Per Unit Normalitation

Minggu 5
Per Unit Normalization
• Normalize to nominal value
• Example: 11 kV at 10 kV base
Vp.u.=Vactual/Vbase=11kV/10kV=1.1p.u.
• p.u. indicates if situation is normal
• Voltage levels comparable
• Simplifies transformer calculations

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 2

Samuelsson
4 (EMPAT) BESARAN DALAM SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK :

I (ARUS - AMPERE)

V (TEGANGAN - VOLT)

S (DAYA - VOLTAMPERE)

Z (IMPEDANSI - OHM)

DENGAN MENENTUKAN BESARAN DASAR (BASE),

BESARAN PERSATUAN (PER-UNIT) DAPAT DIHITUNG.

CATATAN : BESARAN – BESARAN TSB ADALAH BESARAN

1 FASA (FASA – NETRAL)

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 3

Samuelsson
 I actual ( Amps) I
I pu  
I base ( Amps) I B
Vactual (Volts ) V
V pu  
Vbase (Volts ) VB
PER – UNIT
VALUES
S actual (VA) S
S pu  
S base (VA) S B

Z actual (ohm) Z
Z pu  
Z base (ohm) Z B
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 4
Samuelsson
Base values
• Theoretically
• Any two of S, V, I and Z
• Practically
• System MVA base + One voltage base
• Sbase/Vbase => Ibase
• Vbase2/Sbase=> Zbase
• Turns ratios => other voltage bases

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 5

Samuelsson
Dengan menggunakan data 1 fase :

KVAbase1
IB 
KVbaseLN

ZB 
 KVbaseLN  2
 1000
KVAbase1


 KVbaseLN  2

MVAbase1
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 6
Samuelsson
Dengan menggunakan data 3 fase :

KVAbase3
IB 
3 KVbaseLL

ZB 
 KVbaseLL  2
1000
KVAbase3


 KVbaseLL  2

MVAbase3
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 7
Samuelsson
 DIAGRAM SEGARIS

GEN.1 : 20.000 KVA, 6.6 KV, X = 0.655 OHM

GEN.2 : 10.000 KVA, 6.6 KV, X = 1.31 OHM
GEN.3 : 30.000 KVA, 3.81 KV, X = 0.1452 OHM

T1 DAN T2 : MASING-MASING TERDIRI DARI 3 TRAFO 1 FASA :

10.000 KVA, 3.81-38.1 KV, X = 14.52 OHM
DINYATAKAN TERHADAP SISI TEGANGAN TINGGI.
TRANSMISI : X = 17.4 OHM

BEBAN A : 15.000 KW, 6.6 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG

BEBAN B : 30.000 KW, 3.81 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG.
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 8
Samuelsson
 I II III
KVAB= 30.000 KVA KVAB= 30.000 KVA KVAB= 30.000 KVA
KVB= 6.6 KV KVB= 66 KV KVB= 3.81 KV
30,000 30,000
 2.624,32 A I B   262,43 A 30,000
IB  IB   4.546,07 A
3 6,6 3 66 3 3,81

6,6 2 66 2 3,812
ZB   1,452 Ohm ZB   145,2 Ohm ZB   0,484 Ohm
30 30 30

Data 3 phasa
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 9
Samuelsson
 1.0 pu
1.0 pu

BILA TERJADI HUBUNG SINGKAT 3 FASA ( SISTEM TETAP

SEIMBANG) PADA BUS DIMANA BEBAN B TERHUBUNG,
AKAN DIHITUNG ARUS HUBUNG SINGKAT TERSEBUT.

PERHITUNGAN DILAKUKAN SETELAH SEMUA BESARAN

(TEGANGAN ARUS & IMPEDANSI) DIUBAH SATUANNYA
DALAM PU.

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 10

Samuelsson
DENGAN CARA YANG SAMA ARUS HUBUNG SINGKAT 3
FASA DARI BUS DIMANA BEBAN B TERHUBUNG DAPAT
DIHITUNG

Kerjakan contoh diatas dng : MVAbase=50

MVA, KVbase=10 KV (Gen 1 & 2), hub.
Singkat pada pertengahan transmisi)
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 11
Samuelsson
Per unit transformer model
• p.u. value of Z12 and Z21 the same!
• Simple p.u. model only a Zeq

TRANFORMATOR 1 PHASA DENGAN RATING 110/440 V, 2.5

KVA. REAKTANSI BOCOR DIUKUR DARI SISI TEGANAGAN
RENDAH 0.06 OHM.

TENTUKAN HARGA REAKTANSI BOCOR DALAM p.u.

