the only shelter for abused
women, established by Vilnius Women’s Home. But there are other
options for victims of domestic violence to receive assistance. According
to the data from the Women’s Issues Information Center, from the 1 st
January 1999, the following institutions located in different cities provide
assistance for women victims of violence:
1.Shelters (5): 2 shelters established by the municipalities; 1 shelter established
by the Church; and 2 shelters established by the Municipality Police.
2.Lodging for the night homes (3): 2 established by the municipalities and
1 established by municipality police.
3.Consultive centers (2): Centre of Psychological Consultation and Cabinet of
Family Relations.
4.Consultative centers, established by the Municipality police (2).
5.Phone lines of psychological help (5).
6.Phone trust lines, established by the Municipality Police (40).
The institutions Vilnius Women’s Home Crisis Center and
Shelter for Abused Women, and Vievis Shelter for Women and Children
provide assistance to abused women irrespectively of having children.
Vilnius Shelter for Battered Mothers and Children providers
accommodation only for mothers with children, but works as consultative
center for all battered women.
Task 14. Translate the word combinations into English:

fizinė prievarta priklausyti
finansiškai
mušti moteris kriminaliniai
nusikaltimai
patirti kaltinamas
psichologinį netinkamu
smurtą elgesiu
svarbus vaikų gerovė
faktorius
78
apribota veikla kaltės jausmas

baimė prarasti sociologinis
vaikus tyrimas
Task 15. Spousal abuse and battery are used for one purpose: to gain and
maintain total control over the victim. In addition to physical violence, abusers
use the following tactics to exert power over their wives or partners. By
studying both Power and Control Wheel and situational and emotional factors
effecting woman stay in abusive situation, write about violence against women
in Lithuania. Work in groups.
 Dominance — Abusive individuals need to feel in charge of the

relationship. They will make decisions for you and the family, tell you what to
do, and expect you to obey without question. Your abuser may treat you like a
servant, child, or even as his possession.
 Humiliation — An abuser will do everything he can to make you
feel bad about yourself, or defective in some way. After all, if you believe
you're worthless and that no one else will want you, you're less likely to leave.
He may keep you from seeing family or friends, or even prevent you from
going to work or school. You may have to ask permission to do anything, go
anywhere, or see anyone.
79
 Threats — Abusers commonly use threats to keep their victims

from leaving . Your abuser may threaten to hurt or kill you, your children, other
family members, or even pets. He may also threaten to commit suicide, or
report you to child services.
 Intimidation — Your abuser may use a variety of intimation tactics
designed to erode your self-esteem and make you feel powerless.
 Isolation — In order to increase your dependence on him, an
abusive partner will use tactics including making threatening looks or gestures,
smashing things in front of you, destroying property, hurting your pets, or
putting weapons on display. The clear message is that if you don't obey, there
will be violent consequences.
 Denial and blame — Abusers are very good at making excuses for
the inexcusable. They will blame their abusive and violent behavior on a bad
childhood, a bad day, and even on the victims of their abuse. Your abuser may
minimize the abuse or deny that it occurred. He will commonly shift the
responsibility onto you: Somehow, his violence and abuse is your fault.
(Source: Domestic Abuse Intervention Project, MN; Mid-Valley Women's Crisis Service)
Task 16. Check up the vocabulary.
abolition n panaikinimas
ambivalence n dvylipumas
conduct n elgesys
conduct v vadovauti, vesti
custody n globa
domestic violence smurtas namuose
forbid (forbade, forbiden) v uždrausti, užginti, neleisti
formidable adj grėsmingas, sunkiai įveikiamas
habituating relations gyventi kartu nesusituokus
harassment n priekabiavimas, įžeidinėjimas
humiliate v žeminti
ignore v ignoruoti, nekreipti dėmesį
indefidelity n neištikimybė
jeer n išjuokimas, tyčiojimasis
mockery n pasityčiojimas, pašiepimas, išjuokimas
mutual adj tarpusavio
nasty remarks bjaurios, šlykščios pastabos
offend v įžeisti, užgauti
perpetrator n nusikaltėlis, kaltininkas
80
poke v stumtelėti, trenkti kumščiu

restrict v apriboti
shelter n pastogė, prieglauda, prieglobstis
strangle v smaugti, dusinti
sustain violence patirti smurtą
threat n gasdinimas
threaten v gasdinti
trample v trypti, mindžioti
twist v sukti
VI.II. VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
Task 1. Translate the passage with the help of a dictionary.
Being safe from violence is a basic human right. The United

Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child states that governments
“shall take all appropriate measures to protect the child from all forms
of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse” (Article 19.1).
At present there are no separate laws on (physical) domestic
violence in Lithuania. The Criminal Code contains about twenty articles
on violence in total, but they are gender neutral. Theoretically, the same
articles apply in both cases: violence by a stranger or by a family
member. The differences are in criminal procedures and attitudes of the
law enforcement officers or judges. Attitudes towards domestic violence is
to treat it as a private matter. There are no legal mechanisms to stop a
perpetrator of domestic violence by the police and prevent future violent
behavior, unless an incident resulted in murder or heavy injuries. In other
cases, the police only makes an official remark to perpetrator that his
behavior is asocial.
81
parental refuges to extend protection equal abused
responsibili opportuniti women
ty es
increase to amend violence procedure effective child
on s homicide
children
find out safeguard agreement children
s
At present all parents who are married have
……………………….. for their children. Unmarried mothers automatically
have parental responsibility and unmarried fathers can obtain this by
court order or by ………………… with the mother. In July 1998 the
Lord Chancellor announced that the Government intends ………………..
parental responsibility to unmarried fathers who jointly register the birth of
the child.
While both married and unmarried fathers can obtain contact
orders, at present it is easier for …………… to provide ……………
for unmarried women because the confusion over parental responsibility
means that it usually takes longer for an unmarried father to
…………………… about his legal rights and apply for contact. That
delay is not fair in terms of ……………………., but at least it offers
some protection which is not always available under the Children Act.
If there is going to be an …………….. in parental
responsibility for unmarried fathers, it is essential that adequate
………………… should also be provided for ………………………………
and ……….. Women’s Aid Federation of England is calling on the
Government ………….. the Children Act to deal with both of these
issues simultaneously.
Training on domestic violence should be provided for all court
professionals to enable them to recognize the impact of
……………………. and to deal with safety issues effectively.
The Department of Health should urgently analyze reviews of
……………………………….. cases involving domestic violence in order
to draw up more …………….. risk assessment …………… .
Task 3. Analyse the document.
82
Midlands Social Services Department

Case Notes
Name Jane Miller Social worker……………

Age 19
Address 26 Station Rd Date 5/ 1/ 07
Brownhills BATTERED CHILD
Notes Jane has an 18-month-old daughter called Tracey. The father,
Robert Miller, left home in October. She doesn’t see him and he
sends her no money. Jane lives in a small flat with one bedroom
(she and Tracey share a bed ). There is no kitchen and she has to
cook in the living-dining room. Jane gets £34 a week social
security benefit, but this is not very much (the rent is £20 a
week) and she does a cleaning job for two hours each evening to
earn money. She leaves Tracey with a neighbour while she
works. Jane’s mother lives in the North of England and can’t
help. Neighbours have heard shouting and crying in the flat
before, but the noise was so loud on the evening of 3rd January,
that Mrs Godfrey knocked on the door. Jane was crying when
she went in. Tracey was on the floor and there was blood on her
face. The child is now in hospital and will go to a children’s
home next week.
Conclusions
Jane’s case is typical of many: an unwanted baby, mother too
young, no money, poor flat. If Robert Miller had stayed at home,
things would have been different. If he had only left her some
money, life would have been easier for Jane. She needs help. I
will visit again on the 11th January.
Task 4. What do the case notes tell you about…

-Tracey and what happened to her?
-Tracey’s mother?
-Tracey’s father?
-Tracey’s future?
-The neighbours?
-The problems which caused the case?
Task 5. Match the sentences with Type 3 conditionals.
83
1. If it hadn‘t rained most of the morning ...

