21st Century of Christianity

Christianity in the 21st century is characterized by the pursuit of Church unity and the continued
resistance to persecution, and secularization.[1][2]

Catholic Church[edit]

A Catholic priest celebrating Tridentine Mass during the elevation of the chalice after the consecration.

Benedict XVI[edit]
With the election of Pope Benedict XVI, there was decentralized beatifications and reverted a
decision of John Paul II regarding papal elections.[3] Benedict XVI advocated a return to
fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries. He
taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of God's redemptive love.
[4]
 Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a
more prominent position.[5] He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art,
promoted the use of Latin,[6] and reintroduced traditional papal garments, for which reason he was
called "the pope of aesthetics".[7]
Major lawsuits emerged in 2001, during the pontificate of John Paul II, claiming that priests had
sexually abused minors.[8] As a cardinal, Benedict convinced John Paul II to put his Congregation for
the Doctrine of the Faith in charge of all investigations and policies surrounding sexual abuse in
order to combat such abuse more efficiently.[9] In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI removed Legion of
Christ founder Marcial Maciel from active ministry based on the results of an investigation that he
had started while head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, before his election as Pope
in April 2005. Maciel was ordered "to conduct a reserved life of prayer and penance, renouncing
every public ministry."[10] As pope, Benedict defrocked at least 400 priests.[11]
In July 2007, Pope Benedict issued the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, allowing priests to
celebrate the Traditional Latin Mass without first having to receive permission from their local
ordinary.[12][13] The Priestly Society of Saint Pius X, which was consulted by Pope Benedict during the
process, said in a statement that it "extends its deep gratitude to (Pope Benedict) for this great
spiritual benefit" and "rejoices to see the Church thus regain her liturgical Tradition, and give the
possibility of a free access to the treasure of the Traditional Mass ... (for those) who had so far been
deprived of it."[14] The Jewish Anti-Defamation League (ADL) attacked the motu proprio, because the
text of the Good Friday Prayer for the Jews in the 1962 Missal includes a request to God to "lift the
veil" from Jewish hearts and to show mercy, according to one translation, "even to the Jews" (or
"also to the Jews"), and refers to "the blindness of that people" (to Christ).[15] In reply to such
criticisms, Dr John Newton, editor of Baronius Press, pointed out that the prayer draws heavily on 2
Corinthians chapters 3 and 4, and the invocation for God to "lift the veil from their hearts" is a direct
quote from 2 Cor 3:15.[16]
In October 2009, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith announced Pope Benedict XVI's
intention to create a new type of ecclesiastical structure, called a personal ordinariate, for groups of
Anglicans entering into full communion with the see of Rome.[17] The plan would create diocese-like
structures for former Anglicans within the Roman Catholic Church independent of existing Latin Rite
dioceses. It would allow them to preserve elements of Anglican liturgy, spirituality and religious
practice, including married priests but not married bishops. Anglicanorum coetibus was issued on 4
November 2009. "The Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter is equivalent to a diocese,
created by the Vatican in 2012 for people nurtured in the Anglican tradition who wish to become
Catholic."[18]
With support from Pope Benedict, in November 2011, Cardinal Antonio Cañizares Llovera, Prefect of
the Congregation for Divine Worship, established a "Liturgical art and sacred music commission"
which will be responsible for evaluating both new construction and renovation projects as well as
music used during the celebration of Mass to ensure that they comply with church guidelines.
[19]
 Previously, it was common for churches to be renovated in a way critics often described as a
"wreckovation."
On 28 February 2013, Pope Benedict XVI resigned from his ministry as pope.[20] Benedict's decision
to step down[note 1] as leader of the Catholic Church made him the first pope to relinquish the office
since Gregory XII in 1415[20] (who did so in order to end the Western Schism), the first to do so on his
own initiative since Celestine V in 1294,[21]

Francis[edit]
Pope Francis (left) and his predecessor Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (right)