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 12

Samuelsson
 2,5 kVA
I1 N1 : N2 I2

110 Volt V1 V2 440 Volt

110
a X 12  0,06 
440

IMPEDANSI BASE SISI TEGANGAN RENDAH :

0,1102 x 1000
Z B1   4,84 
2,5

REAKTANSI BOCOR (THD SISI TEGANGAN RENDAH):

0,06
X 12   0,012 pu
4,84
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 13
Samuelsson
REAKTANSI BOCOR (THD SISI TEGANGAN TINGGI) :
2
X 12  440 
X 21   0,06   0,96 
a2  110 
IMPEDANSI BASE SISI TEGANGAN TINGGI :
0,4402 x 1000
Z B2   77,5 
2,5

REAKTANSI BOCOR (THD SISI TEGANGAN TINGGI):

0,96
X 21   0,012 pu
77,5

X12 = X21 (pu)

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 14
Samuelsson
Impedansi (pu) trafo 3 belitan
DARI TEST HUBUNG SINGKAT DAPAT DIPEROLEH 3 (TIGA)
IMPEDANSI SEBAGAI BERIKUT :

Z12 : IMPEDANSI BOCOR DIUKUR PADA PRIMER DENGAN

SEKUNDER SHORT DAN TERSIER OPEN.
Z13 : IMPEDANSI BOCOR DIUKUR PADA PRIMER DENGAN
TERSIER SHORT DAN SEKUNDER OPEN.
Z23 : IMPEDANSI BOCOR DIUKUR PADA SEKUNDER DENGAN
TERSIER SHORT DAN PRIMER OPEN.

RANGKAIAN PENGGANTI TRAFO 3 BELITAN :

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 15

ground Samuelsson
Z12  Z1  Z 2
Z13  Z1  Z 3
Z 23  Z 2  Z 3
Z1  Z12  Z13  Z 23 
1
2
Z 2  Z12  Z 23  Z13 
1 Semua impedansi

2 dalam pu.

Z 3  Z13  Z 23  Z12 
1
2
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 16
Samuelsson
MENGUBAH (BASE) DARI BESARAN PERSATUAN

2
 KVBo   KVABn 
Z n ( pu )  Z o ( pu )    
 KVBn   KVABo 

Zn = IMPEDANSI (p.u) DENGAN BASE BARU

Zo = IMPEDANSI (p.u) DENGAN BASE LAMA
KVBn = TEGANGAN BASE (KV) BARU
KVBo = TEGANGAN BASE (KV) LAMA
KVABn = DAYA BASE (KVA) BARU
KVABo = DAYA BASE (KVA) LAMA

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 17

Samuelsson
CONTOH 1 :
p M1
T1 T2
k l m n

r
G
M2

Generator G: 300 MVA, 20 kV, x” = 20% = 0.2 pu

Motor M1: 200 MVA (input), 13,2 kV, x” = 20% = 0.2 pu

Motor M2: 100 MVA (input), 13,2 kV, x”=20% = 0.2 pu

Transmisi: 64 km, 0,5 Ohm/km

Trafo T1: 350 MVA, 230 Y - 20  kV, x =10%
Trafo T2 terdiri dari 3 trafo single-phase : 100 MVA, 127-13,2 kV, x =10%

GAMBARKAN DIAGRAM REAKTANSI DALAM PU

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 18
Samuelsson
The three-phase rating of transformer T2 is :
3 x 100 = 300 MVA

and its line-to-line voltage ratio is :

3 127  / 13.2  220  / 13.2 kV

A base of 300 MVA, 20 kV in the generator circuit

requires a 300 MVA base in all parts of the
system and the following voltage bases
In the transmission line: 230 kV (since T1 is
rated 230/20 kV)
 13.2 
In the motor circuit: 230   13.8 kV
 220 
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 19
Samuelsson
 BASE BARU
p M1
T1 T2
k l m n

r
G
M2

I II III
MVAB= 300 MVA MVAB= 300 MVA MVAB= 300 MVA
KVB = 20 KV KVB = 230 KV KVB = 13.8 KV

IB = 8660,254 A IB = 753,066 A IB = 12551,093 A

ZB = 1.333 Ohm ZB = 176.33 Ohm ZB = 0.635 Ohm

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 20
Samuelsson
The reactances of the transformers converted to the
proper base are :
300
Transformer T1 : X  0.1   0.0857 per unit
350
2
 13.2 
Transformer T2 : X  0.1     0.0915 per unit
 13.8 

The base impedance of the transmission line is :

230 2  176 .3 
300
and the reactance of the line is :
0.5 x 64
 0.1815 per unit
176.3
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 21
Samuelsson
 2
 13.2   300 
Reactance of motor M1 = 0.2     0.2745 per unit
 13.8   200 
2
 13 .2   300 
Reactance of motor M2 = 0.2     0.5490 per unit
 13.8   100 

The required reactance diagram :

j0.085 j0.18 j0.09

k l m n

p r

j0.2
+ j0.27 j0.55

+ +
_
Em1 Em2

_ _

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 22

Samuelsson
If the motors M1 and M2 have inputs of 120 and 60
MW respectively at 13.2 kV, and both operate at
unity power factor (0.8 lag), find the voltage at
terminals of the generator.

