Physical Environmental Control

SANITARY
INSTALLATION
Assoc.Professor Dr.
GÜLTEN MANİOĞLU
Aqueducts were constructed to move great
quantities of water from elsewhere.
Fountain were constructed in the city center
to provide water to the public
Dams, water tunnels, cisterns and sewer system
were built to make life comfortable and easy.
 A water system components.
• Water source itself
• Water requirement
• Water supply and treatment
• Mains water supply
• Water storage and distribution in the building
• Hot water supply
• Pipes, taps and valves
• Sanitary appliances
• Designing wet spaces
• Sewer system
• Sewage disposal
• Water conservation
 WATER
• is a common chemical substance that is
essential to all known forms of life. In
typical usage, water refers only to its liquid
form or state, but the substance also has a
solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water
vapor.
 Properties of water

Physical Properties
• Temperature
• Turbidity
• Color
• Odor and Taste
 Properties of water

Chemical Properties
• Hardness
• Ph
• Alkalinity
 Hardness
• The amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in
water determines its "hardness."
Water hardness Recommended for Not recommended for

0-7 very soft Drinking, washing, cooking making concrete

7-14 soft heating and hot water plumbing system

14-22 moderately soft

22-30 slightly hard heating system and hot water installation heating and hot water
plumbing system
30-54 hard heating and hot water
plumbing system

> 54 very hard drinking, cooking,

washing
 Ph
• The pH shows
whether a substance
is acid (pH 1-6),
neutral (pH 7) or
basic (pH 8-14).

• The technical
definition of pH is the
measure of the
activity of the
hydrogen ion (H+).
 1.Water Requirement
• Water requirements can be discussed on
several scale such as; city, settlements,
neighborhood and buildings.
• In buildings water consumption takes
places in several places (kitchen,
bathroom, gardens, garage etc.) for
cooking, washing, body care and cleaning.
 1.1.Environmental Factors
• Air and soil temperature and humidity
• Precipitation, atmospheric and barometric pressure
• Solar radiation and wind speed
• Green area and gardens
• Pools
• Car parking area, garages
• Environmental pollutants
• Disinfectants
• Exhaust smoke, chimney gas
• Cleaning works of building
 1.2. Water related factors
• Quality of water ( temperature, hardness
and pH)
• Water supply (direct or indirect systems)
• Water transmission (intermittent or
continuous)
• Water as a waste and soil transporter
• Waste water disposal
1.3.Social and personal factors
• Culture and prosperity of society
• Social habituations
– different sanitary appliances, wc or eastern closet
– religious festival, holidays
– habituations for water usage (flowing water,
backwater)
• Age, gender, body build,
• Cleaning requirement according to the activity
• Sense of shame
• Obsession of purification
 Cold water requirements
TSE 1258
Volume required (lt),person, day
• Dwellings and flats
Without bathroom 60
With shower 80
With bath 100
• Other Buildings
Factories 45
Hospitals
– Per bed 135
– Medical quarters 45
– Nurse quarters 135
Hotels with shower 90
Hotels with bath 150
Offices or public buildings 45
Restaurants 7
Schools
Day schools 45
Boarding schools 135
 Example

Water required for a 20 flat apartment, assuming

each flat with 4 people and a bath in bathrooms,
will be calculated as;
• Water requirement = Number of people x water
consumption
• Water requirement = 20x4 x 100 = 8000 lt.
 2.Water Supply

• Rainwater
• Surface water
• Groundwater
Rain water
• With good
planning much of
this water can be
caught and stored
in cisterns.
• Rainfall collected
on a roof or paved
catchment should
be directed
toward a drain
that leads to the
cistern.
 Surface water
• Water collecting on
the ground river, lake,
wetland, or ocean is
called surface water;
as opposed to
groundwater or
atmospheric water.

• Surface water is
naturally replenished
by precipitation.
 Groundwater
• Ground water usually refers
to subsurface water.
• When rain falls to the
ground, the water does not
stop moving.
• The water moves
downward through empty
spaces or cracks in the soil,
sand, or rocks until it
reaches a layer of rock
through which water cannot
easily move.
• The water then fills the
empty spaces and cracks
above that layer.
 3. Water treatment
• Filtration: This is normally done through sand, either by simple
percolation (slow filter) or under pressure (rapid filter). The process
removes the suspended matter from water.