Since the election of Pope Francis in 2013, he has displayed a simpler and less formal approach to
the office, choosing to reside in the Vatican guesthouse rather than the papal residence.[22] Following
the resignation of Benedict, Francis became the first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the Americas,
and the first from the Southern Hemisphere.[23]
On 18 June 2015, Francis released his encyclical Laudato si', in which he
critiqued consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental
degradation and global warming, and calls all people of the world to take "swift and unified global
action."[24]
Since 2016, Francis has faced increasingly open criticism, particularly from theological
conservatives, on the question of admitting civilly divorced and remarried Catholics
to Communion with the publication of Amoris Laetitia, and on the question of alleged systematic
cover up of clergy sexual abuse. In September 2016, Cardinals Raymond Burke, Carlo
Caffarra, Walter Brandmüller, and Joachim Meisner wrote a letter to Francis, requesting that he
clarify five statements from Amoris laetitia.[25] After the letter was ignored, the cardinals publicized
their letter, popularly known as the dubia.[25] The following year, in August 2017, a filial correction was
issued by 62 critics of Pope Francis including Bishop René Henry Gracida of Corpus Christi,
Bishop Bernard Fellay of the Society of Saint Pius X, and Joseph Shaw, the chairman of the Latin
Mass Society.[26][27]
Among Francis's most notable critics is Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò a former apostolic
nuncio who claimed in an open letter that Francis "knew from at least June 23, 2013 that Theodore
McCarrick was a serial predator. He knew that he was a corrupt man, he covered for him to the bitter
end." [28] McCarrick submitted his resignation from the College of Cardinals in July 2018, which was
quickly accepted by Francis.[29] Francis ordered McCarrick to a life of prayer and penance until a
canonical trial could be held.[30] After a church investigation and trial, he was found guilty of sexual
crimes against adults and minors and abuse of power, and was dismissed from the clergy in
February 2019.[31] McCarrick is the most senior church official in modern times to be laicized –
commonly referred to as defrocking – and is believed to be the first cardinal ever laicized for sexual
misconduct. On 9 May 2019, Francis issued the motu proprio Vos estis lux mundi, establishing new
procedural norms to combat sexual abuse and to ensure that bishops and religious superiors are
held accountable for their actions.[32]
On 2 August 2018, it was announced that the Catechism of the Catholic Church would be revised to
state that the Church teaches that "the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the
inviolability and dignity of the person".[33][34] A full letter to the bishops regarding the change stated that
it was consistent with the previous teachings of the Catholic Church regarding the dignity of human
life, and that it reflected how modern society had better prison systems with a goal of criminal
rehabilitation that made the death penalty unnecessary for the protection of innocent people.
[35]
 Within two weeks, 45 Catholic scholars and clergy signed an appeal to the cardinals of the
Catholic Church, calling on them to advise Pope Francis to retract the recent revision made to the
Catechism,[36] on the grounds that its appearance of contradicting scripture and traditional teaching is
causing scandal.
In October 2019, a Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region was held in Vatican City "to identify
new paths for the evangelization of God's people in that region", specifically the indigenous
peoples who are "often forgotten and without the prospect of a serene future".[37] The synod was
largely focused on issues of married viri probati priests[38] and allowing the institution of deaconesses.
[39]
 The Amazon synod also drew attention after accusations of idolatry arose after videos from the
synod featuring statues, allegedly of the Andean fertility goddess Pachamama, surfaced online.[40] On
21 October 2019, Alexander Tschugguel removed several Pachamama statues from Santa Maria in
Transpontina, took them to Ponte Sant'Angelo, and threw them into the River Tiber.[41] Pope Francis
responded by denouncing the removal of the statues and stating that the statues had been kept at
the church "without idolatrous intentions."[40] In November 2019, a group of 100 conservative and
traditionalists Catholics accused Francis of indulging in "sacrilegious and superstitious acts" during
the synod.[42] On 2 February 2020, Francis published the apostolic exhortation Querida Amazonia,
ignoring the question of married priests, calling for women to be given greater roles in the Church,
but not within the holy orders of the diaconate or the priesthood, and promoting inculturation with a
request that the faithful "respect native forms of expression in song, dance, rituals, gestures and
symbols".[43]
In March 2020 all public masses were suspended in Vatican City and Italy due to the coronavirus
pandemic. These suspensions began in late-February in the Archdioceses of Milan and Venice and
were extended to the rest of the Italian peninsula on 8 March.[44] Setting an example for churches
unable to celebrate public masses due to the lockdown, Pope Francis began livestreaming daily
masses from his home at Domus Sanctae Marthae on 9 March.[45] Outside Italy, masses in cities
around the world were suspended in the days that followed.[46][47] At the height of the outbreak in Italy,
[48]
 on 27 March, Pope Francis imparted the Urbi et Orbi blessing, normally reserved for Christmas
and Easter, from an empty Saint Peter's Square following a prayer for the health of all the world.[49]
[50]
 For the prayer service, Francis brought the crucifix from San Marcello al Corso which had
processed through the streets of Rome during the miraculous plague cure of 1522.[51] The prayer
service concluded with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, as church bells were rung
and sirens blared across Rome.[52][53] The spread of COVID-19 soon slowed in Italy and public
masses were allowed to resume on 18 May, with Pope Francis celebrating his last daily live-stream
mass and first public mass since the lockdown on the centenary of the birth of Pope John Paul II.[54]
Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]

St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church in New York City, currently under construction after the original church
was destroyed in the September 11 attacks

