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Chapter 27

This document provides an overview of depreciation accounting. It defines depreciation as the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. There are two main types of depreciation: physical depreciation due to wear and tear, and functional/economic depreciation due to obsolescence. Key factors in calculating depreciation expense include the depreciable amount, residual value, useful life, and depreciation method. Common depreciation methods include the straight-line method and activity-based methods. The objective is for each period benefiting from an asset's use to bear an equitable share of the asset's cost.

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Imma Therese Yu
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
63 views8 pages

Chapter 27

This document provides an overview of depreciation accounting. It defines depreciation as the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. There are two main types of depreciation: physical depreciation due to wear and tear, and functional/economic depreciation due to obsolescence. Key factors in calculating depreciation expense include the depreciable amount, residual value, useful life, and depreciation method. Common depreciation methods include the straight-line method and activity-based methods. The objective is for each period benefiting from an asset's use to bear an equitable share of the asset's cost.

Uploaded by

Imma Therese Yu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cha p t e r 2 7 : Dep re c i a t io n

De f in it io n : syst e ma t i c a ll o ca ti on o f th e d e pr e ci a bl e a mo u n t
o f a n a sse t o ve r th e u se ful l if e
- A ma t t e r o f co st a l l o ca ti o n i n re co g ni ti o n o f t h e
e xh a u st i o n of t h e u se f ul li f e o f a n i t e m o f Pr o p e r t y,
Pl a n t an d Eq ui p me n t
- Re f e r s to Pr op e r t y, Pla n t a n d Equ ipme n t , d e p l e ti on t o
wa st i n g a sse t s an d a mo r t i za ti on t o i nt a n gi bl e a sse t s
O b je ct ive : t o h a ve e a ch p e rio d b en ef i t ti n g f r o m t h e u se o f
t h e a sse t be a r an e q ui ta bl e sh ar e o f th e a sse t co st

Kin d s o f De p r e cia t io n :
a . Ph ysi cal d ep r e ci a ti on
 Re l a t ed t o t h e d ep r e ci a ble a sse t ’s we a r a n d t e ar a n d
d e t e ri o ra ti o n o ve r a pe ri o d
 Re su l t s t o t he ul ti ma t e r e ti r e me n t o f t h e pr o p er t y o r
t e r mi n a t i on o f t he se r vi ce li fe o f t he asse t
Ma y b e ca u se d b y:
i. W ear a n d te a r du e t o fr e q ue n t u se
ii . Pa ssa g e o f ti me d u e t o n o n u se
iii . Act i o n o f t h e el e me n t s
i v. Ca su a l t y o r a ccid e n t
v. Di se a se o r de ca y