• Purification: Before water can be consumed by humans, it must be

sterilized. In large installations and public supplies chlorine is added
to the water by a special plant. Water purification combines storage
in reservoirs to allow suspended matter to settle, followed by
filtration to remove both suspended and dissolved matter and a final
treatment by chlorination.

• Softening: Water is usually treated to change hard water to soft or

softer water to reduce scale formation. Two methods are used: in
the first, lime or lime with soda is added to the water, which brings
about changes to the hardness compounds so that they become
insoluble and precipitate by settlement or in filters, and in the second
the nature of the hardness is changed in a base exchange softener.
4. Mains water supply and water
distribution in the building

The vast majority

of buildings take
their water from
public water
supplies.
• The water main is usually sited along the edge of a
roadway.
• The supply of water to
the building is
measured by meter
and the cost charged
by units of
consumption.
• A water meter is a
device used to
measure the volume
of water usage.
• Building service pipe connection is made to the main
and the service pipe is usually taken to the boundary of
the site and finished with a stop valve, housed in a
suitable box.

The stop valve is situated either immediately outside

or inside the boundary.
 4.1.Cold Water Supply
Direct cold water supply system:
• the mains pressure is sufficient.
• the water is coming directly from the mains
• This system may be found in old houses.
 Advantages and disadvantages of
direct cold water supply system
• Advantages of this system include:
1. Economical on pipe work
2. Only a small cold water storage cistern required to
feed the hot water tank.

• Disadvantages of this system:

1. In the event of mains failure there is no reserve.
2. Mains supply exerts increased pressure on fittings.
3. During peak demand the pressure may be reduced.
 Indirect cold water supply system:
• the mains pressure is insufficient.
• the water is not coming directly from the
mains
• the water is piped and stored in the
cistern.
 Advantages and disadvantages of
indirect cold water supply system
• Advantages of this system:
1. A reserve supply in case of mains failure.
2. Less pressure on the installation taps and
valves resulting in less noisy and wear.

• Disadvantages of this system:

1. more pipe work required.
2. Provision and installation of a storage cistern
in the basement.
 Cisterns-water tanks
• galvanized sheet steel.
• plastic.
• iron or steel
• concrete lined with bitumen.
 Required volume of water for
water tanks-TSE 1258
Volume/person, day
• Dwellings 90
• Hotels 90
• Offices 45
• Restaurants 7
• Schools
• Day schools 27
• Boarding schools 90

Water tank volume should never be less than 110 liters. Tank
volume should supply water requirement for at least 3 days or a
week, according to building’s function.
 Example

Water tank volume required for a 20 flat

apartment, assuming each flat with 4
people, will be calculated as;

• Tank Volume = Number of people x

Storing Volume
• Tank Volume = 20 x 4 x 90 x 3 = 21600 lt.
 Pumps
• It is used where the
mains pressure is low
or for buildings where
the indirect water
supply system is
used,
• It is necessary to
pump the water up to
the top of the building.
 Zoning

• If the building is very tall it may be

necessary to divide the distribution into
zones to keep the water pressure within
reasonable limits.

• Zoned supply system can be provided by

low level pumps or intermediate pumps
systems.
 Low level pump system
• Pumps are arranged on the
low level of the building in
order to feed zoned areas from
the basement.
• Advantages of this system
1. Structurally balanced
building
• Disadvantages of this system:
1. More pipe work required.
2. More pressure on the
installation resulting in more
noisy
 Intermediate pump system
• Pumps are served from
installation floors for zoned
areas placed intermediately in
the building.
• Advantages of this system:
1. Less pipe work required
resulting
• 2. Less pressure on the
installation taps and valves
• Disadvantages of this system:
1. More structural load on
building.
 4.2. Hot water supply
• Central hot water system
• Local hot water systems.
 Central systems
• This system is
combined with
the hot water
supply system.
• The water from
the boiler
circulates
through an heat
exchanger and
heats the water
indirectly.
• This same
water also
circulates
through the
radiators.
 Heat Exchanger
• Heat exchangers are
devices built for
efficient heat transfer
from one fluid to
another and are
widely used in
engineering
processes
• The fluids may not be
in direct contact
 Local systems
• The water heater is installed always close to the sanitary
appliances.
• The water is either heated-stored locally or heated instantaneously
as it flows through the heater.
• Electricity is widely used because of the ease of supply, although
gas is often employed.
• The advantages of this system are that there is a minimum of
distributing pipe work, initial outlay is comparatively low and the
control and payment for fuel can be individual.

