1 Mpa = 6.

895 ksi

E steel = 200,000 Mpa E concrete = 4,700 x square root of fc’

CONCRETE CLASS
CLASS C: fc’ = 2,000 psi
CLASS B: fc’ = 2,500 psi
CLASS A: fc’ = 3,000 psi
CLASS AA: fc’ = 4,000 psi
CLASS AAA: fc’ = 5,000 psi

RE-BAR LENGTHS: 6 m, 8 m, 10 m, 12 m
RE-BAR DIAMETERS (db): 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 22 mm, 25 mm, 28 mm, 32 mm, 36 mm, 40 mm

1 cubic meter of steel = 77 kN ? 1 cubic meter of concrete = 2,400 kg

DENSITY
Concrete = 2,400 kg / m3
Steel = 7,850 kg / m3
Water = 1,000 kg / m3

WEIGHT = Density x Volume

STRENGTH/LOAD REDUCTION FACTORS (NSCP Sec.5.9.3.2)

Flexure = 0.90
Axial Tension (with or without bending) = 0.90
Shear and Torsion = 0.85
Axial Compression (with spiral ties) = 0.75
Axial Compression (with lateral ties) = 0.70
Bearing on concrete = 0.70

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL

Tension (non-pin connected) = 0.60 fy
Tension (pin connected) = 0.45 fy or 0.50 fu
Shear = 0.40 fy or 0.30 fu
Bearing = 0.90 fy
Bending (compact section) = 0.66 fy
Bending (non-compact section) = 0.60 fy

MINIMUM BEAM THICKNESS BASED ON SPAN (NSCP 5.9.5)

Cantilevered: t = L / 8
Simply Supported: t = L / 16
Continuous (one end only): t = L / 18.5
Continuous (both ends): t = L / 21

MAXIMUM VALUES OF SLENDERNESS RATIO (K l / r)

For Compression, K l / r = 200
For Main Tension members, K l / r = 240
For Secondary Tension members (e.g., bracings), K l / r = 360

SECTION MODULUS: MOMENT OF INERTIA: FLEXURAL STRESS:

(S = I/c) (I) (Fb = M c / I)

Rectangular Section S = b h2 / 6 S = b h3 / 12 Fb = 6 Mmax / b h2

Circular Section S = π r3 / 4 S = π r4 / 4 Fb = 4 Mmax / π r3 - or -
Fb = 32 M max / π d3
Triangular Section S = b h2 / 24 S = b h3 / 36

SHEAR: (Fv = V Q / I b) … note: Q = A y

For Rectangular Section Fv = 3 Vmax / 2 b h

GENERAL
Nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor φ. Design Strength

Strength of a member or cross-section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces.
Required Strength

LAP SPLICES
The required length of lap for tension splices for RC beams and girders shall be considered Class A splice only if one
half or less of the total reinforcement is to be spliced within the required lap length. Otherwise, Class B splice should
always be used, which is equivalent to: 1.30 times basic development length for tension

In connection with the proper location of lap splices, beam top bars shall be spliced: within the middle third of the span

Column and pedestal lap splices are permitted only within the center half of the column and shall be proportioned as
tension splices. If it is to be a welded splice, it shall not be less than a welding length of: 30 db

In no case shall the lap splice in a column be located closer than a distance equal to the maximum column dimension
from the face of the beam column joint. Provide transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) of the same size and
arrangement as indicated in the column schedule at most one fourth of the minimum column section dimension
throughout the length of the splice but not more than: 100 mm

In connection with splices of deformed bars, these splices shall be staggered at least ____ and in such manner as to
develop at every section at least twice the calculated tensile force at that section but not less than 140 Mpa for total area
of reinforcement provided. 600 mm

Splices in spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices of 48 db but not less than: 300 mm

Splices in spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices not less than 300 mm nor: 48 db

HOOKS/BENDS
A standard hook may consist of a 180-degree bend plus a 4 db extension (at the free end) not less than: 65 mm (note:
65 mm in NSCP 1992; 60 mm in NSCP 2001)

A standard 90-degree hook consists of a bend plus an extension of: 12 db

The standard hooks for stirrups and ties shall mean:

A 90-degree bend plus 6 db extension at the free end, for 16 mm and smaller
A 90-degree bend plus 12 db extension at the free end, for 20 mm and 25 mm bar
A 135-degree bend plus 6 db extension at the free end, for 25 mm and smaller
All of the Above

Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller shall not be less than: 4 db

How is a 180-degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed? 180-degree bend plus 4 db extension,
but not less than 65 mm at free end of bar

What is the minimum inside diameter of a standard hook for stirrups and ties for a 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter?
4 db (note: 6 db in GILLESANIA book p.71???)