b . F u n cti o n al o r Eco n o mi c d e pr e ci a ti o n
 Ar i se s from i n a d e q ua cy, su p er se ssio n and
o b so le sce n ce
o I n a d e q u a cy – ari se s wh e n t h e a sse t i s n o
l o n ge r u sef ul t o t he e n ti t y be ca use o f a n
i n cre a se i n th e vol u me o f o p e r a tio n s
o Su p e r se ssi o n – a ri se s wh e n a ne w a sse t
b e co me a va il a bl e a n d th e ne w a sse t ca n
p e r f o r m t h e sa me f u n ct i o n mo r e e f f i cie n t l y an d
e co n o mi ca ll y or f o r su b st a n ci all y l e ss co st
o O b so le sce n e – ca t ch all f o r e co no mi c o r
f u n ct io n al d e p r e cia ti o n ; e n co mp a sse s
i n a de q u a n cy a n d sup e r se ssi on
 An a sse t b e co me s o b so l et e i f i t i s
i n a de q u a te o r sup e r sed e d .
F a ct o r s o f De p re cia t io n :
a . De p r e ci a bl e a mo u n t o r co st
 Co st o f a n a sse t o r o t h er a mo u n t su b sti t u t e d f o r
co st , le ss t h e r e si d u al va lu e
No t e : S i g n i f ic a n t c o s t t o a p a r t o f a PP E i n r e l at i o n t o t h e
t o t a l c o st of t h e it e m s h a l l b e d e p r ec i a t ed s e p a r a t e l y.
b . Re si d ua l Va l ue
 Est i ma t e d n e t a mo u n t cu r r e nt l y o bt a i na bl e i f t he
a sse t i s a t t he e n d of t h e u se f ul li f e
 Re vi e we d a t l e a st a t e a ch f i na n ci al ye a r - e nd a n d if
e xp e ct a t i o n di f f er s f r o m p r e vi o u s e st i ma t e , t h e
ch a n g e sh all b e a cco un t e d f o r a s a ch a n g e i n a n
a cco u n ti n g e st i ma t e
c. Use f u l li f e
 Ei t h e r t h e p e ri o d o ve r wh i ch a n a sset i s e xp e ct e d t o
b e a vail a bl e f o r u se b y t h e e n ti t y, or t h e n u mb e r o f
p r o d u cti on o r si mi l a r u ni t s e xp e ct e d t o be o bt ai n e d
f r o m t h e a sse t b y t h e en ti t y
Ma y b e e xp r e sse d a s:
i. T i me p e ri o d s a s in ye a r s
ii . Un i t s o f o u t p ut s o r p r o d u ct io n
iii . Se r vi ce h o u r s o r wo r kin g h o ur s
F a ct o r s i n d e t er mi n i n g u se f ul li f e :
i. Exp e ct e d u sa g e o f t h e a sse t
ii . Exp e ct e d p h ysi cal we a r a n d t e a r
iii . T e ch ni cal or co mme r ci a l ob sol e sce n ce
i v. L e g al li mi t s f o r t h e u se o f th e a sse t
 Se r vi ce li f e – pe ri o d o f ti me a n a sset sh all b e u se d
b y a n e n ti t y; e q ui val e nt o f u sef ul li f e
 Ph ysi cal li f e – r e f er s t o ho w l o n g t he a sse t sh all l a st

De p r e cia t io n in t h e F i n a n cia l St a t e m e n t s
 Exp e n se – i t ma y b e a p a r t o f co st s o f g o o d s
ma n u f a ct u r e d o r a n o p e ra ti n g e xp e n se
 Ch a r g e d f o r e a ch p e ri o d sh all b e r e co g ni ze d a s
e xp e n se u n l e ss i t i s i n cl ud e d i n t h e ca r r yi n g a mo u n t
o f a n o t er a sse t
No t e : All p r o pe r t y sh all d e d e p re cia te d i rr e sp e cti ve o f t h e
e a r ni n g s o f t h e e n ti t y e xce p t f o r n o n exh a u st i bl e l a n d.
De p r e cia t io n Pe r io d
 Be g i n s wh e n i t i s a va il abl e f o r u se an d ce a se s wh e n
t h e a sse t i s de r e cog ni ze d
 T e mp o r a r y I d l e a ct i vi t y pr e cl u d e de p r e ci a ti n g t he
a sse t t hr o u gh u sag e a n d t h r ou g h w e a r an d te a r a n d
o b so le sce n ce
 Asse t h el d f or sal e i s n o t d e pr e cia t e d a nd sh all
ce a se d e pr e ci a ti o n wh e n i t i s cl a ssi fie d t o b e f o r sal e

De p r e cia t io n M e t h o d
 Sh a ll r ef le ct t h e p a t t er n i n wh i ch t he f u t u r e e co n o mi c
b e n e fi t s fr o m t h e a sse t ar e e xp e ct e d t o b e co n su me d
b y t h e e n ti t y
 Re vi e we d a t l e a st a t e ver y ye a r - e n d
 Ch a r g e d i f th e r e i s a si g ni fi can t ch a n ge i n t h e
e xp e ct e d p a t t e rn o f f u tu r e e co n o mi c b e n e fi t s
 Ch a n g e i n me t h o d sh a ll b e a cco un t e d f o r a ch a ng e i n
a cco u n ti n g e st i ma t e

