Advance Power System Protection

Books:
1) Fundamentals of Power System Protection
By
Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide
2) Protective Relaying; Principles and Application
By
J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J. Domin
 Course Outlines

• Fundamental of Power System Protection

• Characteristic of Power System Protection
• Principle and Elements of Protection
• Protection Devices
• Fuses and Circuit breakers
• Protective Relays
• Over-Current Protection
• Differential Protection
• Protection of Transmission Lines
• Protection of Generators
• Protection of Buses
• Protection of Transformer etc.
Power System Protection
Fundamentals

What should we teach students

about power system protection?
 Agenda

 Why protection is needed

 Principles and elements of the protection
system
 Basic protection schemes
 Digital relay advantages and enhancements
 What is Electrical Power System
Protection?
 Electrical Power System protection is the art and science of
detecting problems with power system components and isolating
these components.
or
 A series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and
primary electric power equipment from the effects of faults
The “Sentinels”
 Problems on the power system include:
1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions/Disturbances
3.Equipment failures
 Purpose of System Protection

•Protect the public

•Improve system stability
•Minimize damage to equipment
•Protect against overloads
What Components (Equipment) Do
We Protect?
•Generators
•Transformers, Reactors
•Lines
•Buses
•Capacitors
What Components (Equipment) Do
We Protect?
 Disturbances: Light or Severe
 The power system must maintain acceptable
operation 24 hours a day
 Voltage and frequency must stay within certain
limits

 Small disturbances
 The control system can handle these
 Example: variation in transformer

 Severe disturbances require a protection

system
 They can jeopardize the entire power system
 They cannot be overcome by a control system
 Power System Protection

Operation during severe disturbances:

 System element protection
 System protection
 Automatic reclosing
 Automatic transfer to alternate power
supplies
 Automatic synchronization
Electric Power System Exposure to
External Agents
Damage to Main Equipment
 Blackouts

Characteristics Main Causes

 Loss of service in a  Overreaction of the
large area or protection system
population region
 Bad design of the
 Hazard to human life protection system
 May result in
enormous economic
losses
 Short Circuits Produce High
Currents

Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I

Substation Fault

Thousands of Amps I
Wire
Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage
t

Damage Damage Curve

Time

I
In Imd Short-Circuit
Rated Value
Current
 Mechanical Damage During
Short Circuits
 Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports,
transformers, and machines
 Damage is instantaneous
Mechanical
Forces
f1 f2
i1
i2

Rigid Conductors f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer
Protection System Elements

 Protective relays
 Circuit breakers
 Current and voltage transducers
 Communications channels
 DC supply system
 Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team
CTs CB

Protected
Control Equipment

Relay

VTs
+ DC Tripping Circuit

Relay
SI
Red
DC Station Lamp
Battery Relay
SI Contact

52a Circuit
Breaker
52
TC

–
Circuit Breakers
 Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT
 Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers

are also known as potential
High Voltage transformers
Protective Relays
 Examples of Relay Panels

Microprocessor-
Based Relay

Old Electromechanical
 How Do Relays Detect Faults?
 When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables
behave in a peculiar way. For example:
 Current suddenly increases
 Voltage suddenly decreases

 Relays can measure the currents and the

voltages and detect that there is an
overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a
combination of both
 Many other detection principles determine the
design of protective relays
Main Protection Requirements
 Reliability
 Dependability
 Security

 Selectivity
 Speed
 System stability
 Equipment damage
 Power quality

 Sensitivity
 High-impedance faults
 Dispersed generation
Primary Protection
Primary Protection Zone Overlapping
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays
To Zone B
Relays

Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays To Zone B
Relays
 Backup Protection

Breaker 5
Fails
C D
A E

1 2 5 6 11 12

T
B F

3 4 7 8 9 10
Typical Short-Circuit Type
Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground: 70–80%
Phase-Phase-Ground: 17–10%
Phase-Phase: 10–8%
Three-Phase: 3–2%
Power Line Protection Principles

 Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N)

 Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
 Distance (21, 21N)
 Differential (87)
Application of Inverse-Type
Relays
Relay t
Operation
Time

I
Radial Line

Fault Load
Inverse-Time Relay Coordination

Distance
t

 T  T  T
Distance
Addition of Instantaneous OC
Element

Relay t
Operation
Time

I
Radial Line

Fault Load
 50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance
t

 T  T  T
Distance
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Applications

L
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Principle
V I

F2 F1

Relay

Reverse Fault (F2) Forward Fault (F1)