SYSTEMS
It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting system including
the horizontal bracing system. Diaphragm

It is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of the structure to vertical elements of the
lateral force resisting system. Collector

Also known as tie or collector, it is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied loads which collects and transfers
diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm and may also take axial
tension or compression. Diaphragm Strut

It is an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. Boundary element

CONDUITS / PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
Which of the following criterion precludes good construction practice for pipes and conduits embedded in concrete?
Conduits, pipes and sleeves passing through slab, wall or beam shall not impair significantly the strength of
construction
Aluminum pipes and conduits at reinforced concrete shall be secured at steel reinforcing bars by tie wires
Conduits, pipes and sleeves shall be permitted to be considered as replacing structurally in compression, the
displaced concrete provided that they are not exposed to rust
Pipes and fittings shall be designed to resist the effects of the material, pressure and temperature to which
they will be subjected

Which of the following criterion precludes (??? Correction! It should read conforms) good construction practice for
conduits and pipes embedded in concrete? Conduits and pipes, with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not
displace more than 4% of the area of the cross-section on which strength is calculated

For conduits, pipes and sleeves embedded in concrete, which of the following criterion constitutes good construction
practice? Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the
overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded

Conduits and pipes embedded within a wall, slab, beam shall not be spaced closer than: thrice the diameter

Conduits, pipes and sleeves shall be permitted to be considered as replacing structurally the displaced concrete in
compression, provided:
They are not exposed to rusting or deterioration
They are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
They have a nominal inside diameter not over 50 mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers
All of the above

WELDS
Maximum size of fillet weld that may be used along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness: not greater than the
thickness of the material minus 1.5 mm (if less than 6 mm: thickness of the material)

The minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall not be less than: 4 times its
nominal size

The thickness of the plug or slot weld in material 16 mm or less in thickness shall be equal to: thickness of material

The length of the slot for a slot weld shall not exceed: 10 times the thickness of the weld

The minimum width of a plug or slot weld shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8 mm nor
shall it be greater than: 2 ¼ times the thickness of the weld

Minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be: 4 times the width of the slot

Minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a longitudinal direction on any line shall be: 2 times the length of the slot

Minimum amount of lap on lap joints shall be _ but not less than 25 mm. 5 times the thickness of the thinner part
joined

Side or end fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides, respectively of parts or members shall be returned continuously
around the corners for a distance of not less than _____. 2 times the nominal size of weld

BUNDLED BARS
Which of the following on the list is a requirement for good construction practice in bundling bars? Individual bars
within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least 40 db
staggered

In any one bundle, groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to a max. of: 4

Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties but bars larger than the size below shall not be bundled in beams.
32 mm (note: 1992)
SPACING/DISTANCE (LONGITUDINAL BARS, STIRRUPS/TIES/HOOPS, SLABS)
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than: 25 mm

Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly above
bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than: 25 mm

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement compression members, clear distance between longitudinal (vertical) bars
shall not be less than 40 mm nor ____. 1.5 db

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall be spaced not farther
apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor ______. 450 mm

Which is among the following arrangement, a seismic requirement for transverse reinforcement in a beam according to
the provisions of NSCP Sec.5.21.9.4.2? Maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d / 4

The maximum spacing of temperature reinforcement (to cover concrete shrinkage) of a one-way slab is: 5 times wall
thickness, not more than 450 mm

Which is a seismic requirement for transverse reinforcement among the following statements? First hoop shall be
located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting member

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement compression members, clear distance between longitudinal (vertical) bars
shall not be less than 1.5 db nor _____. 40 mm

If slabs are reinforced both ways, bars along the shorter span shall be placed below those along the long span at the
center of the slab and be placed over the longer span bars on areas near the supports. All slab reinforcements shall have
a minimum clear distance of ______ from the bottom and from the top of slabs. 20 mm

Longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be placed symmetrically about the vertical center line of the beam. If there are two
or more layers of bars in a beam, use separator bars of a size not less than ____ spaced at about 900 mm on center. 25
mm

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, the clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be
less than 40 mm or ______. 1.5 db

In a spirally reinforced concrete column, the clear spacing between spirals shall not be less than 25 mm but shall not
exceed: 75 mm

For offset bent longitudinal bars, the horizontal support at offset bends shall be provided by lateral ties, spirals or parts
of the floor construction. Horizontal support provided shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the horizontal component of
the computed force in the inclined portion of the offset bar. Lateral ties or spirals shall be placed not more than ____
from points of bend. 150 mm
CONCRETE
Normally cured concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 degrees Centigrade and in a
moist condition for at least the first ____ after placement. 7 days

Concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practical in its final position to avoid segregation due to re-handling or
flowing. Which of the following will impair the quality of concrete during depositing?
Concrete shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times plastic and flows readily into spaces
between reinforcements
Concrete that has partially hardened or been contaminated by foreign materials can be deposited in the
structure
Re-tempered concrete or concrete that has been remixed after initial set shall not be used
After concreting has started, it shall be carried on as a continuous operation to complete the placing of a panel
or section as defined by its boundaries or predetermined joints