After the fall of Mosul, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant demanded that Assyrian
Christians living in the city convert to Islam, pay tribute, or face execution, by 19 July 2014.[55][56][57][58]
[59]
 Al-Baghdadi further noted that Christians who do not agree to follow those terms must "leave the
borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline.[58][59] This resulted in a complete Assyrian
Christian exodus from Mosul, marking the end of 1,600 years of continuous Christian presence.[60] A
church mass was not held in Mosul for the first time in 1,800 years.[61] On 9 July 2017, Iraqi Prime
Minister Haider Al-Abadi arrived in preparation to announce the full liberation of Mosul and reclaim
the city after three years of ISIL control.[62]

Pan-Orthodox Council[edit]
The Pan-Orthodox Council, officially styled the Holy and Great Synod, opened at Crete, on 19 June
2016. The 10 Churches that sent representatives to Crete were the Ecumenical Patriarchate of
Constantinople and the Orthodox Churches
of Alexandria, Jerusalem, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Poland, Albania, Cyprus and the Czech Lands
and Slovakia. Of the 14 national Orthodox churches, four did not attend the event, including
the Russian Orthodox Church, the Georgian and Bulgarian Orthodox Churches, as well as
the Orthodox Church of Antioch. The Council concluded on 26 June 2016, the Sunday of All Saints,
with a Patriarchal Concelebration.

2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism[edit]

Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew (left) handing the tomos of autocephaly to Metropolitan Epiphanius (right),
January 6, 2019

Main articles: Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, 2018 Moscow–Constantinople

schism, and Reactions of the Eastern Orthodox churches to the 2018 Moscow–Constantinople
schism
On 11 October 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople announced it would grant
autocephaly to the "Church of Ukraine" thus separating it from the canonical jurisdiction of
the Moscow Patriarchate.[63] Four days later, the Moscow Patriarchate broke the communion with
the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople over the latter's endorsement of the Ukrainian
Orthodox church's autocephaly.[64][65] The decision was made following a meeting of the Russian Holy
Synod in Minsk, the capital of Belarus. Metropolitan Hilarion announced that the Moscow
Patriarchate had taken the decision to "rupture full communion with the Constantinople
Patriarchate",[66] meaning that priests from the two churches will not be able to serve together while
worshippers of one cannot take communion in the other.[67]
Two months later, on 15 December 2018, a unification council was convoked by the Ecumenical
Patriarchate of Constantinople at St Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv, during which the Kyiv Patriarchate,
the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and parts of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
(Moscow Patriarchate) were united into a single church: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.
[68]
 Metropolitan Epiphanius was elected the first Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine of the newly
unified Ukrainian church.[69] Patriarch Kirill of Moscow denounced the new Ukrainian Church as "a
union of two schismatic groups."[70]
On 5 January 2019, Patriarch Bartholomew signed a tomos officially granting autocephaly to the
Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The tomos was signed at St. George's Cathedral in the presence
of Petro Poroshenko, the President of Ukraine, and was presented to Metropolitan Epiphanius to be
brought to Kyiv in time for Christmas, the first liturgy celebrated by the united Ukrainian Orthodox
Church.[71][70]
On 30 May 2019, Vladimir Legoyda, head of the Synodal Department for Church, Society and Media
Relations of the ROC, said the ROC was aware of the efforts of the Church of
Cyprus primate, Chrysostomos II, and added that "to some extent [Chrysostomos'] actions can be
considered in line with the ROC proposal (...) He has consistently held talks with representatives
from various local Churches, telling of the need to resolve the problem" Legoyda also said the ROC
"has repeatedly stressed the desire and the need for a pan-Orthodox decision on this issue because
it cannot be resolved unilaterally"[72]
On 12 October 2019, the Orthodox Church of Greece recognized the Autocephaly of the Orthodox
Church of Ukraine, stating that "the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has the right to
granting autocephalies"[73][74][75]

Protestantism[edit]