• There are two types of local water heater,

the hot water storage heater
the instantaneous water heater
 The local hot water storage heater
• The local hot water
storage heater
consists of a heat
source and a storage
cylinder or tank.
• Some water heaters
cannot supply enough
hot water for
simultaneous uses
such as showers and
laundry.
 The instantaneous water heater
• The instantaneous water
heater consists of a heat
source through or around
which cold water runs
and is heated
instantaneously as it is
run off.
• These water heaters
operate by running cold
water around a heat
exchanger so that water
is heated as it flows.
 Solar water heating
They consist of
• a dark flat-plate absorber
of solar energy,
• a transparent cover that
allows solar energy to
pass through but reduces
heat losses,
• a set of metal tubes
surrounded by an
evacuated (near vacuum)
glass cylinder
• a heat-transport fluid
(often water) to remove
heat from the absorber,
and
• a heat insulating backing.
• Heat is stored in a hot
water storage tank.
5. Flow control components
• Pipes
• Valves
• Taps
 5.1. Pipes
The primary plumbing applications in which piping is used:

Non pressure application

• Building Drain, Waste and Vent (DWV)
• Building Sewers and Drains

Pressure application
• Water Service
• Hot and Cold Water Distribution

Other applications:
• Fire Sprinkler Piping
• Swimming Pool Piping
• Chilled Water Systems
• Irrigation
• Ice Melting
• Radiant Floor Heating
 Materials of Pipes
• The material used for pipe work for water
service (cold and hot water supplies,
building drains and waste water
installation) are;
• lead,
• copper,
• galvanized mild steel
• plastic.
 Pipe location and fixing
• Pipe fixed area should be determined clearly.
• Pipes in the walls should be located in a channel determined in
advance, in order to provide the accessibility.
• Pipes can be fixed on
several surfaces
(walls, ceilings etc.)
by a suitable (chosen
according the
diameter of the pipe)
clip
 Water
distribution in
building
• In the location of the pipe
in the floors, walls, and
partitions of a building,
the accessibility of the
pipe should be
considered
• In a well designed
building, pipes should be
grouped in "vertical
shafts" within the walls
and in horizontal
“suspended ceilings”
within the floors.
• In large buildings hot-
water pipes, cold-water
pipes, drainage pipes,
gas pipes, electrical
conduits, etc. can be
grouped in the shafts.
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Plumbing using PVC
Layout for water supply
• In order to avoid the freezing of pipes,
pipes should be located in inside partitions
and in other warm and protected places
and covered with materials which conduct
heat poorly.
Fittings
Fittings
 Water-supply pipe sizes
The size of the supply pipe, is dependent on:
• The available pressure.
• The length of the pipe from the source to
discharge.
• The material of which the pipe is made.
• The number of turns, reducers, valves, meters,
and other obstructions on the line.
• The rate at which water is to flow through the
pipe.
 Examples of typical sizes in
millimeters

Inches ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

mm. 13 19 25 31 38
 5.2. Valves
• Valves are used for controlling the flow
into, through, and from pipes.
• The three types most frequently used in
building pipe installation are;
globe valves,
gate valves and
check valves.
Globe valves - Gate valves - Check valves
 5.3.Taps
• Taps are usually used at the end of a
pipeline for draw-off purpose.
• These fitting are designed to draw hot or
cold water from the pipe work.
• There are two types of tap: The bip tap
and the mixer tap (including mixer taps
which mix hot and cold water) .
• Taps can be plain brass or chromium
plated.
 Bip tap
• Hot or cold water from the supply is
provided by bip taps..
• This type of tap is fixed above bath, basin
or sink to be served.
• The hot tap generally has a red indicator
while the cold tap generally has a blue or
green indicator.
Bip taps
 Mixer tap
• Hot and cold water from the two valves is mixed
together before reaching the outlet, allowing the
water to emerge at any temperature between
that of the hot and cold water supplies.
• Mixer taps may have a red-blue stripe or arrows
indicating which side will give hot and which
cold.
• Instead of the term "tap" the word faucet being
used for water outlets.
 There are several types of faucet
according to the fixtures in wet spaces.