Together the motors take 180 MW, or

180
P=  0.6 per unit
300

Therefore with V and I at the motors in

per-unit :

|V| . |I| cosφ = 0.6 per-unit

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 23

Samuelsson
and since,
13.2
V  0.9565 / 0 0 per unit I=0.6/0.9565x0.8
13.8
=0.78/-36.86 0 pu
0.6
I  0.6273 / 0 0 per unit
0.9565
Tegangan Motor Drop Tegangan
At the generator,

V = 0.9565 + 0.6273(j0.0915 + j0.1815 + j0.0857)

= 0.9565 + j0.2250 = 0.9826/13.200 per-unit

The generator terminal voltage is :

0.9826 x 20 = 19.65 kVL-L
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 24
Samuelsson
CONTOH 2 :

The three phase rating of a three-winding transformer

are:
Primary Y-connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA
Secondary Y-connected,13.2 kV, 10.0 MVA
Tertiary -connected, 2.3 kV, 5 MVA
Neglecting resistance, the leakage impedance are
Zps = 7% on 15-MVA 66-kV base
Zpt = 9% on 15-MVA 66-kV base
Zst = 8% on 10.0-MVA 13.2-kV base
Find the per-unit impedances of the star-connected
circuit model for a base of 15 MVA, 66 kV in the
primary circuit

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 25

Samuelsson
With a base of 15 MVA, 66 kV in the primary circuit,
the proper bases for the per-unit impedances of the
equivalent circuit are 15 MVA, 66 kV for primary-
circuit quantities, 15 MVA, 13.2 kV for secondary
circuit quantities, and 15 MVA, 2.3 kV for tertiary
circuit quantities.

Zps and Zpt were measured in the primary circuit

and are therefore already expressed on the proper
base for the equivalent circuit. No change of voltage
base is required for Zst. The required change in
base kVA for Zst is made as follows:

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 26

Samuelsson
 Zst = 8% x 15/10 = 12%

In per-unit on specified base :

Z p   j 0.07  j 0.09  j 0.12   j 0.02 per unit

1
2

Z s   j 0.07  j 0.12  j 0.09   j 0.05 per unit

1
2

Z t   j 0.09  j 0.12  j 0.07   j 0.07 per unit

1
2

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 27

Samuelsson
A constant-voltage source (infinite bus) supplies
a purely resistive 5-MW 2.3-kV load a 7.5-MVA
13.2-kV synchronous motor having a
subtransient reactance of X” = 20%. The source
is connected to the primary of the three winding
transformer. The motor and resistive load are
connected to the secondary and tertiary of the
transformer.
Draw the impedance diagram of the system and
mark the per-unit impedance for a base of 66 kV,
15 MVA in the primary.

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 28

Samuelsson
 j0.05
j0.02
j0.07 j0.40

+ +
3.0
Eout
_ _

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 29

Samuelsson
The constant-voltage source can be represented
by a generator having no internal impedance.

The resistance of the load is 1.0 per-unit on a base

of 5 MVA, 2.3 kV in the tertiary

Expressed on a 15 MVA 23.kV base the load

resistance is
15
R  1.0 x  3.0 per unit
5
Changing the reactance of the motor to a base of
15 MVA, 13.2 kV yields

15
X  0.20 x
''
 0.40 per unit
7.5
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 30
Samuelsson
CONTOH 3 :

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 31

Samuelsson
Gunakan base 100 MVA dan 22 kV pada sisi
Generator G1. Data peralatan adalah sbb.:
G1 : 35 MVA, 22 kV, x = 18%
G2 : 25 MVA, 11 kV, x = 15%
G3 : 30 MVA, 11 kV, x = 15%
T1 : 50 MVA, 22Δ-220Y kV, x=10%
T2 : 40 MVA, 11Δ-220Y kV, x=6%
T3 : 40 MVA, 11Y-220Y kV, x=8%

Beban 3 fasa pada bus L menyerap daya 58 MW,

faktor daya 0.6 lagging, pada tegangan 215 kV.

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 32

Samuelsson
Tentukan :

a. Daya yang dibangkitkan masing2 generator

dan rugi2 daya pada saluran

b. Bila pada bus L dipasang kapasitor

sehingga faktor dayanya menjadi 0.9
lagging. Tentukan rugi2 daya pada saluran,
bandingkan dengan a./, apa kesimpulan
saudara.

Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof 33

Samuelsson