2. They wouldn‘t have decided to go ...
3. If they had had anoraks ...
4. They wouldn‘t have lost their way ...
5. If they hadn‘t stopped for lunch ...
6. If they had gone the right way ...
7. They wouldn‘t have been so hungry ...
a) if they hadn‘t forgotten the map.

b) It would have been a pleasant walk.
c) If they had had some food with them.
d) If the forecast had been bad.
e) They wouldn‘t have got wet.
f) They wouldn‘t have come late.
g) They would have been in camp at 2 o‘clock.
Task 6. Read a newspaper report about a motorway accident, then write 3-4
sentences about it using Type 3 conditionals.
30 DIE IN COACH DISASTER
There was a terrible accident on the motorway near Gondolfo last

night when a coach overturned and caught fire. Thirty people died, all of them
British. There were only four survivors, who managed to get out through a
broken window. Luckily the motorway was quiet and no other vehicle was
involved in the crash. The coach, owned by Gladway Tours of London, was on
its way to Athens. According to the survivors, the driver had been at the wheel
of the coach for fourteen hours and had probably fallen asleep. The coach left
London two hours late........
Task 7. Analyse the statistics and do the tasks.

a) read the information:
 Children who live in violent homes are often the victims of physical
and/or sexual abuse themselves. And those children who do escape direct harm
live with the tragic impact of witnessing violence.
84
 Experts estimate that 3.3 to 4.3 million children witness domestic

violence in the home each year. Every hour more than 40 children are abducted
by a parent; 54% of the abductions occur in the context of spousal abuse.
 Child abuse: fifty to seventy-five percent of male batterers also
abuse their children. Battered women often know of the abuse but must face the
complex realities of the batterer‘s threats to take the children, to withhold
financial support, or worse, to kill them all.
 Research also indicates that children who report violence are at
higher risk for immediate retaliation from the batterer. This must be of
paramount concern to an officer when responding to a domestic violence call to
ensure the safety of that child.
 Eighty percent of runaways are from abusive homes.
 They are four times more likely to be a juvenile delinquent when
the child is from an abusive home.
 Sixty-three percent of all boys aged 11 to 20 arrested for homicide
have killed their mother‘s assaulter.
 Kids from these homes are 1.000 times likely to abuse when they
become adults.
 They have a 74% chance of committing crimes against other
people.
 They are 24 times more likely to commit sexual assault or rape.
b) try to define:
1. The number of children who are battered by a parent every hour.
2. The effect of violence on children.
3. The percentage of runaways from abusive homes.
4. The percentage of children who have killed their mother‘s assault.
5. The number of children who witness domestic violence in the
home each year.
Task 8. Read the text. Answer the given questions.
We read a lot about battered children nowadays. They are of course

tragic but they are the extreme cases. What we don‘t read about are the children
who also have problems at home but who appear to be quite normal until I
suddenly find them in my office. I call these the forgotten children.
I have a case at the moment. Dave is a typical example of a forgotten
child. His father is the export manager of a firm in a town and his mother owns
a small shop. Dave has everything he wants - his own room with a television
and hi-fi, books, toys, a bike, a camera etc. The problem is that he spends hours
85
and hours in his room alone. He is an only child and his parents leave home
early in the morning and they often don‘t get home until late. When they get
home, they are usually too tired - or perhaps not interested enough - to talk to
Dave.
The problem is getting worse, I think. In my opinion parents today
are not so interested in their children as they used to be. Particularly women.
Nowadays, it‘s often their job which is the most important thing for them. They
give their kids presents and sweets instead of love. It‘s people like me who have
to solve the problems.
John Winslow, an educational psychologist
1. Do you agree with what Jonh Winslow says about parents today?
2. Do you think there is a problem of „forgotten“children in
Lithuania?
3. If a child is „forgotten“ for a long time, what problems may he/she
face?
4. Are there any social/psychological services in Lithuania which
can be of great help to „forgotten“ children?
Task 9. Translate the following words and word combinations. Make up

sentences of your own.

mušti vaikus nelaukiamas
vaikas
rimti iki 3 metų
sužeidimai amžiaus
išvados faktai ir
skaičiai
atvejo analizė svarbi
priežastis
socialinė užmiršti vaikai
pašalpa
Task 10. You are involved in social services. Read the situations given below
and write 1-2 conclusions using Type 3 conditionals.
86
 A telephone call to social services announced that the family living

in X street abuses alcohol. The drinking lasts already for two days. There is a
year-and-a half boy in that family and he is constantly crying.
 Almost every third day the same girl aged 10 is comming and
asking for food in your entrance of the building. She says that there is a little
brother at home, and her parents are drinking.
 A ten-year-old boy is calling a „Help Line“ line every evening for
four days already. He has no complaints, he just wants to talk to someone. His
parents are very busy, and he feels lonely.
 The neighbours called the social services that a girl about 6 is
sitting on the bench outside till late in the evening. It‘s spring now, but it‘s
chilly outside. Nobody is looking for her.
Task 11. You are working in „Help Line“ agency. Arrange a conversation
between a „forgotten child“ and social worker.
abduction n pagrobimas
abduct v pagrobti
abusive adj užgaulus, įžeidžiamas
amend v taisyti, gerinti
appropriate adj tinkamas
batter v mušti
child-battering vaikų mušimas
commit v padaryti ką nors bloga
concern n rūpestis
homicide n nužudymas, žmogžudystė
measure n priemonė
paramount adj pirmaeilis
perpetrator n nusikaltėlis, kaltininkas
protection n apsauga
rape n išprievartavimas
refuge n prieglobstis, prieglauda
retaliation n atsimokėjimas, atpildas, atsakomieji
witness v, n veiksmai
liudyti,liudininkas
VI.III. VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN
87
Task 1. Do you know any statistics associated with Battered Men? Do you
know any facts of domestic violence against men?
Task 2. Read the text associated with violence against men in the U.K.:
Domestic violence is a confused and disturbing phenomenon.

Research indicates that men and women abuse each other with almost
equal frequency. The same study which found that a woman is abused
by her spouse every 15 seconds, also found that a man is abused by his
spouse every 14 seconds. Children who see their fathers or mothers
abused are more likely to become abusers as adults; and more children
are abused by their mothers than by their fathers.
Wives or girlfriends assault 2 million men every year (1.8
million women are assaulted by their spouses or boyfriends).
54% of all domestic violence termed “severe” is committed by
women against their husbands or boyfriends.
Over 2/3 of the child abuse committed by a parent is
committed by the mother.
Domestic violence has become a battle of the “he said - she
said” variety.
In minor violence (slap, spank, throw something, push, grab or
shove) the incident rates are equal for men and women. In severe
violence (kick, bite, hit with a fist, hit or try to hit with something, beat
up the other, threaten with a knife or gun, use a knife or gun) more
women were victimized than men.
Rate of Violence per 1,000 Couples
Husband against 1975 1995
88
wife
Overall violence 121 133
Severe violence 38 30
Wife against 1975 1995

husband
Overall violence 116 121
Severe violence 46 44
(From The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence)
About half of all incidents of violence are one – sided: the rest
is mutual combat.
More importantly, the sons of violent parents have a rate of
wife – beating 1000 per cent greater than those of non – violent parents.
The daughters of violent parents have a husband - beating rate 600 per
cent greater. Only about 10% of violent couples have a family history
that was non – violent. Ignoring violent women, and concentrating solely
on inhibiting violent men contributes to the cycle of violence for the
next generation.
Who Was Violent?

Male only Female only Both
27% 24% 50%
The sociologists tell us that domestic violence at some level

affects a significant minority of British, Canadian, and US couples. It is
a criminal tragedy that must be dealt with on an economic, social, legal
and spiritual level, but evidence of these human events should not
encourage us to declare that the family is a bankrupt construct.
Domestic violence is a human problem, not a gender problem.
Task 3. Check your comprehension. Answer the questions:
1. What can you say about the phenomena of violence against men?
89
2. What a battle of “he said – she said” is?