M e t h o d s o f De p re cia t io n
1 . Eq u a l or Uni f or m ch a r g e me t h o d s
a . St r a i gh t Li n e Me t h o d – a n nu al d e p r e ci a ti on
ch a r g e i s cal cul a t ed b y all o ca ti n g t h e d e p r e cia bl e
a mo u n t e q u a ll y o ver t h e n u mb e r o f ye a r s o f
e st i ma t e d u se f ul li f e

Depreciable amount = Cost of asset − residual value

Cost of asset−residual value


Annual Depreciation = Useful life in years

Annual Depreciation = Depreciable amount x Straight line rate

100%
Straight line rate = Useful life in years

Year Partic ular (a) (b)Acc. (c)Carrying


Deprec iat io n deprec ia tio n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N Deprec iat io n Y -N ( c / n) a1 + a n (c – a)
b . Co mp o si t e Me t h o d – a sse t s th a t a r e d i ssi mi l ar i n
n a t u r e or a sse t s t h a t h a ve di f f e re n t p h ysi cal
ch a r a ct er i st i cs an d va r y wi d el y i n use f u l li f e ar e
g r o u p ed a n d tr e a t ed a s a si ngl e u ni t
c. G r o u p Me t h o d – a sse t s th a t ar e si mi l a r in n a t ur e
a n d i n e sti ma t e d u se f u l li f e a re g r o u p ed a n d
t r e a t e d a s a si n gl e u ni t
B o t h h a v e t h e s am e p r oc e ss :
A s se t C o st RV (a)Dep rec iat io n ( b ) U se f u l l i f e ( c ) A n n ua l
a m o u nt i n ye a r s deprec ia tio n
- xx xx C o st - R V n (a / b)

Total depreciable amount


Composite life = Total annual depreciation

Total annual depreciation


Composite rate = 𝑥100%
Total cost

Periodic depreciation = composite rate x total cost

Acco u n t i ng Pr o ce d ur e s:
( 1 ) De p r e ci a ti o n r e p or ti n g – sin gl e a ccumu l a t e d a mo u n t
De p r e c i a t i o n xx
Ac c um u l a t e d De p r e c i a t i o n xx
( 2 ) W he n r e ti re d – no g ai n or l o ss i s re p or t e d
* Ca s h ( s a l v a g e v a l u e ) xx
A c c u m u l at e d De p r e c i at i o n (c - sv ) xx
As s et ( c o s t o f r e t i r e d a s s e t ) xx
( 3 ) W he n r e ti re d – r e pl a ce d b y a si mi l ar a sse t
Asset xx
Ca s h o r ot h e r ac c o u nt xx

2 . Va r i a ble ch a rg e o r Use - f a cto r or Act ivi t y me t h o d s


Ra t i o nal e : t h e se me t h o d s a r e a d op te d i f t h e p ri n ci p al
ca u se o f d ep r e ci a ti on i s u sa ge
Me t h o d s a r e u se d b a sed o n :
 Asse t d e p r e ci a ti on mo r e r a p i dl y i f t he y a r e u se d f ull
t i me o r o ve r ti me
 T h e r e i s a di r e ct r ela ti o n shi p b e t we e n u t ili za ti on o f
a sse t s a n d r e ali za ti o n o f r e ve n u e
a . W or ki ng h o ur s o r se r vi ce ho u r s
Depreciable amount
Depreciation rate per hour = Estimated useful life in terms of service hours

Depreciation for the period =


Actual hours worked x depreciation rate per hour
Acc. C a r r y i ng
Year Partic ular Deprec iat io n
Deprec iat io n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N H o u r s x r a t e p e r ho u r x1 x1 + xn CA − x1

b . O u t p u t or p r od u cti o n me t h o d
Depreciable amount
Depreciation rate per unit = Estimated useful life in terms of units of output