I
V

V I
 Overcurrent Relay Problem

E
I SETTING 
Z S1  (0.8) Z L1

 Relay operates when the following condition

holds:
I FAULT  I a  I SETTING

 As Z s1 changes, the relay’s “reach” will change,

since setting is fixed
E
I FAULT ( LIMIT ) 
Z S1  (0.8) Z L1
 Distance Relay Principle
L
d
I a , Ib , I c

Radial
21 Three-Phase
Line
Va ,Vb ,Vc Solid Fault

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate

When:
| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |
The Impedance Relay Characteristic

R 2  X 2  Z r21

X Plain Impedance Relay

Operation Zone

Z  Z r1 Radius Zr1
Zr1

R
 Need for Directionality

F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6

RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone
F1

F2 R
Nonselective
Relay Operation
 Directionality Improvement
F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6

RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone Directional Impedance
F1 Relay Characteristic

F2 R
The Relay Will
Not Operate for
This Fault
 Mho Element Characteristic
(Directional Impedance Relay)

Operates when: V  I Z M cos   MT 

X Z  Z M cos   MT 

ZM

Z
 MT

R
 Three-Zone Distance Protection
Time

Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Line Protection With Mho Elements
X

A
R
D

E
Circular Distance Relay Characteristics
X X
PLAIN OFFSET
IMPEDANCE MHO (2)

R
X
X
LENS
MHO (RESTRICTED MHO 1)

R R

X X

OFFSET TOMATO
MHO (1) (RESTRICTED MHO 2)

R R
Semi-Plane Type Characteristics
X X
DIRECTIONAL
RESTRICTED
DIRECTIONAL

R
X X

REACTANCE RESTRICTED
REACTANCE

R R

X X

OHM
QUADRILATERAL

R
R
 Distance Protection
Summary

 Current and voltage information

 Phase elements: more sensitive than 67
elements
 Ground elements: less sensitive than 67N
elements
 Application: looped and parallel lines
 Directional Comparison
Pilot Protection Systems
L IL IR R

T Communications R
Relays Relays
R Channel T

Exchange of logic information

on relay status
 Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip

Bus A Bus B
1 2 3 4 5 6

FWD

FWD
 Basic POTT Logic

Key XMTR

Zone 2 Elements
AND Trip
RCVR
 Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme

Bus A Bus B

1 2 3 4 5 6

RVS FWD

FWD RVS
 Basic DCB Logic

Zone 3 Key XMTR

Carrier Coordination
Time Delay
CC
Zone 2 0
Trip
RCVR
 Differential Protection Principle

Balanced CT Ratio

CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault

50 IDIF = 0

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

Differential Protection Principle

CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault

50 IDIF > ISETTING

Relay Operates
Problem of Unequal CT Performance
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault

50 IDIF  0

 False differential current can occur if a CT

saturates during a through-fault
 Use some measure of through-current to
desensitize the relay when high currents are
present
Possible Scheme – Percentage
Differential Protection Principle
ĪSP ĪRP
CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment

ĪS ĪR

Relay
(87)

Compares: I OP  I S  I R
| IS |  | IR |
k  I RT k
2
Differential Protection Applications
 Bus protection
 Transformer protection
 Generator protection
 Line protection
 Large motor protection
 Reactor protection
 Capacitor bank protection
 Compound equipment protection
 Differential Protection
Summary
 The overcurrent differential scheme is simple
and economical, but it does not respond well to
unequal current transformer performance
 The percentage differential scheme responds
better to CT saturation
 Percentage differential protection can be
analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane
 Differential protection is the best alternative
selectivity/speed with present technology
Multiple Input Differential Schemes
Examples

Differential Protection Zone

ĪSP ĪRP

ĪT

I1 I2 I3 I4
OP

Bus Differential: Several Inputs

Three-Winding Transformer
Differential: Three Inputs
 Advantages of Digital Relays

Compatibility with
Low maintenance
Multifunctional digital integrated
(self-supervision)
systems

Highly sensitive,
Highly reliable
secure, and Adaptive
(self-supervision)
selective

Reduced burden
Programmable
on Low Cost
Versatile
CTs and VTs
 Synchrophasors Provide a
“Snapshot” of the Power System
 The Future
 Improvements in computer-based
protection
 Highly reliable and viable communication
systems (satellite, optical fiber, etc.)
 Integration of control, command,
protection, and communication
 Improvements to human-machine
interface
 Much more