3. What kind of information does the rate of violence reveal to you?
4. Why can we say that domestic violence is a human problem, not a
gender problem?
spending home life violence personnel enforce disbelief

domestic reaction silent physically athletic emotionally
attacked
depression abuse confidence suicide place greater
HOW MEN COPE

Taking on a macho “I can handle it” attitude. Even if you
have been hurt much worse on an …………….. playing field, that is not
the same thing as being ……………………… by your intimate partner,
which hurts …………….. as well as ………….. . allowing this pattern to
continue can result in …………., substance …………, loss of
………………, even …………….. .
“Men Don’t Tell”. Keeping ………….. , (not confiding to a
friend, relative or professional) is a common ……….. of both male and
female victims of ……………….. abuse; it’s embarrassing. Men typically
face a ............ degree of ……………. And ridicule than do most women
in this situation, which helps …………. the silence.
Domestic ……………. Victims make excuses for injuries that
show (“It was an accident” or “It happened while playing sports”) when
friends or medical …………….. ask about them.
Hiding from it. Men often escape a bad ……………………
that they are afraid of by ………………. extra time at work, staying in
“their” space (garage) or even sleeping in the car or at a friends
……….. .
Task 5. Can you name the reasons why men stay in an abusive
relationship?
90
Task 6. Read the passage associated with the main reasons of staying with an Abusive
Partner:
Shame
- What will my friends, family, colleagues and neighbors
think?
- What will people think if they knew I let a woman
beat me up ?
- It’s a private matter – belongs to my family.
- If I say anything, she’ll tell everyone I’m the abusive
one, and shame me in public.
- I’m ashamed I’m not strong enough to defend myself.
- Everyone knows it’s men that are the violent ones
(shame of male for being male).
Self - Worth
- I probably deserved it.
- This is the best I deserve.
- With my looks, or age, or personality, or income, this
is as good a relationship as I’ll ever be able to get.
Denial
- It’s not that bad.
- All I have to do is leave the house until she cools
down.
- I can weather this one, just like I did the others.
Reluctance to Give Up the Good

- If people got to know her, they’d see what a creative,
or loving, or wonderful person she is.
- She’s like this only some of the time.
- The sex is great, and I can put up with being battered a
little.
- I’d be lost without her.
Inertia
- It’s too hard to do anything.
- I’m not ready for changes in my life.
- I’ll do it tomorrow, or later, when I’m not so busy.
- Sounds like a lot of work.
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- Force of habit. I’m used to life the way it is now.

- Another reason for staying is to protect kids.
Task 7. What’s your opinion about the main reasons of staying with an
Abusive Partner?
Task 8. Are these statements true or false?
1. Men are more likely to call the police disclosing family violence.
2. The shame is compounded by the shame of not being able to keep

their wives under control.
3. As a result, the police are reluctant to arrest women for domestic assault.
4. ”A real man” wouldn’t be able to keep his wife under control.
5. If you find yourself not able to listen or if you find yourself shaming
another person you have an anger problem.
6. If you are in a relationship with somebody who has an anger problem

you also have an anger problem.
7. My wife was treating me badly. I had to hit her to keep her quiet.
8. I am afraid of losing her, I am not sure I will cope with the chores myself.
9. 81 percent of men who assault their wives grew up in violent homes where
they were beaten or witnessed their mothers being beaten.
10. Low self-esteem in some men make them feel powerless with their life.
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susidoroti su privatus ryški mažuma sekanti karta
namų ruošos reikalas
darbais
identifikuoti smurtas namie trikdantis ignoruoti
priežastį reiškinys
kriminalinė apginti save atskleisti kontroliuoti

tragedija smurtą žmoną
šeimoje

bite v, n kąsti, įkandimas
cool down v apsiraminti
confidence n pasitikėjimas
disbelief n nepatikėjimas
enforce v versti, spausti primesti
fist n kumštis
grab v, n čiupti, griebti, staigus bandymas
griebti
hit v mušti
kick v spirti, spardyti
shove v, n stumti, stumdyti, stūmis
slap v, n pliaukštelėti, pliaukštelėjimas
spank v pliaukštelėti ranka per užpakalį
reveal v atskleisti
Most of us do not look as handsome to others as we do to ourselves.
Assiniboine
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VII. DISEASES CAUSING DISABILITIES
Objectives
- to learn and discuss the problem of the most frequent disabilities in
Lithuania, the U.K., the USA;
- to improve writing and speaking skills;
- to enrich vocabulary.
You’ll do it, if you:
- read and analyse the passages associated with the most frequent diseases and
disabilities;
- do writing activities;
- memorize ords and phases connected with the problems of disability.

HEALTH PROBLEMS CAUSING DISABILITIES
Aging is a process of change in a person’s body, mind, emotions, and

social relationships. This process begins at birth and goes on throughout life.
During the final stage of life, called advanced adulthood, the most easily
noticed changes are the physical changes.
Some physical changes affect the bones of the body. As people age,
their bones often become thin. There is also some breakdown of bone tissue at
the joints. These changes can weaken the bones and limit movement at the
joints. Weakened bones break easily.
Muscle changes occur too. Fat builds up in muscles as people age.
Muscle strength lessens and the danger of obesity increases. Obesity is having
an excessive amount of body fat. Problems of muscle weakness and obesity can
often be controlled by eating a balanced diet and exercising.
Some physical changes that occur during advanced adulthood affect
the cardio-respiratory system – the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. Changes in
this system can make the heart and the lungs work harder but with less
efficiency. These changes lower energy levels and endurance.
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Sensory changes affect the senses – smell, touch, taste, sight and
hearing. Each of the senses is less sensitive in the elderly. Eyeglasses and
hearing aids can only correct some vision and hearing losses.
If changes that occur in advanced adulthood are left unchecked, they
can cause serious health problems.
Cardiovascular diseases are major health problems for the elderly.
Another major health problem is arthritis – inflammation of the
joints.
Two visual disorders affect many elderly people. These disorders are
cataract and glaucoma. Cataract is a clouding of lens of the eye. Glaucoma is a
rise in the fluid pressure within the eye. If left untreated, either of these
conditions can cause blindness.
Alzheimer’s disease is another disorder associated with aging. The
disease causes nerve cells in the outer layer of the brain to die. As the cells die,
the Alzheimer’s victim becomes forgetful. As more and more cells die,
memory, judgement, concentration, speech and coordination are impaired.
Eventually, most Alzheimer’s victims become unable to walk and to take care
of themselves. About 2 million persons over 65 years of age are believed to be
victims of Alzheimer’s disease.
1. What changes take place in a body during the final stage of life?
2. How do physical changes affect the body? Bones? Muscles? Heart and
lungs? Eyes and ears?
3. Read the list of most common diseases and conditions causing disability and
say what body systems/ system is/are affected by them.
stroke arthritisheart asthma Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s

attack disease disease
multiple diabetes glaucoma cataract obesity deafness
sclerosis
blindness low congenital genetic osteoporosi
vision heart diseases s
diseases
Task 3. Look through the table which shows diseases and conditions causing
activity limitation in males and females. Present the statistic data in writing as
in the examples given below.
95
1. Males and females report back disorders as the most prevalent cause of
disability. (The number of cases in males are……………….. It makes up
15,3%)
2. Arthritis ranks as the second highest main cause of disability for women.
3. For women, heart disease ranks third, followed by asthma…
4. Mental retardation is less frequent disabling condition for females than for
males.
Females Males
Main Number % Main Number %
conditions in conditions in
causing thousands causing thousands
limitation limitation
All 19950 100 All 17783 100
conditions conditions
Spine or 3059 15,3 Spine or 2829 15,9
back back
conditions conditions
Arthritis and 2660 13,3 Heart 2028 11,4
allied disease
disorders
Heart 1943 9,7 Orthopedic 1086 6,1
diseases impairment
Asthma 1051 5,3 Arthritis 1038 5,8
and allied
disorders
Orthopedic 833 4,2 Asthma 964 5,4
impairment
Mental 668 3,3 Learning 881 5,0
disorders disability
and mental
retardation
Diabetes 665 3,3 Mental 825 4,6
disorders
Learning 507 2,5 Diabetes 524 2,9
disability
and mental
retardation
Task 4. Insert the necessary words.
96
birth ability causes diseases aging population impairments disabilities older
A significant portion of our population has

……………………………. which reduce their ………………… to effectively
or safely use standard consumer products. These impairments may be acquired
at ………………………… or through accident or ……………………. .Note
that many impairments which result in ……………………………. are
associated with …………………….. .This is especially significant as the
…………………………… as a whole is growing ……………. .There is a
tremendous variety of specific ……………………..of disabilities.
Task 5. Study the meanings of Impairment, Disability and Handicap models:

Medical and Social. Explain the difference of usage of them in your own words.
Medical Model
Impairment
- Any loss or abnormality of a psychological, or
anatomical structure or function;
- Impairments are disturbances (in function) at the level
of the organ.
Disability
- Any restriction or inability (resulting from an
impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or
within the range considered normal for a human being.
- Disabilities are disturbances in function at the level of
the person.
Handicap
- Circumstances caused by impairments or disabilities
leading to a disadvantage relative to a person when
viewed from the norms of society.
97
The cause of disability /handicap in the medical model
Social Model
Disability
- The loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in
the normal life of the community on an equal level with
others because of physical and social barriers.
- Disability is a failure of function at the level of society.
Impairment
- The functional limitation within the individual caused by
physical, mental or sensory impairment;
- Impairments are disturbances in the function of the body
parts, systems or organs.
The cause of disability in the social model
98
Task 6. Read some facts from the USA and Great Britain Statistics. Think how
people with similar disabilities are helped in Lithuania. Write up to 10
sentences. Use the words:
hearing impairments assistance/no
deaf assistance
hearing aids visually disabled
the blind wheelchair
employment rates after injuries
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 43 million are disabled, about 17% of 250 million;
 One third of disabled Americans are 65 or older;
 24 million people are with hearing impairments;
 About 3 to 4 million have hearing aids: 12 to 17% of the hearing
impaired population;
 17 million have no hearing assistance of any kind;
 About 40% of people above age of 65 has a hearing loss;
 2 million are deaf;
 90% of deaf babies are born to hearing parents;
 There are 120.000 people totally blind;
 There are 2.4 million visually disabled, 1 out of 100 person;
 1 million people use wheelchairs;
 10.000 people every year have spinal cord injuries;
 82% of males have spinal cord injuries.
GREAT BRITAIN
 Nearly one in five people of working age (6.9 million, or 19%) in
Great Britain are disabled;
 Only about half of disabled people of working age are in work
(50%), compared with 80% of non disabled people of working
age;
 Currently 1.2 million disabled people in the UK are available for
and want to work;
 Employment rates vary greatly according to the type of impairment
a person has. Disabled people with mental health problems have
the lowest employment rates of all impairment categories at only
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21%. The employment rate for people with learning disabilities is

26%.
Task 7. You are an employer who intends to employ several people with certain
impairments. Which ones will you invite to the interview? Write down health-
related questions you are going to ask them. Make up a dialogue with your
colleague.
Main impairment % in employment
Diabetes 67
Difficulty in hearing 59
Skin conditions, allergies 63.3
Chest/breathing problems 62.8
Heart, blood pressure/circulation problems 58.7
Difficulty in seeing 48.5
Stomach, liver, kidney or digestive 59.7
problems
Other health problems or disabilities 53.5
Arms or hands 52
Back or neck 48.7
Legs or feet 45.4
Epilepsy 43.6
Progressive illness not included elsewhere 42.1
Learning difficulties 25.7
Depression, bad nerves or anxiety 25.8
Mental illness, phobias, panics or other 13.3
nervous disorders

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
100
What is Multiple Sclerosis? The Collins Cobuild English dictionary

gives the following definition: Multiple Sclerosis is a serious disease of the
nervous system, which gradually makes a person weaker, and sometimes affects
the sight, speech, coordination, bowel or bladder control. The abbreviation
“MS” is also used.
Multiple Sclerosis is common and potentially disabling disorder of
the nervous system affecting primarily young persons in their peak years of pro-
ductivity between twenty and forty years of age. Those outside this age group
can be affected, of course, but cases are fewer.
Multiple Sclerosis presents many problems. The most common
symptom is severe fatigue and exhaustion. The affected person may have visual
problems (double vision). While uncommon, hearing can be affected certainly,
frequently speech may be slurred and difficulty in swallowing may arise.
In the limbs there may be weakness and stiffness, at times associated
with severe spasms which may or may not be painful. The limbs may lose their
coordination and difficulty in walking occurs. There is also a prickling
sensation in the skin.
A very major concern is the involvement of bladder, bowel and
sexual function. Bladder dysfunction is usually in the direction of marked
urgency, frequency and incontinence and most MS persons are well aware of
the presence of almost every bathroom in areas where she or he may come. The
bladder problems alone may restrict the individual socially. Sexual difficulties
may stress a marital situation which is already under difficulties because of
other physical and social problems. Further, a significant problem is the loss of
memory and in some individuals, intellectual loss.
There are various psychological difficulties brought on by the
disorder. The problems can include a personality change but, more often,
varying degrees of depression and anxiety. Anger and despair can become
problems and may lead to an inability to cope with the disorder. There is
further, the loss of the ability to provide an income or to look after the home.
The majority of these people do not wish to be dependent upon society for
survival. This disorder involves all other members of the family and it is not
only the person who has the disorder but rather the family that is afflicted. Of
course, that there are major problems with occupation or maintaining one’s
present position, also planning marriage and children.
Because there is no accepted cure for this disorder the Multiple
Sclerosis population becomes an extremely vulnerable group.
Although the disease is not passed directly, but something is
inherited. Data gathered from world-wide studies lend increasing support to the
101
theory that genetic – and therefore possibly environmental factors – influence

the incidence of MS in certain groups of the population.
Task 9. Answer the questions.
1. What body systems are affected by this disease?

2. What age group suffers from MS?
3. What physical problems does MS involve?
4. Is bladder incontinence a major concern of an MS sufferer?
5. What psychological problems is the disease associated with?
6. How can social problems affect a person’s life?
7. Is there any special cure for MS?
8. Are MS patients vulnerable?
Task 10. Pick out the words from the text characterizing how MS affects the
following parts of the body.
Head Limbs Bladder Skin
Try to reproduce the sentence in which the word/words were used. If you fail,
then find the sentence in the text.
Task 11. Choose the right answer.
1. Multiple Sclerosis is a _____________ system disease.

a) pulmonary b) infectious c) nervous d) catching
2. MS sufferer may have some ____________ problems.

a) bladder b) kidney c) heart d) stomach
3. People who develop ____________ symptoms carry on a normal life.

a) severe b) milder c) intensive d) progressive
4. The unpredictability of the disease causes _____________ problems for the

patient.
a) sleep b) daily routine c) stress d) communication
102
5. Sexual problems are an added burden to both partners, and the

____________ rate among MS sufferers is high.
a) marriage b) divorce c) death d) morbidity
6. MS is not generally an (1)________________ disease and the average

sufferer has a (2)_____________ and normal life-span.
1. a) long-lasting b) acute c) terminal d) surgical.
2. a) boring b) productive c) uninteresting d) worthless.
7. The limbs may lose their ________________________ and difficulty in

walking occurs.
a) coordination b) pain c) tremors d) shaking
8. The majority of these people do not wish to be___________________ upon
society for survival.
a) independent b) free c) dependent d) obligated
Task 12. Match the words in italics with ones on the right.
common loss
excessive change
affected consequences
slurred person
stiff symptom
severe speech
bladder limbs
sexual fatique
intellectual spasms
personality incontinence
devastating difficulties
Task 13. Complete these sentences using the words from the above exercise.
1. The disease results in a great personality ________________.

2. Inability to provide an income or to look after the home has devastating
___________________ for a personality.
3. Stiff _______________ are associated with severe __________________.
103
4. The __________________ person may have visual problems.

5. Excessive __________________ is the most __________________
symptom.
6. While uncommon, hearing may be affected and frequently speech may be
_______________.
7. Patients with bladder ________________ are well aware of the presence of
every bathroom in areas where they may come.
8. Sexual ________________ may stress a marital situation.
9. A significant problem is loss of memory and in some individuals, intellectual
_____________.
Task 14. Read the information given in the text. Find the answers to the
following questions.
Which sex is more affected by MS?
What countries have the greatest incidence of MS? What factors

contribute the level of MS?
MS VICTIMS
Statistics have provided us with a few answers, although there are
always exception to every rule.
Women run a higher risk of the disease than men, with the ratio
being about three to two. Geographical surveys have shown a pattern which is
still a source of mystery to scientists: it seems the nearer a population is to the
equator, the less incidence there is of MS. But Japan shows an overall lower
tendency to produce MS victims than other countries on similar latitudes.
The highest instances of the disease are found in North America,
Britain, Northern Europe and the southern part of New Zealand.
There is less risk of MS in Southern Europe, Australia, South
America and the southern part of the United States.
Descent is of great importance. An example of this is New Zealand,
where the native Maori people hardly ever experience MS, while people of
European descent appear at high risk.
Further studies have shown that youngsters under the age of fifteen
years old, who have moved from a high risk to a low risk zone, are less likely to
have MS in their new environment. Adults in similar circumstances, however,
still carry the same high risk.
It seems that a typical MS victim is born and/or spends the greater
part of their younger life in a temperate climate – probably in an advanced
country.
104
But population living in more “basic” life-style seem to have better

protection.
Diet seems to fit in rather closely with the pattern drawn by the statis-
tics. Perhaps there is something added to (or omitted from) the food which
contributes to the low level of MS in the “basic” countries.
Task 15. Fill in the diagram associated with the new vocabulary. It will help
you to remember the words easier.
Vision disability, fatique, hearing impairment, sexual
difficulties, anxiety, despair, bladder incontinence, anger,
exhaustion, depression, slurred speech, tingling feelings, foot
drop, money, family, job, marriage, children, stiffness in the
limbs.
Physical Phychological
problems problems
MS
Social
problems
105
Task 16. Translate the following word combina-tions.

invalidumą neaiški kalba
sukelianti liga
pažeisti seksualinės
regėjimą problemos
pagrindinis stiprūs spazmai
simptomas
prarasti apriboti veiklą
koordinaciją
šlapimo ryški problema
nelaikymas
atminties surinkti
praradimas duomenis
asmenybės ligos studijos
pokyčiai (tyrimai)
susidoroti su aplinkos
liga faktoriai
pažeidžiami tam tikros
žmonės žmonių grupės
paveldima liga užimtumo
problemos
Task 17. Translate the sentences into Lithuanian.