Depreciation for the period =


Yearly output x depreciation rate per unit
Acc. C a r r y i ng
Year Partic ular Deprec iat io n
Deprec iat io n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N unit s x rat e pe r unit x1 x1 + xn CA − x1

3. Decreasing charge or Accelerated or Diminishing balance


Ra t i o nal e : n e w a sse t s a r e ge ne r all y ca p ab le o f
p r o d u ci n g mo r e r e ve n u e i n t h e e a rli er ye a r s t h a n i n t h e
l a t er ye ar s; co st s of a sse t s i n cl ud e s re p a ir s , t oo .
a . Su m o f ye a r s’ d i gi t s – p r o vid e s f o r d e p r e ci a ti on
t h a t i s co mp u t e d b y mu l ti pl yi n g t h e d e p re ci a bl e
a mo u n t b y a se ri e s of f ra cti o n s wh o se n u me r a t o r
i s t h e di gi t i n t h e u se fu l li f e o f t he a sse t a n d
wh o se d e n o mi n a t o r i s t h e su m o f t h e d i gi t s i n t h e
u se f ul l if e o f th e a sse t ; o r
Life+1
SYD = Life ( )
2
*Su m o f h a l f ye a r s ’ di gi t s – mu l ti pl e th e u se fu l li f e b y
2 i n or d er t o g e t t h e u se f ul li f e o f th e a sse t i n h al f
ye a r s. Th e n , u se 2 f ra cti o n s p er ca l cul at io n o f
a n n u al d e p re cia ti o n a n d n o t e t h at t h o se f a cti o n s
sh o u ld n o t b e r ep e a t e dl y u se d
Acc. C a r r y i ng
Year Partic ular Deprec iat io n
Deprec iat io n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N f r a c t i o n x ( c o st – R V ) x1 x1 + xn CA − x1
b . De cli ni n g b ala n ce me t h o d – a f i xe d o r u n if o r m
r a t e i s mu l t ip lie d b y t he d e cli ni n g ca r ryi n g a mo u n t
o f t h e a sse t i n o r d er t o a rri ve a t t h e a n n u al
d e p r e ci a ti on ; (Fi xe d r a t e / D i mi n i shi ng CA me t h o d )
n
Rate = 1 − √Residual value ÷ Cost
Where: ‘n ’ – useful e life of t he ass et

o A RV mu st a l wa ys b e a ssi g n e d t o t h e a sse t . I n
t h e a b se n ce o f a n y RV, a no mi n a l amo u n t o f
P1 sh o u ld b e a ssu me d .
Acc. C a r r y i ng
Year Partic ular Deprec iat io n
Deprec iat io n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N rate x (C aprev) x1 x1 + xn CA − x1
* i g no r e R V i n t he t a b l e

c. Do u b le d e cli ni ng ba la n ce – a fixe d r a t e i s
mu l t i pl ie d b yth e d e cli ni ng car r yi n g amo u n t o f t h e
a sse t t o a rr i ve a t t h e an n u al d e pr e cia t i on ; ( 2 00 %
d e cli ni ng b al a n ce me t h o d )
100%
(1)Straight line rate =
useful life in years
(2)Double declining rate = Straight line rate x 2
Acc. C a r r y i ng
Year Partic ular Deprec iat io n
Deprec iat io n a m o u nt
A c q u i s i t i o n c o st xx
N rate x (C aprev) x1 x1 + xn CA − x1
* R V i s r e c o g n i z e d a t t h e l a st d e p r e c i a b l e y e a r – ( C A p r e v . – R V )
* i n c a se o f 1 5 0 % d e c l i n i ng b a l a nc e – i n st e a d o f 2 0 0 % , i t s ‘ 1 5 0 % ’

4 . O t h e r Me t h o d s
a . I n ve n t o r y or a p p r ai sal – e sti ma t i n g t h e va l ue o f
t h e a sse t s at t h e en d o f th e p eri o d
Depreciation for the period =
Balance of the asset account − value at the end of the year