• Bathroom faucet
• Bathroom shower faucet
• Bathroom sink faucet
• Sink faucet
• Kitchen faucet
• Bidet faucet
Bathroom faucet
Bathroom shower faucet
Bathroom sink faucet
Kitchen faucet
Bidet faucet
6.SANITARY APPLIANCES
 What we expect from the
installation?
• Available sizing
• Available materials
• Water conservation
• Imperviousness
• Durability
• Noncorrosive
• Noise control
• Condensation control
• Life cycle cost control
• Aesthetic design
• Integration with other systems in buildings
• Easy maintenance
• Flexibility
 Sanitary appliances
• Sanitary appliances should have impermeable
surfaces
• The body of the material should be impervious
• The shape should be appropriate to its use and
free from crevices
• Sanitary appliances should have durable, easily
cleaned and non absorbent surface
• Water supplies should run no risk of
contamination from the proximity to the foul
water in the appliance, particularly where direct
supply from the mains is involved.
Materials for sanitary appliances
The majority of today’s sanitary appliances are made by
ceramic. Materials used for sanitary appliances are;

• Ceramics
• Cast iron
• Pressed steel
• Stainless steel
• Plastics
• Terrazzo
• Acrylic
 6.1.Water Closed
• A water closet
consists of a pan
containing water
and receiving
excrement and a
device for
providing a flush
of water.
• Modern toilets incorporate
an 'S' bend; this 'trap'
creates a water seal which
remains filled with water
between flushing, thus
providing a hygienic
barrier by preventing
sewer gases from passing
up the drainpipe.
• During flushing the 'S'
bend also provides siphon
action which helps
accelerate the flushing
process.
• The majority of wash-down
WC pans are made with an
outgo that is near horizontal
with a small slope. This
type of outgo described as
a P trap outgo.
• In some situations the WC
pan may discharge to a
drain below the floor level
and it is convenient to have
a vertical outgo. This type
of outgo described as a S
trap outgo.
Water closet TSE 800
 6.2.Squatting or eastern closet
alaturka (alla turca)
• A squat toilet is a toilet
used by squatting,
rather than sitting.
• It is not suitable for old
and infirm people but it
gives a good
physiological posture.
• The use of this type of
closets is
recommended in public
lavatories because they
provide very much
more hygienic
conditions than usual at
present.
 Squatting TSE 799

• The 'S' bend is not

incorporate with
the squat toilet, it
is fitting
separately.
• The water for the
user’s self
cleaning is
supplied by a bip
tap fixed on the
wall.
 6.3.Urinal
• A urinal is any specialized toilet or
container designed for urinating, generally
by boys and men.
• A urinal consists of a slab with a channel
at its foot or a series of stalls which include
projecting dividing pieces.
• Ceramic materials are normally used.
Flushing is provided several types.

• Manual handles
• Timed flush
• Automatic flush
• Door regulated flush
Urinal TSE 2747
•Stall urinal and slab urinal are always
recommended for public lavatories where
adults and children can both use the
same sanitary appliance.

•This is also recommended for disable

people.
 6.4.Bidet
• A bidet is a low-mounted sanitary
appliance intended for washing the
genitalia (male or female) and the
anus.
• Despite appearing similar to a water
closed, it would be more accurate to
compare it to the washbasin or
bathtub.
Bidet TSE 2748
 6.5.Bath
• Baths are designed for washing the whole
body in a more relaxing way.
• Baths have a rectangular profile rim designed to
accommodate end and side panels, and an outlet,
overflow, holes for taps and adjustable feet.
• Acrylic baths are also very popular
because of easy fixing and cleaning.
• Water supply to baths is usually by means
of hot and cold pillar taps at the end of the
bath or on the long side near the wall.
Bath TSE 544
 6.6.Sitting bath
• Sitting baths have a
stepped bottom to form
a seat.
• It may be used where
space is limited but is
not conducive to
relaxation.
• It is however suitable
for old people since the
user may maintain a
normal sitting position.
 6.7.Shower
• A shower is the act of spraying water on
the body, or a device built for that purpose.
• Shower is a more efficient and hygienic,
quicker to use and require less water
means of washing than the bath.
• The walls around showers are lined with
some impermeable materials such as tile,
and the open side is fitted with a
waterproof curtain or plastic cubicle.
Showers TSE 544-2750
 6.8. Wash Basin
• Wash basins designed for washing upper
part of the body, are supported by wall
brackets.
Wash basin TSE 605

•The standard wash basin

consists of a bowl, soap tray,
outlet, water overflow connected
to the outlet, and holes for fixing
taps.
• The purpose of the
pedestal is to hide
the trap, waste and
hot and cold
services pipes.
• The weight of the
basin is not
supported by the
pedestal.
• Self-rimming (top-mount) sinks sit in
appropriately-shaped holes are suspended by
their rim.
• Bottom-mount or under-mount sinks are installed
below the countertop surface.