1. Išsėtinė sklerozė yra invalidumą sukelianti liga.
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
2. Ši liga sukelia socialines, psichologines, fiziologines problemas ligoniui.
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
3. Išsėtinė sklerozė susijusi su šlapimo nelaikymu, koordinacijos nebuvimu ir
kitais simptomais.
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
4. Atminties ir intelekto praradimas yra pats skaudžiausias dalykas.
106
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
5. Ligoniai, sergantys išsėtine skleroze, yra labai pažeidžiami.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
ability n galėjimas, gebėjimas

inability n nesugebėjimas
afflict v kamuoti, nuliūdinti, sukelti skausmą
anxiety n rūpestis, susirūpinimas
anxious adj susirūpinęs
despair n neviltis, nusivylimas
devastating adj niokojamas, nusiaubiantis
exhaustion n išsekimas, išvargimas
exhausted adj išsekęs
fatigue n nuovargis
inherited adj paveldimas
incontinence n nesulaikymas(šlapimo)
restrict v apriboti
slur v neaiškiai tarti
slurred speech neaiški kalba
stiff adj nelankstus, sustingęs
stiffness n nelankstumas, sustingimas
survive v išgyventi
survival n išgyvenimas
tingle v dygčioti, virpėti
urgent adj skubus
vulnerable adj pažeidžiamas
107
He who would do great things should not attempt them all alone.
Seneca
DISABLED AND AGED
Objectives
- to learn about the problem of disabled and aged in Lithuania and the U.K.;
- to improve speaking and writing skills;
- to enrich vocabulary.
You’ll do it, if you:
- analyse the passages associated with disability, old age and ageing problems;
- do writing and other tasks;
- memorize topic words and phrases.
Task 1. Read the text about a Residential Home in Great Britain.
The Residential Home is an attractive Edwardian house of unusual

design. Situated on a hill it has spectacular views of local landmarks. The house
is surrounded by about 2,5 acres mature trees, gardens and orchards, where the
aim of resident proprietors Julian and Marion Rees is to provide a safe, caring
and homely environment in which the residents can maintain their individuality
and independence, enjoying a lifestyle which is as close as possible to that
which they might enjoy in their own homes.
This is a “Home for Life” and caters for elderly residents regardless
of age, sex, religion or race. Prospective residents will benefit from a trial
period before entering the home for long-term care and day visits are also
encouraged.
108
Help is at hand for residents 24 hours each day as home is attended

day and night by qualified, competent staff, so peace of mind is assured for both
residents and relatives.
They also have extra facilities such as wheelchairs and bath hoists to aid both
staff and residents. Fees vary according to the level of care required by the
resident at the time of acceptance into the home. They also help their residents
with a number of services such as visiting the hairdresser, occupational
therapist, chiropodist, optician and dentist. There is also a shop.
Visitors are welcome at any time.
Single people, couples and friends are welcomed at the Residential
Home where they can live in the relaxed surrounding. Residents can chat to
friends or simply enjoy the magnificent views in the residents’ lounge, where
coffee and afternoon tea is served daily.
All accommodation is centrally heated, both single and double rooms have an
emergency call system. All rooms are pleasantly decorated and furnished.
A varied menu of good quality home-cooked meals, prepared from
the freshest products is provided and is usually served in the dinning room, but
also can be taken in the resident’s own room when required. Special menus for
vegetarians and diabetics can be prepared.
New residents may also bring their own furniture if they wish and pets are
welcome too.
Task 2. Answer the following questions:
1. What environment is the Residential Home located in? Describe

the place.
2. What age of people is the Home for? Is it only for single people?
3. What services does the Residential Home offer?
4. How are rooms equipped?
5. Is food of high quality provided?
6. Is it a state-run institution or a private one?
Task 3. Single out conditions the Residential Home offers for the elderly.
Describe each of them. Use the words from the text.
1………………………………………..
2………………………………………..
3………………………………………..
4………………………………………..
5………………………………………..
109
6………………………………………..
7………………………………………..
8………………………………………..
Task 4. Describe the possibilities for old and handicapped people to settle their
lives in the United Kingdom. Use the following words.
Homely residents accommo- prospective wheelchairs home-

environment dation cooked
meals
competent services maintain long-term bath hoists hairdresser
staff individuality care
chiropodist occupational optician dentist
therapist
Task 5. Read the dialogues between a social worker and old people.
HOME, SWEET HOME
JENNY CARTER is seventy-five and a widow. Her husband died

five years ago. She lives in Eastbourne, a small town on the south coast of
England. She has her own house- a pretty cottage overlooking the sea. She has
lived there for forty years and loves both her house and the town.
Two weeks ago Mrs Carter fell and broke her leg badly, and she is
now in hospital. She is rather confused.
What exactly is the problem?
“Well, I want to go home, of course. I love my little house. But I do
worry sometimes. I mean, what if I have another fall? Suppose I get ill. It’s a
problem when you are old and live alone.
Have you any family who could help you?
“Well, I have a married daughter. She’s often said I should go and
live with her. But I don’t know. She lives in London. That’s a long way from
here, and I know I’d miss my friends – and the sea. And their house isn’t very
big. They’ve got three children, you know. Lovely children they are but
still….”
Have you ever considered living in an old people’s home?
“That’s a possibility, I suppose. There are lots of old people’s homes
here in Eastbourne. I can see there advantages. But I don’t feel old! I’m not
ready yet”.
110
JACK MORGAN is also a patient at the hospital. He is recovering

from a heart operation. He is eighty-two and a widower. He is rather deaf and
has very poor eyesight. In spite of this, he lives alone in a flat on the fourth
floor of an old house.
Where will you go when you leave the hospital?
“I shall stay with my son and his wife for a week or two, but then I’ll
be going home again.”
Can you manage alone in your flat?
“Of course I can! I can look after myself. It’s a bit lonely sometimes
and a bit cold in the winter-time. But I’m used to that.”
How about shopping, cooking and cleaning?
“My son and his wife are very good. They do my shopping and
washing. A neighbour comes in to do the cleaning, and as for meals, well, I
don’t bother much. I sometimes go to the little café along the road.”
Would it be easier to live with your son and daughter-in-law?
“They are always asking me to go and live with them. They’ve got a
big house and they are very kind. Their children have left home, so there is
plenty of room. But I won’t go. I don’t want to be a burden to them. I’ve
managed on my own for twenty years. I’ll manage a few more yet.”
How about an old people’s home?
“Certainly not! It would be too expensive, for one thing. And I’m not
going to sit watching television all day with a bunch of old women. No thanks.
Independent, that’s me!”
Task 6. Talk about it. Consider the cases of Jenny Carter and Jack Morgan.
 Should she/he live alone?
 Should she/he go to live with her/his daughter/son?
 Should she/he go to live in an old people’s home?
 List the advantages and disadvantages of each possibility. How do
you feel about growing old?
 What would you like and dislike about old age?
Task 7. Look at the chart which shows different age groups of older people.
Make up at least 5 sentences according to the given models.
 The percentage of retired females is smaller than that of males in
the age group of 70-74.
111
 The total number of people at 85 or over is about 33.000 in

