JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Grade 8

SCIENCE

SCI-BOX
(A SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Quarter 1| Lesson 1

Forces and Motion

Grade 8—Science
Competency: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion (S8FE-Ia-15)
Science – Grade 8
Sci-Box (A Self-Learning Package) for JHS
Forces and Motion
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Schools Division of Iloilo
Luna Street,SCIENCE
La Paz, Iloilo City

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Quarter 1| Lesson 1
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of Iloilo.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be reproduced or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical without written permission from
the Schools Division of Iloilo.

Development Team of Sci-Box

Writer: Jennifer P. Domingo

Illustrator: Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Layout Artists: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Reviewer: Zaldy M. Tondo

Division Quality Assurance Team: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Zaldy M. Tondo

Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo, Dr. Nordy D. Siason

Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay
Zaldy M. Tondo

Grade 8—Science
Competency: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion (S8FE-Ia-15)
Introductory Message
Welcome to Grade 8 Science.

The Sci-Box (A Self-Learning Package) for Junior High School is a developed to

guide you our dear learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.

The Sci-Box aims to guide our learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace
SCIENCE
and time. This also aims to assist learners in developing and achieving the lifelong learning skills
while considering their needs and situations.

Quarter 1| Lesson 1
For learning facilitator:

The Sci-Box is developed to address the current needs of the learner to continue learn-
ing in the comforts of their homes or learning centers. As the learning facilitator, make sure
that you give them clear instructions on how to study and accomplish the given activities in the
material. Learner’s progress must be monitored.

For the learner:

The Sci-Box is developed to help you, dear learner, in your needs to continue learning
even if you are not in school. This learning material aims to primarily provide you with mean-
ingful and engaging activities for independent learning. Being an active learner, carefully read
and understand to follow the instructions given.

REMEMBER ….
To answer the given exercises, questions and assessment, USE your Science Activity
Notebook. When you are DONE, wait for the teacher/volunteer to collect your Activity
notebook.

Good luck and God bless.

Grade 8—Science
Competency: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion (S8FE-Ia-15)
 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

SCIENCE 8
Forces and Motion
Learning Competency:
Investigate the relationship between the
amount of force applied and the mass of the
object to the amount of change in the object’s
motion (S8FE-Ia-15)
 Ready to Launch!

In Grade 7, you described an object’s motion in terms of displacement, speed or

velocity and acceleration. You also studied about uniform motion or objects moving in
straight line at constant speed. Then you were also introduced to non-uniform motion where
the object covers unequal distances or displacements at equal intervals of time.

Most of the motions we come across in our daily life are non-uniform and the primary
cause of changes in motion is force. In this module, you will learn about the effects of force on
motion. Newton’s three Laws of Motion will be presented and applied to real-life situations.

How are balanced and unbalanced forces related to motion? Can force always bring
about change in the state of motion of an object?

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. explain how balanced and unbalanced forces are related to motion;
2. define inertia;
3. state Newton’s First law of motion; and
3. relate Newton’s first law of motion to real life situations.

Try This!
What makes an arrow fly through the air to its target?
What makes a soccer ball change its direction?
 Keep This in Mind!
Activity
To accurately describe the forces acting on an object, it is important for you to be
familiar first with the following terms: magnitude, direction, point of application and line of
action. Consider the diagram below.

Figure 1. Force acting on a ball

Magnitude refers to the size or strength of the force. It is commonly expressed in

Newton (N). The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force while the length of
the arrow represents the relative magnitude of the force. If the force applied on the ball is
doubled, the length of the arrow is increased two times. The line of action is the straight line
passing through the point of application and is parallel to the direction of the force.

Activity 1: Forces

Part A—Forces on object at rest

Objective:
1. Identify the forces acting on an object at rest
Materials:
Pen
string
pair of scissors
book

Situation 1
1. Hang a pen by a piece of string.
Q1. Is the pen at rest or in motion?
Q2. Are there forces acting on the pen? If yes, draw the forces.
You may use arrows to represent these forces.

2. Cut the string with a pair of scissors.

Q3. What happens to the pen? What could have caused the pen’s motion?
 Keep This in Mind!
Situation 2
1. Place a book on top of a table.
Q4. Is the book at rest or in motion?
Q5. Are there forces acting on the book? If yes, draw the forces acting on
the book.

2. Find somebody to push the book in one direction and another person, push it
in opposite direction at the same time with the same amount of push
(force)
Q6. Did the book move? How will you make the book move?

Both the pen and book are at rest.

But it doesn’t mean that there’s no
forces acting on them.

Figure 2. Forces Acting

Part B—Balanced Forces

1. Examine the conditions when two forces are balanced.

Figure 3. Equal amount of forces

acting in opposite directions
produces a net force = 0.
 Q7. In what directions are forces being applied?

