OLIVAREZ COLLEGE

DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MATH 001 – General Mathematics
Module No. ​5

I. ​O​UTCOMES OF LEARNING
Module 4:

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

I. OUTCOMES OF LEARNING:
1. Represents real-life situations using exponential functions.
2. Distinguishes between exponential function, exponential equation, and exponential
inequality. 3. Solves exponential equations and inequality.
4. Represents an exponential function through its:
(a) table of values,
(b) graph, and
(c) equations.
5. Find the domain and range of an exponential function.
6. Determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function.
7. Solve problems involving exponential functions, equations, and inequalities.
(a) Exponential Growth and;
(b) Exponential Decay

L​
II. ​ ESSON PRESENTATION

Exponential functions h ​ ave the form ​��(��) = ��​�� where ​

​�� ​> 0 and �
​ � ​≠ 1. Just as in any
exponential ​ e
​ xpression, �
​ � ​is called the b​ ase a
​ nd ​�� ​is called the e​ xponent​.

An example of an exponential function is the growth of bacteria. Some bacteria double every hour. If you
start with 1 bacterium and it doubles every hour, you will have �​ �​�� bacteria
​
after �
​ � ​hours. This can be written as
��​
��(��) = ��​ .
Before you start, �​ �(��) = ��​�� = ​
��
�� ​
After 1 hour, �​ �(��) = ��​ = ��
In 2 hours, ​��(��) = ��​�� ​= ��
In 3 hours, ​��(��) = ��​�� ​= ��​.
And so on.

Bacteria commonly reproduce through a process called binary fission during which one bacterial cell splits
into ​two. When conditions are right, bacteria can reproduce very quickly. Unlike humans and other complex
organisms, the ​time required to form a new generation of bacteria is often a matter of minutes or hours as opposed
to days or years.
 1

LESSON 5: Exponential Functions

OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
Determine whether the given function represented by its equation is an E
​ XPONENTIAL FUNCTION ​or N
​ OT.

​ � = 8​��​is an e
1. ​�� = 8​��​ ​The function � ​ xponential function​, where a = 8 with exponent x.​ ​2. �
​ � = 5​3��​ T
​ he

​ � = 5​3��​is an e
function � ​ xponential function​, where a = 5 with exponent 3x.​ ​3. ​�� = 2.5​6��​ T
​ he function �
​ �=

2.5​6��​is an e
​ xponential function​, where a = 2.5 with exponent 6x.​ ​4. ​�� = ��​8​ T ​ � = ��​8​is ​not
​ he function �

exponential function s​ ince the exponent is a fixed value. ​ ​5. � ​ � = ��​3.5​is ​not
​ � = ��​3.5​ ​The function �

exponential function s​ ince the exponent is a fixed value.​ 6 ​ � = (−4)​��​ T

​ .� ​ � = (−4)​��​is ​not
​ he function �

exponential function b
​ ecause a = -4 which is not greater than 0.

EXPONENTIAL EQUALITY
An ​exponential equality ​in one variable is an equation having a variable in the exponent.

PROPERTY OF EQUALITY FOR EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

∙ ​One-to-One Property

��​�� =
​
��​��​if and only if ​�� =
​ ​��​.

EXAMPLES:
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

a. 2 ​ ��
​ =​
32
�� ​
2​ = 2​ Rewrite 32 as ​2​
5​ 5

​ � = 5 ​One-to-One Property
�

b. ​5��
​ ​= 625
5​�� =
​
5​4 ​Rewrite 625 as 5
​ 4​
​ � = 4 ​One-to-One Property
�

c. 9 ​ 2��+1
​ ​
= 3​8��
2(2��+1) ​
​3​
8��​
= 3​ R
​ ewrite 9 as ​3​
2
4�� + 2 ​
​3​ = 3​8��​ ​Power to a Power
​4�� + 2 = 8�� ​Property of Equality for Exponential Form​ ​ ​4�� − 4�� + 2 = 8�� − 4�� ​Addition
Property of Equality
​2 = 8�� − 4��
​1​4​[2 = 4��]​1​4​Multiplication Property of Equality
​ 4​=​4��​4
2​
��​
​ ��​= �� ​Final answer

EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
An ​exponential inequality i​ s an inequality having a variable in the exponent.

PROPERTY OF INEQUALITY FOR EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION:

Let � ​ �​�� >

​ � ​> 1. Then � ​
��​��​if an only if ​�� ​> ​��​.
 ​��​�� <
​
��​��​if an only if �
​ � ​< �
​ �​.

