WING CONTRIBUTION

dCm dCm
=C m =C m
dα α or dC L ¿
Kriteria
CL >0
α
C m <0
¿
C m <0
α
C m >0
0

dCm dC m dC L
=
dα dC L dα

∑ Moments=M cg w
M cg =L w cos (α w −i w )[ x cg −x ac ]+ Dw sin( α w −i w )[ x cg −x ac ]
w
+ Lw sin ( α w −i w )[ z cg ]−D w cos( α w −i w )[ z cg ]+ M ac
w

1 1 1
M cg = ρV 2 SCm c̄ Lw = ρV 2 SC L M ac = ρV 2 SC m c̄
w 2 2 w 2 ac
1
D w = ρV 2 SC D
2
 x cg x ac
C m =C m +C L
¿ ¿
w ( c̄
−
c̄ )
x cg x ac
C m =C m + ( C L + C L α w
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
)( c̄
−
c̄ )
x cg x ac x cg x ac
C m =C m +C L
¿ ¿ ¿ ( c̄
−
c̄ ) (
+ CL ¿
c̄
−
c̄ ) αw

Cm Cm
0 α

CONTOH SOAL ( JAWABAN DI CATATAN )

1. For given aircraft, the aerodynamic center lies 0.03 chord length ahead of the center of gravity.
The moment coefficient about the center of gravity is 0.005, and the lift coefficient is 0.5. Calculate
the moment coefficient about the aerodynamic center?

2. Consider a model of a wing-body shape mounted in a wind tunnel. The flow condition in the test
section are standard sea-level properties with a velocity of 100 m/s. The wing area and chord are 1.5
m2 and 0.45 m, respectively.Using the wind tunnel force and moment-measuring balance, the
moment about the center of gravity when the lift is zero is found to be -12.4 Nm.When the model is
pitched to another angle of attack, the lift and moment about center of gravity are measured to be
3675 N and 20.67 Nm, respectively.Calculate the value of the moment coefficient about the
aerodynamic center and the location of the aerodynamic center?

3. Given a rectangular wing of aspect ratio 6 and area 55.8 m 2. the wing section employed is an
NACA 4412 airfoil with aerodynamic center at 0.25cbar and C mac = -0.088. The cg of wing lies on the
wing chord, but 15 cm ahead of a.c. Calculate the following :

a. The lift coefficient for which the wing would be equilibrium. Is this lift coefficient useful? Is
the equilibrium statically stable?

b. Calculate the position of c.g for equilibrium at C L = 0.4. Is this equilibrium statically stable ?

Note : CLalpha = 0.0795/degree

The pitching moment due to the tail can be obtained by summing the moments about the center of
gravity

M t =−l t [ Lt cos(α FRL−ε )+D t sin (α FRL−ε)]

small-angle assumption and that CL >>> CD, the moment equation become,

1 2
M t =−l t Lt =−l t C L ρV t S t
t2
Mt l t St
Cm = =− ηC L
t 1 S c̄ t
ρV 2 S c̄
2 lt S t
C m =−V H ηC L V H=
t t S c̄ VH is The horizontal tail volume ratio
2 CL
w dε
C ¿=C Lαt α t
α t =α w −i w −ε+i t ε= ε =ε 0 + α ε
π AR w Atau dα w ( in
radians)

The rate of change of downwash angle with angle of attack

dε 2 C L
= ¿

dα π ARw where CL𝛼w is per radian

1
ρV 2t
2 Q
St η= = t
1 Qw
L=Lw +Lt C L=C L + η CL ρV 2w
w S t 2

η= 0.8 – 1.2
Pitching moment equation become,

C m =C m +C m α
¿
0 α

C m =V H ηC L ( ε 0 +i w −i t )
¿ ¿

dε
C m =−V H ηC L (1− )
¿ ¿
dα
The tail contribution to the static stability of the airplane (C mαt < 0) can be controlled by
proper selection of VH and CLαt.
The contribution of Cmαt will become more negative by increasing
• The tail moment arm (lt).
• Tail surface area (St).
• Tail lift curve slope (CLαt)
• The tail lift curve slope can be increased most easily by increasing the aspect
ratio of the tail planform.
In summary we have shown that the level of static stability can be controlled by the designer
by proper selection of the horizontal tail volume ratio.

Contoh soal ,

The wing-fuselage pitching moment characteristic of a high-wing, single engine, general aviation
airplane follow, along with pertinent geometric data:

C m =−0.05−0.0035 α
¿

where α is the fuselage reference line angle of attack in degrees and wf means wing-fuselage.
Sw = 178 ft2 xcg/c = 0.1 iw = 2o
bw = 35.7 ft ARw = 7.3 CLα=0 = 0.26
cbarw = 5 ft CLαw = 0.07 /deg
Estimate the horizontal tail area and tail incidence angle (i t), so that the complete airplane has the
following pitching moment characteristic

C m =0. 15−0.025 α
¿

where α is in degrees and wft is the wing-fuselage-horizontal tail contribution.

Pitching moment characteristic for airplane.

Solution :

The contribution of the horizontal tail to C m0 and Cm𝛼 can be calculated by subtracting the wing-
fuselage contribution from the wing-fuselage-horizontal tail contribution.

C m 0 t=C m 0 wft −C m 0 wf =0,15− (−0,05 )=0,20

C mα =Cmαwft −C mαwf =−0,025− (−0,0035 )=−0,0215/deg

The horizontal tail area is found by determining the horizontal tail volume ratio required to satisfy
the required static stability that needs to be created by the tail.

dε
C mαt=−ηV H C Lαt 1− ( dα )
Solving this equation for the volume ratio yields

−C mαt
V H=
dε
(
ηC Lαt 1−
dα )
The only quantity we do not know in this equation is the rate of change of the downwash angle with
respect to the angle of attack ( dε /dα ).

dε 2C Lαw
=
dα π AR w

dε 2 ( 0,07/deg )( 57,3 deg / rad )

−(−0,0215/deg )
V H= =0,453
(1,0 )( 0,073 /deg ) ( 1−0,35 )
The horizontal tail volume ratio is expressed as

lt S t
V H=
S ć
And solving for the horizontal tail area yields

V H S ć ( 0,453 ) ( 178 )( 5 )
St = = =27,3 ft 2
lt 14,75
This is the tail area needed to provide the required tail contribution to C m𝛼

To determine the tail incidence (i t) from the requirement for Cmot. The equation for Cm0 due to the
horizontal tail was shown to be

C mot =V H η C Lαt ( i w + ε 0−i t )

The tail incidence angle can be obtained by rearranging the preceding equation :

C mot
i t=−
( −i −ε
V H η C Lαt w 0 )
The only quantity that we do not know in this equation is 𝜀0, that is the downwash angle at the tail
when the wing is at zero angle of attack. This can be estimated using the following expression :

2C L 0 w 2 ( 0,26 ) o
ε 0= = =0,0226 rad =1,3
π AR w π ( 7,3 )
Substituting 𝜀0 and the other quantities into the expression for i t, yields :

i t=−
( ( 0,453 ) ( 1,00,2)( 0,073/deg) −2,0−1,3)=−2,7 o

The horizontal tail is mounted to the fuselage at a negative 2,7 o.

FUSELAGE CONTRIBUTION
POWER contribution
STICK FIXED NEUTRAL POINT
ExMPLE
LONGITUDINAL COTROL