Lithuania.
 There are 215.660 retired people in Lithuania.
 In 2006 the number of people from 60 to 64 made up 5.06%.
Population by Age (01 01 2006)
Male Male Female Female Total Total
Age Abs. % Abs. % Abs. %
group numb. numb. numb.
60-64 72090 4.54 100051 5.51 172141 5.06
65-69 64495 4.06 100307 5.52 164802 4.84
70-74 51746 3.26 91328 5.03 143074 4.20
75-79 36639 2.31 76967 4.24 113606 3.34
80-84 17216 1.09 49211 2.71 66427 1.95
85+ 8345 0.53 25558 1.41 33903 1.00
Able- 1056420 6.6 1065035 58.6 2121455 62.4
bodied*
Over 215660 3.6 452407 24.9 668067 19.6
able-
bodied
*Male 16-62 years 6 months, female 16-59 years.
Task 8. Read the text about the present Lithuanian demographic situation and
forecast for future. What reasons effect the described situation? What should be
done/changed?
Population ageing in Lithuania is a demographic development

expected to happen in the future. The expectation, like similar expectations in
all European countries, is based on demographic forecasts. The ageing
phenomenon is very uncertain when we look beyond the next couple of
decades. The basic assumptions are: fertility, which is assumed to stay at the
prevailing level 1.35 for the whole forecasting period; mortality rate; migration.
It is very likely that there will be fewer Lithuanians in the future than
there are now. There is less than 10% probability that the population in 2050
will be larger than in 2000. In the median outcome the population will decrease
by 0.5 million. And the probability that there will be less than 2 million
Lithuanians in 2050 is well over 10%. One may well say that Lithuania has a
population problem, without going deeper into the ageing issue.
Uncertainty with respect to the number of population is also large, it
is as likely that the population in 2050 will be between 2.2 and 3.1 million.
112
Task 9. Read the short passages about the retired people in Great Britain and
how they spend time. Compare the British way of life after retirement with that
of Lithuanians.
LIFE BEGINS AT SIXTY
ALBERT COLLINS is 72. He says:

“When you retire, you think you’re going to enjoy yourself. But it
doesn’t work out the way you think. I suppose it’s worse for men than for
women. To us men work has often been our whole life. When it’s not there any
more, you need plenty of outside interests. If not, you just get in the way – at
least that’s what your wife says! I’ve built a heated greenhouse – not as a
hobby but to stop myself from going mad!”
But there are many old-age pensioners who enjoy themselves a lot.
MARY TROUP , 82, is one of them. Seven years ago she started a
mobile day centre. She and her helpers – all pensioners – go round visiting old
people in the countryside.
“I haven’t got time to think about growing old. There’s too much to
do for that. I’m very happy, and I have no plans of giving up work. Perhaps I’ll
do something else. The great thing is never to stay too long in one job!”
Many people are very fit. BILL CROW was 82 when he walked
from the south of England to John O’Groats in the north of Scotland – and then
back again! It took him six weeks, and he walked a distance of 1.500 kilometres
in all. The walk raised over £ 1.000 to help buy a minibus for pensioners in Mr.
Crow‘s home town, Hastings.
ARCHIE Mac FARLANE is fitter than most people. „I love
parachuting. I took a course six years ago. I said I was 62. The instructor said
they don‘t usually take people who are as old as that. But I looked young for
my age, so they said it was all right in the end. I did very well on the course. I
told them later that I had lied. I was 75. but I’m still jumping – it’s a great
sport!”.
Task 10. Read the text about older people in Great Britain and answer the
following questions.
 What was the number of people aged 50 and over in Great Britain
in 2003?
113
 Is there a tendency that the number of older people increases and

will rise in the future?
 What do the following figures refer to?
1.6; 5.5; 7.9
 What are the reasons effecting the population ageing in Great
Britain?
There were 20.0 million people aged 50 and over in the UK in 2003.
This was a 45 per cent increase over five decades, from 13.8 million in 1951.
The number is projected to increase by a further 36 per cent by 2031, when
there will be 27.2 million people aged 50 and over.
Over the last 50 years there has also been a substantial change in the
age composition of older people. In 1951, those aged 50-59 represented 43.0
per cent, and those aged 85 and over made up just 1.6 per cent. In 2003 the two
age groups represented 37.8 per cent and 5.5 cent respectively of the older
population. Projections indicate these proportions will be respectively 28.6 and
7.9 per cent by 2031. Population ageing is primarily the result of sustained low
fertility (a low number of births). Falling fertility leads to fewer young people
in the population and hence a rise in the proportion of older people. Declines in
mortality are also an important factor. In particular, falls in the death rates at
older ages have contributed to the increase in the number of older people. Older
women outnumber older men, as death rates are higher among men than among
women.
Task 11. Look through the text once again in task 8 and identify the reasons
causing the population ageing in Lithuania. Compare with those in Great
Britain.
Task 12. Insert the correct prepositions.

On, by, on, of, from, on, from, of, in, from, on.
There are two types ...... pensions ...... Lithuania: social insurance
pensions based ...... contributions and financed ...... the separate social insurance
fund and state pensions payable ...... the state budget.
Social insurance pensions are paid ...... the separate state social
insurance fund and are based ...... the amount ...... contributions paid and the
length ...... the coverage. They constitute more than 90% of Lithuanian
pensions. The fund is financed …… a 31% employer contributions …… the
114
wage bill plus a 3% employee contribution …… their individual wages. Social

security contributions are used to finance pensions (old-age, disability and
survivorship), short-term benefits (sickness and maternity), as well as
unemployment and health insurance partially.
Task 13. Fill in the suitable words.

Increasing the retirement age to 65 years
basic pension wages achieved continue
lose scheme effects retirement receive
The retirement age, after which a person can .................... old-age

pension benefits, was 60 years for women and 62 years 6 months for men in
Lithuania in 2003. There is also a plan to ...................... the increase until both
women‘s and men‘s .................... age will be 65 years. In the following
simulations this is ........................ in 2020.
The ......................... of retirement age rules on labour supply depend
on the possibility of continuing working and earning ........................... while
receiving pensions. Lithuanian social insurance pension ......................... allows
one to receive wages and ....................... at the same time. But restrictions are
applied to those who are under 65 and receive more than 1.5 times the
minimum wage. They ..................... the earnings-related part of the pension but
can still get the .................... pension.
Task 14. Translate the following words and word combinations into English.
socialinio gyventojų
draudimo senėjimas
fondas
demografinis senyvo amžiaus
reiškinys pensijos
žemas invalidumo
gyventojų pensijos
skaičiaus
augimas
žemas taikomi
115
gimstamumas apribojimai
sumažejęs trumpalaikė
mirtingumas parama
sveikatos žymūs pokyčiai

draudimas
gyventojų namų aplinka
sudėtis pagal
amžių
bandomasis kompetentingas
periodas personalas

ageing n senėjimas
bath hoist vonios keltuvas
cater for v aprūpinti maistu ir gėrimais
extra facilities papildomos priemonės
fertility n gimstamumas
forecast n prognozė
phenomenon n reiškinys
proprietor n savininkas, valdytojas
prospective adj būsimasis
resident n gyventojas
residential home senelių namai
wheelchair n invalido vežimėlis
116
VIII.I. SOCIAL INSURANCE IN SWEDEN
Everyone should be able to live a free and independent life and pursue their
dreams regardless of any physical circumstances.

Sweden is a large country in Europe having a small population of
about 9 million. Sweden’s welfare system is advanced, and its social insurance
is one of the system’s corner stones. The country’s ambition is to provide
economic security for families with children and for the elderly, unemployed,
disabled and sick.
The retirement age is flexible from the age of 61 to 65.
All employed people are entitled to cash benefits for loss of income
while ill. All of Sweden’s inhabitants are entitled to subsidized medical care, so
people consulting the health service pay a rather small patient charge. Similarly,
patients pay the first SEK 900 of the cost of prescribed drugs, after which
medicines are increasingly subsidized over the rest of a 12-month period up to a
maximum ceiling of SEK 1,800. The fee for long-term hospital care may not
exceed SEK 80 per day. Medical and dental care for children and young people
up to the age of 20 is free.
117
Parents are entitled to a total of 480 days leave from work after the
birth or adoption of a child. The compensation level for 390 of these days is 80
per cent of previous salary.
By international standards, health in Sweden is relatively good. Here
are some facts:
 Infant mortality is low, at 3,4 deaths per 1,000 in the first year of
life;
 Cardiovascular conditions account for half of all deaths;
 Average life expectancy is 78 years for men and 82 years for
women;
 Deaths from injuries, alcohol-related diseases and suicide have
also been on the decline for many years;
 Sweden is seen as having the world’s oldest population, with 18
per cent aged 65 or over;
 Approximately 1 million people have some form of disability,
thereof 100,000 with a severe handicap;
 There are 100,000 users of wheelchairs.
Task 2. What do these figures refer to?
78, 18, 480, 100,000, 82, 900, 65, 9, 1,000, 20, 1,800, 1,000,000.
Task 3. Translate the following word combinations.

socialinis (ne)viršyti
draudimas
ekonominis nemokamas
saugumas
pensijinis kompensacija
amžius
socialinio tarptautiniai
aprūpinimo standartai
sistema
turėti teisę į naujagimių
mirtingumas
subsidijuoti vidutinė
(remti) gyvenimo
sunki negalia trukmė
medicininė invalido
118
priežiūra vežimėlis
ilgalaikė
priežiūra
Task 4. Practice the sentences with the phrases to be entitled to, to account for.
Translate the sentences according to the examples.
a) All employed people are entitled to cash benefits.
1. Vaikai ir jaunimas iki 20 metų turi teisę į nemokamą medicininę ir dantų
priežiūrą.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
2. Gimus vaikui (ar jį įvaikinus) tėvai turi teisę į apmokamas 480 dienų
atostogas.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
3. Švedijos gyventojai turi teisę į vaistų kompensavimą. Per metus
kompensavimo suma yra 1800 Švedijos kronų (apie 900 litų).
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
4. Švedijos piliečiai turi teisę į pensiją nuo 61 metų. Tikrasis pensijinis amžius
yra 65 metai.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
5. Visi gyventojai: vaikai, pagyvenę, bedarbiai, neįgalūs, sergantys turi teisę į

socialinę apsaugą, kuri yra labai išvystyta.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
b) Cardiovascular conditions accout for half of all deaths.