2
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
EXAMPLES:
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
a. 4
​ 3��−1
​ ​
< 64
4​3��−1 <
​
4​3​ ​Rewrite 64 as 4
​ 3​
​ �� − 1 < 3 ​Property of Inequality for Exponential Form ` ​3�� − 1 + 1 < 3 + 1 A
3 ​ ddition Property
of Inequality
​3�� < 4
​ 3​[3�� < 4]​1​3​ M
1​
​ ultiplication Property of Inequality ​
3��​ 4​
3​<​ 3
��​
�
​ � <​ ��​ F​ inal answer

b. ​5��+1
​ ​
≥ 25​2
��+1 ​
5​ ≥ 5​2(2)​ R
​ ewrite 25 as ​5​
2

5​��+1 ≥ ​
5​4​ P
​ ower Rule for Exponents
​ �+1≥4
�
�� + 1 − 1 ≥ 4 − 1 A ​ ddition Property of Inequality
�� ≥ 3​ ​Final answer

c. 3​ ��
​ ≥​
81​��+1
�� ​
​Rewrite 81 as 3 ​ 4​
4(��+1)​
3
​ ​ ≥ 3​
�� ​
3
​ ​ ≥ 3​4��+4​
P
​ ower Rule for Exponents
​�� ≥ 4�� + 4 ​Property of Inequality for Exponential Form ​ ​�� − 4�� ≥ 4�� − 4�� 4 ​Addition
Property of Inequality​ ​ ​−3�� ≥ 4
−​1​3​[−3�� ≥ 4 ] −​1​3​ M ​ ultiplication Property of Inequality
​�� ≥ −​4​3​ ​Final Answer

Consider the behavior of the graphs of exponential functions of the form​��(��) = ��​��​, where​�� > 1​,
through the following illustrative examples.
Let us represent the table of values and graph of the given exponential equation.

EXAMPLE

​ �​(��) = ��​��
Equation: �

Table of Values:
x −�� −�� �� �� ��

f(x) 1 1 1 3 9
9 3

∙ ​You may choose several values for x, then;

∙ ​Let us evaluate the function for x and write the result in the f(x) column.

2​
If �
​ � = −2; ��(−2) = 3​−2 ​=​1​3​ =​1​9
1​
If �
​ � = −1; ��(−1) = 3​−1 ​=​1​3​ =​1​3
1; ��(1) = 3​1 ​= 3 I​ f ​�� = 2; ��(2)
If �
​ � = 0; ��(0) = 3​0 ​= 1 I​ f �
​ �=
 = 3​2 =
​
9 Evaluation

3
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
∙ ​After you complete the table of values, let’s sketch the graph of the given points for ​x ​and f​ (x).​

Graph: ​��​(��) = ��​��

∙ ​Start with a table of values

x −�� −�� �� �� ��

f(x) 1 1 1 3 9
9 3

∙ ​You may plot the points.

EXAMPLE
​ �​(��) = ��​��−��
Equation: �

Table of Values:
x �� �� �� �� ��

f(x) 1 1 1 1 2
8 4 2

∙ ​You may choose several values for x, then;

∙ ​Let us evaluate the function for x and write the result in the f(x) column.
 3​ ��​
If �
​ � = 1; ��(1) = 2​1−4 =
​
2​−3 =​
​ 1​
2​ =​ ��

2​ ��​
If �
​ � = 2; ��(2) = 2​2−4 = ​
2​−2 =​
​ 1​
2​ =​ ��

​ 1​ 1
= �� ​If �
​ � = 5; ��(5) = 2​5−4 =
​
2​1 ​=
If �​ � = 3; ��(3) = 2​3−4 = ​
2​−1 =​ 2​
��
=​��​��​ ​ ​If �
​ � = 4; ��(4) = 2​4−4 ​= 2​0 Evaluation

4
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5

∙ ​After you complete the table of values, let’s sketch the graph of the given points for ​x ​and f​ (x).​

Graph: ​��​(��) = ��​��−��

∙ ​Start with a table of values

x �� �� �� �� ��

f(x) 1 1 1 1 2
8 4 2

∙ ​You may plot the points.

INTERCEPTS AND ZEROS OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

To determine the intercepts of an exponential function we let �

​ � ​and ​�� ​equal to 0.

EXAMPLES
 1. Find the intercepts of �
​ �(��) = 2​(��+1) ​− 8

�� − ������������������:

To calculate the ​�� − ������������������ w

​ e let ​�� = 0.

�� = 2​(0+1) −
​
8
1​
�� = 2​ − 8
�� = 2 − 8
�� = −��
�� − ������������������ ���� ���� (��, −��)

5
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
�� − ������������������:

To determine the �
​ � − ������������������ ​we let �
​ � = 0.