Mars Hill Church, part of the emerging church movement, closed in 2015

Megachurches[edit]
Postmodern Christianity has influenced the emerging church movement, with proponents
challenging the mainstream Christianity on issues such as: institutional structures, systematic
theology, propositional teaching methods, a perceived preoccupation with buildings, an attractional
understanding of mission, professional clergy, and a perceived preoccupation with the political
process and unhelpful jargon ("Christian-ese").[76] Globally, megachurches are a significant
development in Protestant Christianity.[77] In the United States, the phenomenon has more than
quadrupled in the past two decades.[78] It has since spread worldwide. In 2007, five of the ten largest
Protestant churches were in South Korea.[79] The largest megachurch in the United States
is Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas with more than 40,000 members every weekend and the
current largest megachurch in the world is South Korea's Yoido Full Gospel Church, an Assemblies
of God church, with more than 830,000 members as of 2007.[79][80]
Mark Driscoll, a leader in the emerging church movement, had more than 12,000 followers at Mars
Hill Church in Seattle, Washington before controversy led to Driscoll's resignation in 2014 and Mars
Hill's dissolution.[81][82] Like other churches in the emerging church movement, Mars Hill
combined alternative worship with Calvinist theology. In 2015, not without controversy, a video
featuring Driscoll was featured at a Hillsong Church conference in Sydney, Australia.[83] Hillsong
Church is a megachurch, founded in 1983, that has grown to over 100,000 followers.[84] Their 2013
song "Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)" was released and spent 61 weeks atop the Billboard Hot
Christian Songs chart, longer than any other song.[85]
Some megachurches, including Lakewood[86] and Yoido Full,[87] teach prosperity theology, a
controversial doctrine seen as a heresy by most Christians. In 2007, U.S. Senator Chuck
Grassley opened a probe into the finances of six televangelism ministries that promoted prosperity
theology: Kenneth Copeland Ministries, Creflo Dollar Ministries, Benny Hinn Ministries, Bishop Eddie
Long Ministries, Joyce Meyer Ministries, and Paula White Ministries. In January 2011, Grassley
concluded his investigation stating that he believed self-regulation by religious organizations was
preferable to government action.[88] Only the ministries led by Meyer and Hinn cooperated with
Grassley's investigation.[88] The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United
States in 2017 featured prayers from two preachers known for advocating prosperity theology.
[89]
 Paula White, one of Trump's spiritual advisers, gave the invocation.[90]
The heterodox Shincheonji megachurch was the source of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea,
with most cases in South Korea being tied to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within the
megachurch.[91] On 1 March 2020, Seoul mayor Park Won-soon announced that the Seoul City
Government had made a criminal complaint about the church's pastor Lee Man-hee, whom
Shincheonji adherents believed to be the messiah, asking for an investigation into him and twelve
others connected to the sect on charges of murder by negligence and violations of the Disease
Control Act, citing their negligence in preventing an outbreak among their congregants and their
refusal to cooperate with the government throughout the crisis.[92]

Anglican Communion[edit]
See also: Anglican realignment and Global Anglican Future Conference

Holy Trinity Anglican Church, an ANCA church built in 2015 in Raleigh, North Carolina

One month prior to the Lambeth Conference, the ten-yearly gathering of Anglican

Communion bishops, a seven-day conference of conservative Anglican bishops and leaders held
in Jerusalem from 22 to 29 June 2008 to address the growing controversy of the divisions in
the Anglican Communion, the rise of secularism, as well as concerns with HIV/AIDS and poverty. As
a result of the conference, the Jerusalem Declaration was issued and the Fellowship of Confessing
Anglicans was created. The conference participants also called for the creation of the Anglican
Church in North America (ANCA), as an alternative to the Episcopal Church in the United States and
the Anglican Church of Canada, and declared that recognition by the Archbishop of Canterbury is
not necessary to Anglican identity.[93] Follow-up conferences have been held every five years since
2008.
The conventions of four dioceses of the Episcopal Church voted in 2007 and 2008 to leave that
church and to join the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America. Twelve other jurisdictions,
serving an estimated 100,000 persons at that time, formed the ACNA on December 3–4, 2008. The
ACNA is seeking official recognition as a province within the Anglican Communion.[94] The Anglican
Church of Nigeria declared itself in communion with the new church in March 2009 and the
Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans recognized it as well.[95][96] In June 2009, the Anglican Church of
Uganda also declared itself in full communion with ACNA, and the Anglican Church of
Sudan followed suit in December 2011.[97][98]
Two of the major events which contributed to the Anglican realignment were the 2002 decision of
the Diocese of New Westminster in Canada to authorise a rite of blessing for same-sex unions, and
the nomination of two openly gay priests in 2003 to become bishops. Jeffrey John, an openly gay
priest with a long-time partner, was appointed to be the next Bishop of Reading in the Church of
England and the General Convention of the Episcopal Church ratified the election of Gene
Robinson, an openly[99] gay non-celibate[100] man, as Bishop of New Hampshire. Jeffrey John
ultimately declined the appointment due to pressure.

United Methodist Church[edit]

Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist
Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. By the opening of the
2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9
million in the US and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20 percent of the conference
delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10 percent.[101] During
the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory
Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination.[101] One Congolese bishop has estimated that
typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.[101]
Given current trends in the UMC, with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and US
churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week,[101] American influence on the UMC is
declining. In February 2019, a Special Session of the General Conference of the United Methodist
Church was held in St. Louis, Missouri, to examine church teachings on human sexuality. While
most American delegates at the General Conference supported the One Church Plan, a resolution
that would have made the UMC open and affirming on LGBT issues, allowing individual conferences
to allow same-sex marriage and openly gay clergy, the resolution failed. In its place, the Traditional
Plan, opposed by most American delegates but supported by the African delegates, was passed by
the conference. The Traditional Plan reaffirms traditional teachings on sexuality, penalizes UMC
clergy who conduct same-sex marriages or ordain openly gay clergy beginning in 2020.[102]
Some conferences have allowed both same-sex marriage and openly gay clergy for years. One
conference in the American Southwest has a lesbian bishop, Karen Oliveto. It is unknown how these
clergy will be affected by the rule change. A similar General Conference decision in 1984 led to the
early retirement of some openly gay clergy, including Paul Abels.[103] Many progressive clergy have
vowed to ignore the new rules if and when they come into effect, and many clergy and
congregations are openly contemplating the idea of a schism within the United Methodist Church.[104]
With the Traditional Plan in place, the UMC increasingly saw schism as inevitable and so plans were
drawn up to be voted upon at 2020 General Conference.[105] However, due to the coronavirus
pandemic, the General Conference was delayed to 2021.[106]