Q8. If neither the boys nor the lifesaver floater is moving, what can you infer
the amount of force each boy is exerting on the lifesaver floater?

Q9. What would happen to the floater if the boy on the left suddenly let go?
Why?

Balance forces are equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions. They cancel
each other out. One force is exactly balanced by the other force. Balanced forces acting on
the object will not changed the object’s motion. When you add equal forces exerted in oppo-
site directions, the net force is zero.

Part C—Unbalanced forces

1. Examine the conditions when two forces are unbalanced.

Figure 3. Unequal amount of forces acting in opposite directions

produces a net force not equal to zero.

Q9. Did they move the floater? Why?

Q10. If it moved, in what direction? Why?

In any situation, the overall force on an object after all the forces are added together is
called a net force. When there is a net force acting on an object, the forces are said to be
unbalanced. Unbalanced forces can cause an object to start moving, stop moving or change
direction. Unbalanced forces acting on an object will change the object’s motion.
 Activity 2: Investigating Newton’s First Law of Motion—Law of Inertia
Objective:
1. Perform or demonstrate Newton’s First law of motion.

Materials: empty glass

cardboard
1 peso coin
5-peso coinq(5 pcs or more)
Plastic ruler

Procedure

Coin Drop
1. Arrange the setup as shown in Figure
2. Slowly pull the cardboard with your hand and observe what happens.
3. Arrange again the setup as shown. This time, quickly flick the carboard with your
finger. Observe again what happens.

Figure 4. Cardboard and coin

Q11. What happens when you slowly pulled the cardboard? Explain your answer
Q12. What happens when you flicked the cardboard?

Stack of coins
4. Stack the coins on a flat level surface.
5. Quickly hit the coin at the bottom with the edge of the ruler.

Q13. What happens when you hit the coin at the bottom. Why is this so?
Analysis
In physics, the property of an object to resist any change in its motion is called inertia.
All objects have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion or keep doing what
they are doing.

Questions:
A. A truck has more inertia than a bicycle. Why?
B. Imagine that you are standing still in a stationary train. Suddenly it moves
forward. What do you think will your body’s reaction?

Abstraction and Generalization

• Net force is a physical quantity that is capable of changing an object's state of motion.
 Causes an object at rest to start moving.
 Causes a moving object to stop.
 Causes a change in direction of a moving object.

• Galileo defined inertia as the tendency of an object to maintain its initial state of
motion. Newton related the concept of inertia to mass. From the idea it can be said
that an object which is more massive has more inertia or has more resistance to change
in motion than a less massive object does.

• Newton’s first law of motion, which is also known as the Law of Inertia states that
“A body at rest remains at rest, and a body already in motion remains in motion
with a constant velocity (constant speed and direction), in the absence of unbal-
anced applied force.” or A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity un-
less acted upon by an external net or unbalanced force.

Application
The first law of motion is the basis of designing safety devices such as headrests and
seatbelts. Cars are equipped with headrests to prevent whiplash injuries during rear-end
collisions. Seatbelts are designed to hold a person steady in a seat of a car, airplane or other
vehicles when the vehicle suddenly stops.
 Reflect
Why is wearing a seatbelt important?

Reinforcement & Enrichment

In your notebook, write 5 real-life applications of Newton’s First Law of motion.

Assess Your Learning

Part A. Analyze the diagram below and describe the resulting net force.

A. + =

B. + =
C. + =
Part B. Read and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. A sheet of paper under a stack of coins may be retrieved without disturbing the coins due
to _____________.
a. law of inertia c. law of interaction
b. law of acceleration d. law of gravitation

2. Inertia is _______.
a. the pull of earth on a body
B. the measure of resistance in a body
c. a balanced force that makes a body remain at rest
D. an unbalanced force that makes a body change its direction

3. In a game of tug-of-war, a group pulls one end of the rope with a force 3N to the right and
an other force 4N to he left. What Is the magnitude and direction of net force?
a. 7N, right b. 7N, left c. 1N, right d. 1N, left

4. A stalled car is easier to push than a stalled jeepney because the jeepney’s inertia is
a. lesser than the car c. equal to the car
b. greater than the car d. more than the car
5. In the laboratory table, a card and a coin are set up on top of a glass of water. What will
happen to the coin if the card is given a quick push?
a. It will accelerate forward and land on the table.
b. It will accelerate backward and land on the table.
c. It will drop into the glass.
d. It will fly upward then drop into the glass.

References & Photo Credits

Department of Education, 2015. Science 8 Learner’s Material

Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Module 10. Force and
Motion.
Flores, A., Mingoa, T., Ferrer, D., Obille, E..,Cano, M. Dynamic Science. An Integration of Phys-
ical and Biological Sciences. Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Padua, A. Crisostomo, R. Practical and Explorational. Physics. Modular Approach. Vibal Pub.
House Inc.
Prentice Hall Science Expplorer. Physical Science. Teacher’s Edition.