0 = 2​(��+1) ​− 8
0 + 8 = 2​(��+1)
8 = 2​(��+1)
​2​ = 2
​ (��+1)
3​
​
3 = �� + 1
3 − 1 = ��
�� = ��
�� − ������������������ ����
���� (��, ��)

​ � = 4​�� ​− 64
2. Find the intercepts of �

�� − ������������������:

�� = 4​0 ​− 64
�� = 1 − 64
�� = −63
�� − ������������������ ����
���� (��, −����)

�� − ������������������: ​64 = 4​��

4​ = 4​��
3​
0 = 4​�� −
​
64 3 = ��
0 + 64 = 4​�� �� = 3
�� − ������������������ ����
Property of Exponential Equation
���� (3, 0)

A​SYMPTOTES OF AN EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
Property of Exponential Equation
 Asymptote is a line which arbitrarily closely approaches a curve. An asymptote can be horizontal, vertical, or
oblique. Horizontal asymptotes are the value which the curve approaches as ​�� ​becomes very big or very small.

EXAMPLES
−�� 1
8
​ � = ��​��
Determine the asymptote of �
−�� 1
∙ ​Make a table of values 4
∙ ​You may choose several values for � ​ �.
∙ ​Let us evaluate the equation for ​�� ​and −�� 1
write the result in the ​�� c​ olumn 2

�� 1

�� 2
∙ ​After you complete the table of values,
let’s sketch the graph of the given points �� 4
for ​��
and ​�� t​ o find the asymptote. �� 8
x y

LESSON 5: Exponential Functions

OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General Mathematics
Module No. ​5

∙ ​The asymptote for equation � ​ � = ��​��​is ​�� = 0​. The reason for that is
because the graph is approaching the line ​�� = 0 ​but not touching
it. That’s what an asymptote is.
∙ ​An asymptote is a line that our graph approaches but does not
 touch it and doesn’t cross over it.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A function's domain is the set of input values which are used for the independent variable. The
range of function is a set of output values for dependent variable. ​For any exponential function, ​��​(��) =
����​��​the domain is ​the set of all real numbers. ​The range, however, is bounded by the horizontal asymptote of
the graph of �
​ �(��).

Let’s find the domain and range of the example above.

Note: You need a graph to find the domain and range of a function.

​ � = 0 ​we can now find the domain and range of ​�� = ��​��​.
Since we have the asymptote �

Domain: ​{ �� | �� ∈ ��}

It shows that any value for x the function will make it true. The graph will be continues
infinitely into negative direction and positive direction. So therefore the domain are all real
numbers.

Range: ​{ �� | �� > ��}

SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, and

INEQUALITIES:​ ​EXAMPLES

A. ​Write an exponential function to model the situation. Tell what each variable represents A price of ​$125
increases 4 % each year.

7
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5

Solution:
STANDARD FORMULA:
��​(1 + %​ ​����������������)​��​In every problem, when you encounter the word
“increase a ​certain percent each year” you will be using this
standard
formula where, A = initial amount, t = time/year

�� = 125 (1.04)​��​Since your task is to just have the exponential function to model the situation,
therefore we will have P as the price and x as the
number of year/s.

B. ​Find the value of the function after 5 years to the nearest whole number. A population of 290 animals that
increases at annual rate of 9%.

Solution:
 STANDARD FORMULA:
(EXPONENTIAL GROWTH)
��​(1 + %​ ​����������������)​��​Since the given problem is asking for the increase
in a certain p
​ ercent, you will still be using the standard
formula.

290(1.09)​5​290 is the initial number of animals in the present and your task is to find the total number of
animals after 5 years that is why
it is raise to the power of 5. Annual rate means per year or
yearly.

​ 90 x 1.5 = ​446 ​Therefore,

(1.09)​5​= 1.5 ​First, find the value of ​(1.09)​5​then multiply it to 290. 2

the number of animals after 5 years is ​446.

C. ​Find the value of the function after 5 years to the nearest whole number. A population of 330 animals that
decreases at annual rate of 22%.

Solution:
STANDARD FORMULA:
(EXPONENTIAL DECAY)
��​(1 − %​ ​����������������)​��​Since the given problem is asking for its decrease in
a certain ​percent, you will be using the standard formula.
5​
330(0.78)​ 330 is the initial number of animals in the present and your task is to find the total number of
animals left after 5 years that is
why it is raise to the power of 5. Annual rate means per year
or yearly.

(0.78)​5 ​=0.28 ​First, find the value of ​(0.78)​5​then multiply it to 330. ​330 x 0.28 = 95 ​Therefore, the
total number of animals left after 5 years is ​95.