Oriental Orthodoxy[edit]
St. Giragos Armenian Church in Turkey, restored and reopened in 2011 and reconfiscated by the Turkish
government in 2016

Armenian Church[edit]
The construction of the Holy Mother of God Cathedral in Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh began in
2006.[107]
In October 2013 Father Asoghik Karapetyan, the director of the Museum of the Mother See of Holy
Etchmiadzin, stated on television that an atheist Armenian is not a "true Armenian". A spokesperson
for the Armenian Apostolic Church stated that it is his personal view.[108] The statement received
considerable criticism,[109] though Asoghik did not retract his statement.[110] In an editorial in the
liberal Aravot daily Aram Abrahamyan suggested that religious identity should not be equated with
national (ethnic) identity and it is up to every individual to decide whether they are Armenian or not,
regardless of religion.[111] According to a 2018 survey by the Pew Research Center, in Armenia 82%
of respondents say it is very or somewhat important to be a Christian to be truly Armenian.[112]
On 23 April 2015, the Armenian Apostolic Church canonized all of the victims of the Armenian
Genocide as martyrs, which began a hundred years prior to the following day on 24 April 1915; this
service is believed to be the largest canonization service in history.[113][114][115] It was the first
canonization by the Armenian Apostolic Church in four hundred years.[116]
On 25 September 2017, a deaconess was consecrated in the Tehran Diocese of the Armenian
Apostolic Church, the first Armenian deaconess in a hundred years.[117]
On 2 October 2019, Turkish newspaper Hürriyet reported on a 2012 lawsuit advancing
through Turkish courts; the lawsuit was filed by Patriarch Nourhan Manougian of Jerusalem in an
attempt to reclaim patriarchate property confiscated by the Turkish government during the Armenian
genocide in 1915.[118] According to Patriarch Manougian, the "Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem
owned around 1,200 properties in Istanbul alone" prior to the genocide.[118] The court had originally
dismissed the case in 2012, despite the patriarchate winning an appeal, but a decision from
the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled on 12 September 2019 that the previous court had violated
the rights of the patriarchate.[118]

A wedding held at Ghazanchetsots Cathedral after the church was bombed

Amidst the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, on 8 October 2020, the mother church of Artsakhtsi
Christians Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi was bombed by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.
[119]
 Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan of Artsakh compared the shelling with the actions of Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant, saying "They are bombarding our spiritual values, when we are restoring and
preserving mosques".[120] Another priest at the cathedral said "I feel the pain that the walls of our
beautiful cathedral are destroyed. I feel the pain that today the world does not react to what's
happening here and that our boys are dying defending our Motherland".[121]

Coptic Church[edit]
In Tahrir Square, Cairo, on Wednesday 2 February 2011, Coptic Christians joined hands to provide
a protective cordon around their Muslim neighbors during salat (prayers) in the midst of the 2011
Egyptian Revolution.[122]
On 17 March 2012, the Coptic Orthodox Pope, Pope Shenouda III died, leaving many Copts
mourning and worrying as tensions rose with Muslims. Pope Shenouda III constantly met with
Muslim leaders in order to create peace. Many were worried about Muslims controlling Egypt as
the Muslim Brotherhood won 70% of the parliamentary elections.[123][124] Pope Tawadros II was chosen
to replace him on 4 November 2012.
In February 2015, twenty-one Coptic Christians were kidnapped and beheaded in Libya by ISIS
insurgents. Six days later, they were canonized as martyrs by Pope Tawadros II.[125]

Cathedral of the Nativity in Cairo, the largest church in the Middle East, consecrated in 2019

In January 2017, following twin terrorist attacks that killed at least 27 Coptic Egyptians at St. Peter
and St. Paul's Church in Cairo in December 2016, the President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-
Sisi commissioned the construction of the country's largest mosque and church in the new
administrative capital to become symbols of coexistence and national unity.[126] For decades, the
building of churches in Egypt was restricted to avoid offending Islam. The Cathedral of the Nativity in
Cairo was inaugurated on 6 January 2019 by President el-Sisi and Pope Tawadros II.[127] On the
same day of the inauguration, Divine Liturgy was celebrated in the chapel of the cathedral with the
participation of some 3,000 people that included representatives from all over the country.[128][129]