• Especially for bottom-mount sinks, silicone-based

sealants are usually used to assure a waterproof
joint between the sink and the countertop material.
 6.9. Kitchen sink
• In plumbing, a kitchen sink is a bowl-
shaped fixture that is used for washing
foods and dishes.
• Stainless steel is a easy cleaning
materials and commonly used in kitchens
sink because they will not be damaged by
hot or cold objects and resist damage from
impacts.
 Kitchen sink TSE 698

• Most sinks are holed on both sides for fitting hot and cold taps or
mixers.
• Stainless steel sink designed to fit into kitchen units, are
made with single or double bowls with a drainer inclined
toward the bowl.
 7. Designing wet spaces

• A bathroom containing a WC, or a WC in a

room on its own, must not open directly off
a kitchen, living or dining room, but it can
open off a room that is used only as a
bedroom or dressing room.
• Wet spaces should be adjacent in plan and they
should be placed one above the other vertically.
• Accessibility of piping should be provided by service
walls or "vertical shafts" within the walls and by
horizontal “suspended ceilings” within the floors.
• If pipes are located into the wall, It is desirable
that the cold water supply pipe should be
placed under the hot water supply pipe in
order to avoid to be heated.
• External ventilation is required for a bathroom
and WC, this can either be by an opening
window or the use of an automatic extractor fan
and duct connected to the outside.
• The position of door and window in the
bathroom can influence the position of the
sanitary appliances, thus special care
should be taken in designing the area.
• Necessary area should be provided for
each sanitary appliance.
How to lay tiles?
8.DRAINAGE INSTALLATION
 The drainage installation should,
• Ensure adequate flow
• Exclude smells and foul air
• Limit noise
• Be and remain leak tight
• Be and remain free flowing
• Be durable
• Be traceable and accessible for maintenance
• Be replaceable
• Be able to test
 8.1.Traps
• A trap or waste trap is a copper or plastic fitting formed as a bend in
pipe work to contain a seal of water as a barrier to odors rising from
sanitary pipe work and drains into rooms
 8.2. Floor drains

• A floor drain is a plumbing fixture that is

installed in the floor of a structure, mainly
designed to remove any standing water near it.
 8.3.Waste pipes
• When water is supplied to a building,
discharge must be made to remove the
waste water from the building. The pipes
for this purpose are classified as drainage
pipes.
Waste
water pipes
The system consists
of several horizontal
branches, usually
fairly short, serving
the sanitary
appliances on each
floor and leading to a
vertical discharge
stack that conveys
the soil and waste
water by the most
direct route to the
underground drains.
• The soil stack is the main
component of the waste
drain.
• It's a vertical "stack" of
pipes that starts in the
basement floor or wall
where it's connected to the
outbound sewer/septic line.
• The top end of the stack
acts as a vent.
• It extends vertically out
through the roof, allowing
gases to escape outside
and also helps promote
drain flow by drawing air
inward.
 Designing waste water pipes

• The key factors to consider when planning

the route of the waste pipe are to keep the
route as straight and short as you can and
to avoid making it too steep.
• In order to reduce the risk of stoppages,
pipe work is not permitted to decrease in
diameter in the direction of flow.
•They should be arranged in ducts for ease of access
• The waste pipe must also slope
enough for the water to run away at
an efficient rate, the angle of the
slope will depend largely on the
diameter of the pipe being used and
its overall length to the outside drain.

• The connection to the stack

should be through a swept
bend.
 8.4. Manholes
Manholes are large chambers with an open
channel and working space at drain level which
were placed;
• At all changes in direction
• At all changes in gradient
• At all drain junctions that are inaccessible.
• Where a junction between two drains does not
have a manhole. Access should be sited on the
branch drain within 12 meters of the junction.
• At the head of each run of drain.
• At changes in pipe diameter.
Manholes
Backdrop Manholes
Manhole connection to the main drain
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 8.5. Sewer (drain) system
• A sewer is an artificial conduit (or pipe) or
system of conduits used to carry and
remove sewage (human liquid waste) and
to provide drainage.
Combined and separate drainage
systems
 8.6. Waste water treatment
• Physical treatment: the solids are separated
from the wastewater stream
• Chemical treatment: dissolved biological matter
is progressively converted into a solid mass by
using indigenous, water-borne microorganisms
• Biological treatment: the biological solids are
neutralized then disposed of or re-used, and the
treated water may be disinfected chemically or
physically
Bathroom design for disabled people