CONCRETE COVER
For pre-cast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions) the minimum concrete cover or protection
provided for primary reinforcement for beams and columns shall be db and need not exceed 40 mm but not less than:
15 mm (note: 15 mm in 1992; 12 mm in 2001)

For cast-in-place concrete elements not permanently exposed to earth using bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover
shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than ______. 50 mm

For cast-in-place concrete shells and folded plate members using 16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller, the
minimum concrete protection is: 15 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover for bars, 20 mm and larger for shells and folded plate members for cast-in-place
concreter not exposed to the earth? 20 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover for bars, 16 mm and smaller for shells and folded plate members for cast-in-place
concreter not exposed to the earth? 15 mm

Cast-in-place permanently exposed to earth (e.g. footings). 75 mm Pre-stressed – 75 mm

Cast-in-place exposed to earth or weather, 20 mm through 36 mm bars. 50 mm Other members – 40 mm

Cast-in-place exposed to earth or weather, 16 mm and smaller. 40 mm Slabs, walls, joists – 25 mm

Cast-in-place beams and columns NOT EXPOSED to earth. 40 mm Primary – 40 mm; Ties – 25 mm
Cast-in-place slabs, walls, joists, NOT EXPOSED to earth. 20 mm Pre-stressed – 20 mm
Cast-in-place shells, folded plates, 20 mm and larger. 20 mm -
Cast-in-place shells, folded plates, 16 mm and smaller. 15 mm Pre-stressed – 10 mm
Other Pre-stressed reinforcement – db but not less than 20

AGGREGATES
Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must be well-graded for easy workability and method of
consolidation are such that the concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids. What is the nominal maximum
size of a course aggregate when working spaces between reinforcements for proper bonding? Coarse aggregates shall
be no larger than 1/5 the distance between side forms

Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must be well-graded for easy workability and method of
consolidation are such that the concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids. What is the nominal maximum
size of a course aggregate when working with depth of slabs for concreting? Coarse aggregates shall be no larger than
1/3 the depth of the slab under consideration

Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must be well-graded for easy workability and method of
consolidation are such that the concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids. What is the nominal maximum
size of a course aggregate when working with clear spacing between bars? Coarse aggregates shall be no larger than
3/4 the clear spacing between bars

Granular material, such as crushed stone, iron blast-furnace slag, sand or gravel, used with cementing medium to form
a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar. Aggregate

It is an aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1,100 kg / m3 or less. Lightweight aggregate

DEVELOPMENT / EMBEDMENT / CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
What is the minimum requirement for development of at least 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for negative
moment reinforcement, as an embedment length beyond the point of inflection? Not less than the effective depth of
member, or 12 db, or 1/16 the clear span, whichever is greater

Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. Embedment Length

Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
Development Length NOTE: Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement in a reinforced concrete element. Effective Depth

This refers to the length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook, or combination thereof, beyond point of zero
stress in reinforcement. End Anchorage (note: other choices are Development Length, Reinforcement Length and Pre-
stress Length)

In the development of positive moment reinforcement, at least one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple
members and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same face of
the member into the support. In beams, such reinforcement shall extend into the support at least a distance of: 150 mm

What is the minimum requirement for development of at least 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for negative
moment reinforcement, as an embedment length beyond the point of inflection? Not less than the effective depth of
member, or 12 db, or 1/16 the clear span, whichever is greater

Construction joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of twice the width of intersecting beams.
Furthermore, it is advisable that construction joints in slabs, beams, and girders shall be located where? Within the
middle third of the span

Control joint in the form of a weakened plane joint consists of a sawed joint 12 mm wide with a depth of approximately
1/5 thickness of slab and then filled with sealant. All slabs on grade shall be saw cut in this manner on each grid line
and mid-bay line (in both directions) within how many hours after casting? 24 hours

In joist construction, consisting of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs and a top slab, the ribs shall not be
less than ____ in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3 ½ times the minimum width of rib. 100 mm

Again, for joist construction, the clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed: 750 mm

Slab thickness for joist construction shall be not less than 50 mm nor less than: 1/12 the clear distance between ribs

FAILURE / ABILITY
It is defined as the damage that may result in fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations of stress. Fatigue

It is a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based on experience and experiments, that stresses when
applied to a body a few times without causing apparent structure injury may, if applied repeatedly or a great number of
times, cause failure. Metal Fatigue

Local failure of thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load. Web
Crippling

The state of fluidity occurring generally in granular soils. Liquefaction

The gradual downward movement of a structure due to compression of the soil below the foundation. Settlement

Term given to the tendency for concrete to continue to strain over a period of time when the stress is constant. Creep

The ability of soil to allow water to flow through it. Permeability

The ability of a structure to absorb some of the seismic energy and to transfer it back to the foundation without
suffering damage. Ductility (seismic)

The ability of a material to be drawn to fine wire (by means of tension) without breaking. Ductility
The resistance to deformation of a member or structure measured by the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding
displacement. Stiffness