Ethiopian Church[edit]
Patriarch Abune Paulos died on 16 August 2012, followed four days later by Ethiopian Prime
Minister Meles Zenawi.[130] On 28 February 2013, a college of electors assembled in Addis Ababa and
elected Abune Mathias to be the 6th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.[131]
On 25 July 2018, delegates from the Patriarchate in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and those in the United
States, declared reunification in Washington, D.C., with the assistance of Ethiopian Prime
Minister Abiy Ahmed.[132] Declaring the end of a 26 year old schism, which began in 1991 when
the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seized power in Ethiopia and exiled the
patriarch, the Church announced that it now acknowledges two patriarchs: Abune Merkorios, the 4th
Patriarch of Ethiopia, and Abune Mathias, the 6th Patriarch of Ethiopia.
Eritrean Church[edit]
The first Patriarch of the newly independent Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Abune Phillipos,
died in 2002 and was succeeded by Abune Yacob. The reign of Abune Yacob as Patriarch of
Eritrea was very brief as he died not long after his enthronement, and he was succeeded by Abune
Antonios as the 3rd Patriarch of Eritrea. Abune Antonios was elected on 5 March 2004, and
enthroned as the third Patriarch of Eritrea on 24 April 2004. Coptic Pope Shenouda III of
Alexandria presided at the ceremony in Asmara, together with the Holy Synod of the Eritrean
Orthodox Church and a Coptic Orthodox Church delegation.
In August 2005, Abune Antonios, the Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, was
confined to a strictly ceremonial role. In a letter dated 13 January 2006, Patriarch Abune Antonios
was informed that following several sessions of the church's Holy Synod, he had been formally
deposed. In a written response that was widely published, the Patriarch rejected the grounds of his
dismissal, questioned the legitimacy of the synod, and excommunicated two signatories to the 13
January 2006 letter, including Yoftahe Dimetros, whom the Patriarch identified as being responsible
for the church's recent upheavals. Patriarch Antonios also appealed his case to the Council of the
Monasteries of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
Abune Antonios was deposed by the Eritrean Holy Synod[133] supposedly under pressure from the
Eritrean government and he remains under house arrest.[134] Abuna Antonios was replaced by Abune
Dioskoros as the 4th Patriarch of Eritrea. Many believe that Abune Antonios was wrongly deposed
and still consider him Patriarch. Many Eritrean Orthodox followers disagree with the Eritrean
government making decisions in religious matters.[135] The ruling Patriarch Abune Dioskoros died on
21 December 2015.[136] No successor has been elected to date and the seat of the patriarchate
remains sede vacante.

Ecumenical dialogue[edit]
Catholic–Armenian[edit]

Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri, Armenia, an Armenian Catholic cathedral dedicated in 2015 to the

martyrs of the Armenian Genocide

On 18 February 2001, Pope John Paul II during his Angelus address commemorated the 1,700th
anniversary of the baptism of the Armenian people and referred to St. Gregory of
Narek (Armenian: Գրիգոր Նարեկացի) as "the great doctor of the Armenian Church."[137] In
September 2001, John Paul II traveled to Armenia and participated in an ecumenical liturgy at the
newly consecrated Cathedral of St. Gregory the Illuminator in Yerevan.[138]
On 12 April 2015, on Divine Mercy Sunday, during a Mass for the centennial of the Armenian
Genocide at St. Peter's Basilica, Pope Francis officially proclaimed St. Gregory of Narek as a Doctor
of the Church in attendance of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicos of All
Armenians Karekin II, Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I, and Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros
XIX Tarmouni.[139] He became the 36th and the first Armenian Doctor of the Church.[140] He is also the
only Doctor "who was not in communion with the Catholic Church during his lifetime."[141]
Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs (Armenian: Սրբոց Նահատակաց եկեղեցի) in Gyumri, Armenia,
the cathedral for the Armenian Catholic Ordinariate for Armenia, Georgia, Russia, and Eastern
Europe was consecrated by Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Armenian
Catholic Church, and Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental
Churches, on 24 September 2015. The ceremony was held as part of the commemoration of the
centennial of the Armenian Genocide. The cathedral is named "Holy Martyrs" in memory of victims of
the Armenian Genocide, as the Armenian Apostolic Church canonized them as martyrs.[142][143] On 25
June 2016, Pope Francis, accompanied by Catholicos Karekin II, visited the cathedral.
On 26 June 2016, Catholicos Karekin II and Pope Francis signed a joint declaration on the family. It
stated that the secularization of society and its "alienation from the spiritual and divine" are
damaging to the family, and affirmed that the Catholic and Armenian Apostolic churches share
a marriage–based view of the family. The declaration also took note of various positive steps taken
towards unity between the two leaders' churches, and "acknowledged the successful 'new phase' in
relations" between them. It also lamented "immense tragedy" of the
widespread persecution of Christians in the Middle East; the Pope and the Catholicos prayed "for a
change of heart in all those who commit such crimes and those who are in a position to stop the
violence".[144]
On 5 April 2018, a two-meter-high bronze statue of St. Gregory of Narek, erected by Davit
Yerevantsi, was unveiled at the Vatican Gardens by Mikael Minasyan, Armenia's Ambassador to the
Holy See. The inaugural ceremony was attended by Pope Francis, Armenian President Serzh
Sargsyan, Armenian Apostolic catholicoi Karekin II and Aram I.[145][146] In September 2018,
Archbishop Khajag Barsamian was appointed in early September as the first-ever representative of
the Apostolic Armenian Church to the Holy See.[147]