8
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General Mathematics
Module No. ​5

I​
III. ​ NTERACTIVE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. On your own understanding, what are the differences of exponential function, equation and inequality?
2. Why are exponential functions important?
3. How exponential functions, equation and inequality useful in real-life?
 IV. ​V​ALUES REFLECTION
Direction: ​Cite a real-life example that exponential functions is visible and EXPLAIN.

V. ​ A​CTIVITY ENGAGEMENT
Zombie Attack!

Background
2 strains of a zombie virus have been discovered in the United States. Each strain is described below.
Strain A Strain B

Each minute, the original zombie “infects” 3 Each minute, every zombie is able to infect 1 person.
new people, but the new zombies cannot New zombies are able to infect people.
infect anyone.

LESSON 5: Exponential Functions

OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
Make a prediction!
Which strain will create more zombies after 10 minutes? Explain your thinking.
Zombie Attack!
Let’s begin the simulation. If you get infected with the zombie virus, you must ​report​ y
​ our name to the CDC
(Center for Disease Control) on the minute you were infected, so they can track the virus.

Tracking the virus

Use the CDC minute reports to complete the tables below to track the number of Zombies after each minute.
Conclusion

Strain A Strain B

Minutes # Zombies Minutes # Zombies

0 0

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

Which strain created more zombies after 10 minutes? Explain.

 10
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General Mathematics
Module No. ​5

VI. ​R​ESEARCH EXPLORATION

∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations without Logarithms, Retrieved from
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/advanced-algebra/solving-exponential-equations-without
logarithms/
∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations from the Definition, Retrieved from
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/solvexpo.htm
∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations, Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveExpEqns.aspx
∙ ​Applications of Exponential Functions, Retrieved from h
​ ttps://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-i
second-edition/section/8.7/

I​
VII. ​ NTEGRATION PROCESS AND SYNTHESIS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION, EQUATION AND INEQUALITY
 S ∙ ​Exponential function are functions which take the form � ​ �(��) = ��​�� where
​
​�� ​is a positive real
Y number not ​ ​equal to 1, and x is a real number.
N ∙ ​In solving exponential equation and inequality, the property of equality for exponential equation is used.
T The property states that if ​��​�� ​= ��​�� where
​
a is a positive real number other than 1, x and y are
H real ​ ​numbers then x = y. The laws of exponent also play vital role in solving exponential equation
E and ​ ​inequality.
∙ ​Exponential Functions can be represented through:
S
- Equation,
I - Table of Values, and
S - Graph

11

LESSON 5: Exponential Functions

OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General Mathematics
Module No. ​5
Learning Directions: Complete the Frayer model.
Reflection

Definition Characteristics

EXPONENTIAL
Examples ​FUNCTION ​Non-examples
 VIII. ​A​SSESSMENT OF LEARNING
A. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Direction: Determine whether the given represented by its equation is an E

​ XPONENTIAL FUNCTION o
​ r
NOT.

1. ​�� = 8​��
2. ​�� = (−4)​��
3. ​�� = 5​3��
4. ​�� = 3​−��
5. ​�� = 6​7��
6. ​�� =​1​2​��
7. ​�� = (−3.1)​9��
8. ​�� = 4.5​��
9. ​�� =​4​3​−2��
10. �​ � = 2​2��

12
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
B. EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

Direction: Solve the following equation. Show your complete solution.

☺ ​1. 4
3��+1 ​
​ ​ = 8​��−1
 ​2. ​9​3�� ​= 27​��−2

13
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
C. EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY

Direction: Solve the following inequality. Show your complete solution.

��−2 ​
☺ ​1. 2
​ ​ <8
 3��−1 ​
2. ​4​ < 64

14
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions
OLIVAREZ COLLEGE
DR. PABLO R. OLIVAREZ – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 001 – General
Mathematics ​Module No. ​5
 IX. ​N​ETWORK LINKS, DIGITAL SOURCES AND
REFERENCES​Digital Sources
∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations without Logarithms, Retrieved from
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/advanced-algebra/solving-exponential-equations-without-logarithms
/​ ​∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations from the Definition, Retrieved from
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/solvexpo.htm
∙ ​Solving Exponential Equations, Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveExpEqns.aspx
∙ ​Applications of Exponential Functions, Retrieved from h ​ ttps://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-i-second
edition/section/8.7/
∙ ​Exponential Functions, Retrieved from h ​ ttps://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen
collegealgebra/chapter/introduction-exponential-functions/?fbclid=IwAR2TCTPcueptT1Y0_6P2w1
-​ ​Z3JjEtv5iI1g9gf1e78gz_-0pvKtZISdTga0

Textbooks

∙ ​Orines, Fernando B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics, General Mathematics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
∙ ​Albaty, Eduard M. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: General Mathematics. Makati City: Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.

15
LESSON 5:
Exponential Functions