1. Išvystyta socialinės apsaugos sistema paaiškina ilgą švedų gyvenimo trukmę.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
2. Tinkama sveikatos priežiūra ir gyvenimo būdas paaiškina alkoholizmo ir

savižudybių mažėjimą.
119
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
3. Mažas naujagimių mirtingumas yra dėl geros medicininės priežiūros.

................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
4. Sveikų dantų programos yra karieso sumažinimo mokykliniame amžiuje
priežastis.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
5. Švedų stiprios sveikatos priežastimi yra laikymasis sveiko gyvenimo

rekomendacijų.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
Task 5. Write the summary about social insurance in Sweden in your own
sentences. Use maximum 10 sentences. Use active words.
DISABILITY POLICIES IN SWEDEN

Who is handicapped? – Handicap is defined as a problem in the interface
between individuals and the environment they find themselves in, not as a
characteristic of the individual person.
The Social Services Act regulates responsibilities of the local
authorities and emphasizes that the latter must work to enable people with
physical or mental functional impairments to live in a way that corresponds to
their needs and to play an active part in the community by traveling and moving
about, gaining access to public premises and so forth.
Local authorities are responsible for social services. This makes it
possible to adapt services to local needs and conditions. Every local authority
has an organized home-help service for the elderly and for people with
functional impairments who do not live in institutions. This mainly comprises
help in the household, including cleaning, cooking, shopping, clothes care and
personal hygiene. Home helps may also perform such functions as providing
assistance on walks, visits to cultural institutions, recreation facilities, etc. The
120
charge paid for the home-help service is related to the individual recipient’s
income.
It is important that people with disabilities are able to live
independent lives: the disabled could work according to their capacity, people
with functional impairment should have the same access as others to cultural
activities, county councils should provide technical aids, prostheses,
wheelchairs and the advice. In general, people with functional impairments
obtain access to testing, training, repair and maintenance of technical aids free
of charge.
People aged between 16 and 64 who, for medical reasons, are
incapable of supporting themselves can obtain disability ( or early retirement)
pensions, the amount of which corresponds to the old age pension. Anyone,
whose work capacity is reduced, but not on a permanent basis, can receive
temporary sickness benefit if the reduction is expected to persist for at least one
year. Disability allowance is intended to compensate functionally impaired
people for the extra costs they have owing to their injury of illness. Care
allowance is paid to parents with children under 6 whose functional
impairments mean that they need special care for a considerable period. This
includes both compensation for care and for extra costs it has involved. Some
compensations are taxed.
Task 7. Translate the definition of being handi-capped. Explain it in your own

words.
Task 8. Find the answers in the text to the following questions.
1. What is the essence (esmė) of the Social Services Act?

2. What institutions are responsible for social services in Sweden?
3. What services does every local authority provide?
4. Are social services paid? How much?
5. What technical aids are functionally impaired people provided
with?
6. What allowances (compensations) are impaired people entitled to?
Are the allowances taxed?
Task 9. What home-help services and technical aids are Lithuanian functionally
impaired people entitled to? Compare with those in Sweden.
121
Task 10.Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Švedijoje pagal Socialinės Apsaugos Įstatymą žmonėms su negalia turi būti

sudarytos sąlygos gyventi pilnavertį gyvenimą.
................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
2. Apskričių socialinės pagalbos įstaigos organizuoja visą reikalingą pagalbą

seniems ir negalią turintiems žmonėms.
……………………………………………………………………………………
………………..…………………………………………………………………..
3. Pagalba namuose apima namų tvarkymą, valgio virimą, drabužių skalbimą,
paciento kūno priežiūrą, pirkimą ir t.t
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………….…………………………………………………………………..
..................................................................................................................
4. Socialinis darbuotojas dažnai lydi neįgalų asmenį į kultūrinius renginius.

……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Už visas paslaugas reikia mokėti, priklausomai nuo individo gaunamų

pajamų (pensijos ir kitų kompensacijų).
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………….…………………………………………………………………..
6. Kiekvienas neįgalusis turi teisę į nemokamas technines priemones, protezus,

invalido vežimėlį ir t. t.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Žmogus dėl sveikatos problemų, negalintis savęs išlaikyti, gauna invalidumo

pensiją, kuri prilygsta senatvės pensijai.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Kompensacija, mokama už laikiną nedarbingumą, yra vadinama pašalpa dėl

ligos.
……………………………………………………………………………………
122
9. Jeigu neįgalus žmogus turi papildomų išlaidų, jis gauna neįgalumo pašalpą,
kurios tikslas ir yra kompensuoti šias papildomas išlaidas.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. Vaiko priežiūros pašalpa yra skiriama tėvams, turintiems neįgalų vaiką iki
6 metų amžiaus.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
account for v paaiškinti, būti priežastimi

care allowance vaiko priežiūros pašalpa
charge n kaina, mokestis
decline v mažėti, smukti, blogėti
disability pension invalidumo pensija
disability allowance invalidumo pašalpa
be entitled to turėti teisę į
exceed v viršyti
infant mortality kūdikių mirtingumas
life expectancy gyvenimo trukmė
premises n patalpos
recipient n gavėjas
retire v išeiti į pensiją
retirement age pensijinis amžius
SEK(Swedish Krona) Švedų krona( pinigai)
sickness benefit pašalpa dėl ligos
social insurance socialinė apsauga
welfare system socialinio aprūpinimo sistema
123
VOCABULARY
A
ability n galėjimas, gebėjimas
inability n nesugebėjimas
abduct v pagrobti
abduction n pagrobimas
abolition n panaikinimas
abuse n piktnaudžiavimas, prievartavimas
abuse v piktnaudžiauti
substance abuse piktnaudžiavimas psichotropinėmis
medžiagomis
abusive adj užgaulus, įžeidžiamas
abuser-attacker n prievartautojas
account for v paaiškinti, būti priežastimi
addictive adj įprantamas
addiction n polinkis, žalingas įprotis
adopt v įvaikinti
affect v paveikti
afflict v kamuoti, nuliūdinti, sukelti skausmą
ageing n senėjimas
alcohol grade; light ~; girtumo laipsnis (lengvas, vidutinis,
average~; heavy~; sunkus)
allevate v sumažinti, palengvinti
ambivalence n dvylipumas
amend v taisyti, gerinti
anxiety n rūpestis, susirūpinimas
anxious adj susirūpinęs
appropriate adj tinkamas
assist v pagelbėti, padėti
asylum n prieglobstis, prieglauda
avoid v išvengti
B
bath hoist vonios keltuvas
batter v mušti
be entitled to n turėti teisę į
124
bite n įkandimas
bite v kąsti
blackouts n sąmonės aptemimas
boarding homes internatai
boarding schools internatinės mokyklos
C
care allowance vaiko priežiūros pašalpa
case n atvejis, byla
casualty n nukentėjėlis, auka
cater for v aprūpinti maistu ir gėrimais
chaplain n kapelionas
charge n kaina, mokestis
charity n labdara
child-battering vaikų mušimas
child-care homes vaikų globos namai
child-rearing vaikų auginimas
commit v padaryti ką nors bloga
concern n rūpestis
conduct n elgesys
conduct v vadovauti, vesti
confidence n pasitikėjimas
conform(with, to) v atitikti
consent n sutikimas
consept n sąvoka
cool down v apsiraminti
cope with v susidoroti, įveikti
correctional facility pataisos įstaiga
counsel v patarti, rekomenduoti
counsel n patarimas
cumulative adj augantis, sukauptas
custody n globa
D
decline v mažėti, smukti, blogėti
delirium tremens baltoji karštligė
denomination (rel.) n sekta
dependant adj priklausomas (nuo ko nors)
desire n troškimas
despair n neviltis, nusivylimas
125
detoxication centre priklausomybių centras