Coptic–Greek[edit]
In the summer of 2001, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and Greek Orthodox Patriarchate
of Alexandria agreed to mutually recognize baptisms performed in each other's churches, making re-
baptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other.[148]

Catholic-Anglican[edit]

Our Lady of Walsingham in Houston, Texas, the mother church of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of
Saint Peter, elevated to the status of cathedral in 2015 when Steven J. Lopes became the first bishop of the
ordinariate

Pope John Paul II officially called off all future talks between the Roman Catholic Church and the
Anglican Communion upon the consecration of Gene Robinson as a bishop in 2003.[149] In
conversation with the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar,[150] Cardinal Walter Kasper, president of
the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, warned that if the Church of England was to
ordain women as bishops, as the Episcopal Church had already done, then it could destroy any
chance of reuniting the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches.[151] In December 2014, Libby
Lane was announced as the first woman to become a bishop in the Church of England. She was
consecrated as a bishop in January 2015.[152] In July 2015, Rachel Treweek was the first woman to
become a diocesan bishop in the Church of England when she became the Bishop of Gloucester.
[153]
 She and Sarah Mullally, Bishop of Crediton, were the first women to be ordained as bishops
at Canterbury Cathedral.[153] Treweek later made headlines by calling for gender-inclusive language,
saying that "God is not to be seen as male. God is God."[154]
In late 2009, in response to requests from various groups of Anglicans around the world who were
dissatisfied with liberalizing movements within the Anglican Communion, Pope Benedict XVI issued
the apostolic constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus. This document invites groups of traditionalist
Anglicans to form what are termed "Anglican ordinariates" or "personal ordinariates" under the
ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church, while preserving elements of the liturgical, musical,
theological and other aspects of their Anglican patrimony. Under these terms, regional groupings of
Anglican Catholics may apply for reception by the Holy See under the jurisdiction of an "ordinary"
(i.e. a bishop or priest[note 2]) appointed by Rome to oversee the community. While being in a country
or region which is part of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church, these ordinaries will
nonetheless retain aspects of the Anglican patrimony, such as married priests and traditional English
choral music and liturgy.
As of 2013, marrying a Roman Catholic no longer disqualifies a person from succeeding to
the British Crown.[155][156] The explanation published when the bill had been introduced mentioned that
those who had lost their places in the line of succession by marrying a Roman Catholic would regain
their places, but that those "with a realistic prospect of succeeding to the Throne" would not be
affected. The first person in the new line of succession to be affected by this change when it came
into effect was George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, who had married a Roman Catholic in 1988,
and was restored to the line of succession in 34th place, after his father the Duke of Kent, although
his Catholic children remain excluded.[157] The provision of the Act of Settlement requiring the
monarch to be a Protestant continues, as the monarch remains the Supreme Governor of the
Church of England.
On 13 October 2019, Pope Francis canonized Saint John Henry Newman, a London-born priest who
led the Oxford Movement in the Church of England before converting to Catholicism and becoming
an Oratorian Father and eventually the Cardinal-Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro.[158] Newman is the
first Englishman who has lived since the 17th century to be officially recognised as a saint by the
Catholic Church. In attendance at the canonization ceremony in St. Peter Square was Charles,
Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the Supreme Governorship of the Church of England.[158]

Catholic–Orthodox[edit]
Pope Francis and Patriarch Bartholomew in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