* D e p r e c i a t i o n i s c r e d i t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e a s se t a c c o u nt . E n t r y:
To rec ord t he acq uisit io n T o o l s* xx
Cash xx

T o r e c o r d t h e sa l e o f u se d t o o l s * Cash xx
T o o l s* xx

To rec ord depr eciat io n Deprec iat io n xx


T o o l s* xx
b . Re t i re me n t me t h o d – n o d e p r e ci a ti on i s r e co r d e d
u n t il th e a sse t i s r e ti r e d ;
Depreciation =
Original cost of the asset retired − Salvage Proceeds
To rec ord t he acq uisit io n T o o l s* xx
Cash xx

To rec ord depr eciat io n C a s h* xx


Deprec iat io n xx
T o o l s* xx

c. Re p l a ce me n t me t h o d – n o d e p r e cia ti o n i s
r e co r d ed u n til t he a sse t i s r e ti r ed a n d r e pl a ce d
Depreciation =
Replacement cost of the asset retired − Salvage procceds
*i f t h e a sse t i s n o t r epl a ce d ; f oll o w t h e r e t ir e me n t
me t h o d
To rec ord t he acq uisit io n T o o l s* xx
Cash xx

To rec ord depr eciat io n Deprec iat io n xx


Cash xx

Ch a n g e in Use f u l L if e
 U se f u l li f e of a n i t e m o f PP E sh a ll b e r e vi e we d a t
l e a st a t e a ch fi na n ci al ye a r - e n d an d i f e xp e ct a ti o n s
a r e si gni fi ca n tl y di f f e re n t f r o m p r e vi o u s e sti ma t e s,
t h e ch a n g e sha ll be a cco u n t ed f o r a s a ch a n g e i n
a cco u n ti n g e st i ma t e
 De p r e ci a ti o n ch a r g e f o r th e cu rre n t a n d f ut u r e
p e ri o d s sha ll b e a d ju st e d

St e p s:
1 . Al lo ca t e t h e r e ma i ni n g ca rr yi n g a mo u n t o f t h e a sse t
o ve r t h e r e ma i ni n g re vi se d u se ful l if e
2 . Di vi d e th e cur r e n t ca rr yi n g a mo u n t o f t h e a sse t b y
t h e r e ma i ni n g re vi se d u se fu l li fe t o g e t t he
su b se q u e n t a n n ua l d e p re ci a ti o n
Ch a n g e in De p r e cia t io n M e t h o d
 U se d me t h o d sh a ll r e fl e ct t h e pa t t er n i n wh i ch t h e
a sse t ’s e con o mi c b e n e fi t s a re exp e ct e d t o be
co n su me d b y t h e e n ti t y
 sh a ll b e re vie we d a t l e a st a t e a ch fi na n ci al ye ar - en d
a n d i f t h e r e h a s b e e n a a r e sig ni fi can t ch a n ge i n t h e
e xp e ct e d p a t t e r n o f e co n o mi c b e n e fi ts e mo b o d i ed in
t h e a sse t , t h e me t h o d sh a ll b e ch a n ge d t o r e fl e ct t h e
new pattern
 I f n e ce ssar y , th e ch a n g e sh all b e a cco u n t e d f o r a s a
ch a n g e i n a cco u n ti n g e sti ma t e
 De p r e ci a ti o n ch a r g e f o r th e cu rre n t a n d f ut u r e
p e ri o d s sha ll b e a d ju st e d

St e p s:
1 . Al lo ca t e t h e r e ma i ni n g ca rr yi n g a mo u n t o f t h e a sse t
o ve r t h e r e ma i ni n g u se ful l if e o f th e asse t
2 . Use t h e m, i n cal cul a ti ng t h e d e pre ci a ti on f or t h e
p e ri o d u si ng t h e ne w d e p r e ci a ti o n me t h o d . .

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