devastating adj niokojamas, nusiaubiantis
direct adj tiesioginis
disability n negalia, neįgalumas
physical disability fizinė negalia
mental disability proto negalia
disability allowance invalidumo pašalpa
disability pension invalidumo pensija
disabled n neįgalus
disbelief n nepatikėjimas
disguise v slėpti
domestic adj šeimyninis, namų
domestic violence smurtas namuose
drug n vaistas, narkotikas
drug abuser narkomanas
drug addict narkomanas
drug addiction narkomanija
E
eliminate v (pa)šalinti, atmesti
enact v įvykdyti
enhance v sustiprinti, padidinti
enforce v versti, spausti, primesti
exceed v viršyti
exposure n demonstravimas, rodymas
exhaustion n išsekimas, išvargimas
exhausted adj išsekęs
extra facilities papildomos priemonės
F
family n šeima
asocial family asociali šeima
dysfunctional nedarni šeima
family vieno tėvo šeima
single parent fatališkas, mirtinas
family nuovargis
fatal adj gimstamumas
fatigue n kumštis
fertility n glamonėjimas, mylavimas
fist n uždrausti, užginti, neleisti
126
fondling n prognozė
forbid (forbade, forbiden) grėsmingas, sunkiai įveikiamas
v
formidable adj staigus bandymas griebti

G, H
grab n čiupti, griebti
grab v pagrindas, priežastis
grounds n gyvenimas kartu nesusituokus
habituating relations priekabiavimas, įžeidinėjimas
harassment n svyravimas, neryžtingumas
hesitancy n mušti
hit v nužudymas, žmogžudystė
homicide n žeminti
humiliate v
I, J, K, L
ignore v ignoruoti, nekreipti dėmesio
incontinence n nesulaikymas (šlapimo)
infidelity n neištikimybė
indignity n pažeminimas
individual n individas
infant homes kūdikių namai
infant mortality kūdikių mirtingumas
inherent adj būdingas, neatskiriamas, įgimtas
inherited adj paveldimas
injured adj sužeistas
intercourse n lytiniai santykiai
jeer n išjuokimas, tyčiojimasis
justify v pateisinti
life expectancy gyvenimo trukmė
M, N
major adj pagrindinis
majority n dauguma
measure n priemonė
mental health psichinė sveikata
mockery n pasityčiojimas, pašiepimas,
molestation n išjuokimas
municipal children‘s priekabiavimas
127
homes savivaldybei pavaldūs vaikų globos

mutual adj namai
nasty remarks tarpusavio
nature n bjaurios, šlykščios pastabos
neglect n pobūdis, esmė, gamta, prigimtis
nepriežiūra
O, P
occasion n proga, galimybė
offend v įžeisti, užgauti
on a regular basis reguliariai
origin n kilmė
outreach n (am) paslaugų centras žmonėms su
paramount adj negalia
parents n pirmaeilis
foster parents tėvai
parental care globėjai
parental rights tėvų priežiūra
parental mortality tėvų teisės
parental illness tėvų mirtis
parental conviction tėvų liga
parish children homes tėvų teistumas
passivity n parapijiniai vaikų namai
perpetrator n pasyvumas
piety n nusikaltėlis, kaltininkas
phenomenon n pamaldumas, pagarba vyresniems
poke v reiškinys
poverty n stumtelėti, trenkti kumščiu
prayer n skurdas, neturtas
premises n prašytojas, maldininkas
prone to adj patalpos
proprietor n turintis polinkį į ką nors
prospective adj savininkas, valdytojas
protection n būsimasis
purpose n apsauga
tikslas
R
rape n išprievartavimas
record v užrašyti, užregistruoti
reflect v atspindėti
refuge n prieglobstis, prieglauda
128
residence n gyvenamoji vieta

resident n gyventojas, globos įstaigoje
gyvenantis žmogus
recipient n gavėjas
resident n gyventojas
residential home senelių namai
restrict v apriboti
retaliation n atsimokėjimas, atpildas, atsakomieji
veiksmai
retire v išeiti į pensiją
retirement age pensijinis amžius
reveal v atskleisti
S
search for v ieškoti
SEK (Swedish Krona) Švedų krona ( pinigai)
self-esteem savigarba
sexual abuser prievartautojas
sexual violence seksualinis smurtas
sexual assault išprievartavimas
shelter n pastogė, prieglauda, prieglobstis
shove n stūmis
shove v stumti, stumdyti
sickness benefit pašalpa dėl ligos
slap n pliaukštelėjimas
slap v pliaukštelėti
slur v neaiškiai tarti
slurred speech neaiški kalba
social ills socialinės ydos, blogybės
social insurance socialinė apsauga
social strata socialinis sluoksnis
spank v pliaukštelėti ranka per užpakalį
split adj suskaldytas
spousal adj sutuoktinių
stiff adj nelankstus, sustingęs
stiffness n nelankstumas, sustingimas
state-run institution valstybės išlaikoma įstaiga
(facility) smaugti, dusinti
strangle v linkęs į ką nors
subject to adj
129
suicide n; to commit a savižudybė, žudytis

suicide išgyventi
survive v išgyvenimas
survival n patirti smurtą
sustain violence
T, U
threat n gąsdinimas, grėsmė
threaten v gąsdinti
tingle v dygčioti, virpėti
trample v trypti, mindžioti
tremor n drebulys
trial n teismas
twist v sukti
urban adj miesto
urgent adj skubus
V, W
victim n auka, nukentėjęs
violent adj, įsiutęs, įtūžęs; smurtas,
violence n prievartavimas
vulnerable adj pažeidžiamas
wheelchair n invalido vežimėlis
welfare system socialinio aprūpinimo sistema
withdrawal syndrome pagirių sindromas
witness v liudyti
witness n liudininkas
REFERENCES
1. Astrauskienė, A. (2005). Strategic Directions of Drug Control Policy

in Lithuania.
2. Children in Lithuania. (2016). Vilnius: Statistics Lithuania.
3. Lithuanian Human Development Report.
4. McClendon, E.J., Johnson, N.L. (1987). Health and Wellness. Laidlaw
Brothers, Publishers. USA.
5. Purvaneckienė, G. Violence against Women: Wictim Survey Report.
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ŠIAULIAI STATE COLLEGE

I. WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK?....................................................5

The most important value in life

WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK?

Social work as a profession has a relatively modern origin. However, the

who originally was in charge of distributing charity) were appointed to administrate

Task 2. Read the text.

Some social workers conduct research or are involved in planning or

Task 3. Prepare a short presentatation about social work specialities.

 The work object of a social worker;

Task 5. Translate the following word combinations into English.

gyvenimo kokybė socialinės

Task 6. Say whether the statements are true or false.

What is Social Work?

good organisational skills

good communication skills

ability to work as part of a team

ability to view other people's problems objectively

commitment to social justice

 I am patient and understanding.

 I always had a strong desire to help people.

 I like to communicate with people.

 I enjoy working with different people.

 I like to make people feel happy.

 My parents/friends encouraged me to become a social worker.

 What is the duration of course?

 What are your favourite subjects? Why?

 What do you like most about college?

 What do you like least about college?

 What are you good at?

 How would you describe yourself as a student?

 Do you pay student fees?

Knowing how to prioritize and complete several tasks at once is crucial to

Task 13. Answer the following questions:

 What features of character do you have?

Social workers are ................... whose job is to work with people

personal deal professionals arrange offices

Specializations of Social Work

TASKS AND DUTIES OF SOCIAL WORKERS

Use the law to

Link people with

Population in Lithuania Figure 2

Population in Lithuania (by gender) Figure 3

Lithuanian English Lithuanian English

misionieriška pagalba neprižiūrėti,

Task 21. Read the text.

Social workers work in a variety of settings: family services agencies,

social workers departments or social planning councils.

Social Work Jobs

A danger foreseen is half – avoided.

CHILDREN WITHOUT CARE

Task 1. Read the information.

Do you know that …

Children sometimes lose their first line of protection – their ………………….

Where are they?

What can we do?

Task 3. Translate the following word combinations into English.

Task 4. Say whether the statements are true or false.

Number of Children according to the reasons of placement in care

1. Alcohol abuse among ______, _ and _____ can