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Climate of Pakistan Notes - Igcse

Pakistan has a variety of climates due to its diverse terrain. It can be divided into four main climatic zones: 1) The highland climate of northern and western mountains has cold winters and mild summers. 2) The lowland climate of the Indus plain is arid with hot summers and cool winters. 3) The coastal climate along the Makran coast and Karachi is dominated by sea breezes and has high humidity year-round. 4) The arid climate of southwestern Baluchistan and southeastern desert is very hot and dry with scanty rainfall. Within each zone, temperatures, rainfall, and other conditions can vary significantly.

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3K views

Climate of Pakistan Notes - Igcse

Pakistan has a variety of climates due to its diverse terrain. It can be divided into four main climatic zones: 1) The highland climate of northern and western mountains has cold winters and mild summers. 2) The lowland climate of the Indus plain is arid with hot summers and cool winters. 3) The coastal climate along the Makran coast and Karachi is dominated by sea breezes and has high humidity year-round. 4) The arid climate of southwestern Baluchistan and southeastern desert is very hot and dry with scanty rainfall. Within each zone, temperatures, rainfall, and other conditions can vary significantly.

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Geography

Climate:

Climate and Weather:


1. Weather:
 Refers to atmospheric conditions of a place for a short period of time.
 (eg): temperature, rainfall, humidity and pressure.
 Often localized
2. Climate:
 Generalization of day to day weather conditions over a long period of time.
 Usually 30 years.

Climatic Zones:

 Pakistan has many topographical features (eg) mountains, coastal features etc.
 Due to diversity of terrain, there is a variety of climates.
 Pakistan’s Climatic divisions:
a) Highland climate: prominent over Northern, North-Western mountains.
b) Lowland climate: prominent over all of Indus plain.
c) Coastal climate: prominent on Makran and Karachi coast, Indus delta.
d) Arid climate: prominent over South-Eastern desert, South-Western Baluchistan.
 A division into climatic zones does not imply same conditions throughout the zone.
 There can be variation in rainfall, humidity, temperature etc.

a) Highland Climate:
 Includes: Northern, North-Western mountains, Western Highlands
 Winters: long, cold, snowy
 Summers: short, mild
 Altitude: Northern Mountains range from 2000-above 8000m, in Western mountains from 1000-over 4000m.
 Rain: in Northern Mountains highest. Less in Western mountains
b) Lowland climate (semi-arid to arid)
 Includes: All of Indus Plain except coastal areas
 Winters, Summers: arid and extreme climate, hot summers, cool winters
 Rainfall: summer monsoon rain, amount differs from North-South. Foothills of Northern Mountains and
Potwar Plateau wetter than Indus Plain. Rain in Western depressions also.
 Southern upper Indus Plain and whole lower plain have less rain and high temperature spells.
c) Coastal Climate
 Includes: Indus delta, Makran coast, Karachi.
 Temperature: low due to sea, climate dominated by sea breezes throughout the year.
 Temperature at sea and land different.
 Summers: hot land, cool sea
 Winters: cool land, warm sea
 Humidity: high in April- September. Hottest months are May, June, October.
 Wind: dry winds from south-eastern desert dominate climate.
 Rainfall: scanty throughout the year. Most in Monsoon. In Makran coast in winters.
d) Arid Climate
 Includes: south-western Baluchistan, south-eastern desert
 Temperature: dry and hot
 Winds: hot, dusty winds throughout mid-May to mid-September
 Rainfall: scanty. In winters in south-western Baluchistan. In summers in south-eastern desert
 Main features: extreme heat, dryness, dust storms.

Pakistan: the seasons:


There are four seasons:
1. Winter: mid-December to March
2. Early Summer: April to June
3. Late Summer (Monsoon): July to September
4. Post Monsoon: October to Mid-December

Climatic conditions:
Four main climatic elements: temperature, pressure, rainfall and winds.
Responsible for regional and seasonal variations in Pakistan’s climate.

1. Temperature:
 Diversity of temperature in various regions is due to:
 Large spread of latitude from 24 degrees north to 37 degrees north.
 Relief ranging up to very high mountains in North to low lying coastal areas in south.
 The upper and lower Indus plain heat up during the summer making daily maximum temperatures rise up to
40 to 45 degrees Celsius which is very hot.
 Jacobabad is located in lower Indus plain and is known as the thermal pole of the subcontinent where
maximum temperature reaches 53 degrees Celsius.
 Coastal areas have moderate temperatures during summers and winters.
 Sea breeze dominates climate, lowering the daily temperature.

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