In June 2004, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I's visit to Rome afforded a meeting with Pope
John Paul II, for conversations with the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and for taking
part in the celebration for the feast day in St. Peter's Basilica.
The Ravenna Document in 2007 re-stated the notion that the Bishop of Rome is indeed the first
(Greek: πρώτος, romanized: protos) among the patriarchs, although future discussions are to be held
on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy.[159]
Patriarch Bartholomew attended the Papal inauguration of Pope Francis on 19 March 2013, paving
the way for better Catholic–Orthodox relations. It was the first time that the spiritual head of Eastern
Orthodox Christians had attended a papal inauguration since the Great Schism in 1054.[160][161] After,
he invited Pope Francis to travel with him to the Holy Land in 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of
the embrace between Patriarch Athenagoras and Pope Paul VI.
On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill of Moscow met in a VIP room at José Martí
International Airport near Havana, Cuba. Francis arrived at 2 pm local time, and the two leaders
embraced and kissed.[162] A 2-hour private meeting was followed by the signing of a joint declaration,
which had been prepared in advance.[163] The 30-point declaration contained a joint call by the two
church primates for an end to the persecution of Christians in the Middle East and to wars in the
region, expressing their hope that the meeting might contribute to the re-establishment of Christian
unity between the two churches. A range of other issues are mentioned in the declaration,
including atheism, secularism, consumerism, migrants and refugees, the importance of marriage and
the family, and concerns relating to abortion and euthanasia.[164]
On 3 July 2019, it was revealed that during a Vatican meeting with Orthodox Archbishop Job of
Telmessos, who represented the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople, during the
feast of Sts. Peter and Paul on 29 June 2019, Pope Francis stated that unity rather than leveling
differences should be the goal between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.[165] Pope Francis also
gave Bartholomew nine bone fragments which were believed to have belonged to Saint Peter and
which were displayed at a public Mass which was held in the Vatican in November 2013 to celebrate
the Year of Faith.[166][165] Despite holding a "cordial" meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin,
with whom the Pope has had a history of good relations with,[167] on 4 July 2019, tensions between
the Vatican and Russian Orthodox churches still remained, with Pope Francis stating that it is
unlikely that he will visit Russia unless Putin agrees to not include the Russian Orthodox Church in
the visit.[168] Putin also stated to the Pope that he would not invite the Pope to Russia without this
condition. Pope Francis also hinted that was willing to support the concerns of Ukrainian Greek
Catholic Church,[169] which has expressed opposition to both Putin's intervention in Ukraine and the
Vatican's current relationship with Putin.[169] At the beginning of a two-day Vatican meeting with
Ukrainian Greek-Catholic leaders on 5 July 2019, Pope Francis hinted that he supported the
Church's concerns in Ukraine and called for greater humanitarian aid to Ukraine.[170] The Pope
previously expressed dismay over the Russian Orthodox Church's role in the conflict in Ukraine in
early 2019 as well.[170] During the 5 July 2019 meeting, Pope Francis also accused the Russian
Orthodox Church of attempting to manipulate "other religions" in Ukraine as well.[171]
On 12 November 2019, Patriarch Bartholomew, the Abbot of Xenophontos and a hiermonk
from Pantokratoros Monastery on Mount Athos participated in a Vespers service at the Abbey of
Notre-Dame de Saint-Rémy, a Trappist Catholic monastery.[172] Upon returning with the abbots to
Mount Athos, Bartholomew gave a speech at Pantokratoros Monastery declaring that union with the
Catholic Church is inevitable as no theological differences exist between the churches and only
historical differences have kept the two churches from union.[173]

Catholic–Lutheran[edit]
In 2016, on the 499th anniversary of the start of the Protestant Reformation, Pope Francis travelled
to Sweden (where the Lutheran Church is the national Church) to commemorate the Reformation
at Lund Cathedral, which serves as the seat for the Lutheran Bishop of Lund.[174] An official press
release from the Holy See stated:[175]
The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) and Roman Catholic Church joint event will highlight the 50
years of continuous ecumenical dialogue between Catholics and Lutherans and the joint gifts of this
collaboration. The Catholic-Lutheran commemoration of 500 years of the Reformation is structured
around the themes of thanksgiving, repentance and commitment to common witness. The aim is to
express the gifts of the Reformation and ask forgiveness for division perpetuated by Christians from
the two traditions.[175]
An ecumenical service was presided over by Munib Younan, the president of the Lutheran World
Federation, Martin Junge, the General Secretary of the LWF, as well as Pope Francis.
[176]
 Representatives from the Anglican Communion, Baptist World Alliance, Eastern Orthodox
Church, and Salvation Army also participated in the predominantly Lutheran and Roman Catholic
event.[177] Pope Francis, in a joint statement with Munib Younan, stated that "With gratitude we
acknowledge that the Reformation helped give a greater centrality to sacred Scripture in the
Church's life".[178]

Catholic–Coptic[edit]
On 28 April 2017, Pope Francis and Coptic Pope Tawadros ll agreed that they would not require re-
baptism for Roman Catholics who seek to join the Coptic Orthodox Church, and vice versa. The
Roman Catholic Church baptizes by sprinkling and the Coptic Orthodox Church baptizes by
immersion, but this declaration opens the way for the two churches to recognize each other's
baptism sacrament.[179]