Elasticity 87 ELASTICITY CHarree WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Example 1. A steel wire of length 2m and cross-section 1 x 10%m? is held between rigid supports with a tension 200N. If the middle of the wire is pulled Smm side ways, calculate change in tension, Also calculate the chang: in tension if temp. Changes by 5°c. [For steel Y =2.2 x 10" Nim?, a = 8 x 10°¢]. Solution: Let F be the additional tension the wire exerts on the support ess_ F/A_ FL Then since Y= SSS _F/A_ EE strain e/f Ae YAe L ( (@) When the middle of the wire is pulled 5 x 1 new length (L') of the wire is given by sideways, then the oe (5) +y? where y = vertical extension. 2 L= 2y\aj?+@x10°) ss : 6 Hence the increase in length of the wire e= L'-L x 10° m. Here, Young's modulus of elasticity (Y) = 2.2 x 10!'Nm* Cross-sectional area of the wire (A)= 1 x 10° m” The length of the wire (L)= 2m Then Substituting the values in equation (1) we get YAe 2.210!" x1x1076 «25x10 YAe _ 2.2x10 x1xt0 Xone ' 2 Scanned with CamScanner38 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc, Vol. 1 = 275N. (ii) When the temp changes by 5°e, the change in length of the wie given by re a0 = c= 2x8 x 10% 5=8 x 105m, 2x10"! x 10° x8 x 1075 Hence ge Oar lOnax8 x10 2) Example 2. A load of 100N is applied to one end of a 100m long bar of breadth 2cm and thickness 2em, the other end being fixed horizontally. If Young's modulus of the material be 1.0 x 10"! Nm, find (a) the bending moment at the middle of the bar (b) the maximum bending moment (c) the geometrical moment of area of cro: tion (d) the radius of curvature of its neutral surface at the middle of the bar (c) the depression at the middle and (8) the slope at the free end. Solution: Here, Mg= 100N,/= 100 cm= Im b= 2cm=0,02m, t = 2cm = 0.02m = 1.0 10" Nm? a) The bending moment = Mg (x) = 100 (1 -0.5) = 50 Nm b) The maximum bending moment =mg x /= 100 x 1 = 100 Nm c) The geometrical moment of area of cross-section. bt? 0.02(0.02)* 12 12 = 1.33 x 10% m' = 1.33 em’, 4) Let R be the radius of curvature at the middle of the bar, then bending moment = “28 R or, = Mg(l-x) = Ys R 0x10!! «1.331078 = —£_ 6.6m Mg(£—x) 50 e) The depression at the middle, y is given by Scanned with CamScannerElasticity 89 _ we(S-e too b(0.5)* _ (0.5)" Yigh 2 6) 1oxtox133x10*( 2 S = 0.0078 m= 0.78 cm dy YI, 2 = Mg | x 2 eee The slope at the free end ive. at x = ¢ is given by dy al o)-ue 2 t-— dx YI 2) YI, 2 100 = —_ 100 __.1 0.0376 1.0x10''x1.33x10% 2 Example 3. A load of 2kg hung at the free end of a horizontal light bar produces a depression of 1.5Sem, The dimensions of the bar are: length = 80cm, width = 4em, thickness = 8 mm. Calculate Young's modulus of the beam. What would be the depression of the bar at its middle if the bar is supported at both ends and the 2kg load is hung at the middle of the bar? Solution: Here, length ()= 80cm = 0.8m Breadth (b)= 4 cm=0.04 mm Thickness (t)= 8mm =0.08m Depression (5) = 1.55em=0.0155m Mg & 3Yl, 3Yxbt—Ybt® We know, b= _ 4Mge or, Young's modulus (Y) is! (Y) Sei? 3 = 442x98 08 Y 96 10! Nim? 0.0155%0.04 | 0.008 If the bar is supported at both of its ends and loaded at the middle. _ Mg _ Mgé?x12_ Mgé* 48YI 48Yxbt? 4Ybt* Scanned with CamScanner———ay 90 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I = 2x9.8 = — 2x98 4x1.26x10!! x 0.04 0.005 = 97.2 x 10%m=0.972 mm. Example 4. A brass wire of twisted through 18°0'. Where is maximum angle of shear, what is the torsional couple? 1.00 mm radius and 100cm in length is the sharing stress maximum? Find the (7.U, 2044] Solution: Modulus of rigidity y= Shearing stress Shearing strain Since sharing strain = (Angle of shear) Shearing stress= n= 1 * Here, r= Tmm=107m 18 T O= 18°= 70% 4 = 0.314 radian {= 100cem= 1m 4 will have its maximum value when x =r Onan = = OS 9189 = 3.14 x 107 radian i £ 100 z x0 _ 4x10! xax103 x18 ox Maximum shearing stress = n= =~ = a 1 180 = 4nx 10’ Nm? ar’nO _ x(107)*x4x10! x0.314 26 2x1 Example 5. Two cylindrical rods of lengths / and 2/ and radii 2r and r respectively are welded co-axially. One end being held fast, the other is twisted by 330°. Calculate the twist of the thicker rod. Torsional couple = =2.0x 107 Nm Solution: Let 0, be the twist of the thicker rod and 0, be that of the thinner rod. Since the couple acting on each rod is the same, Scanned with CamScannermeter bar having length 24 cm and diameter uch that the axis of the bar gement makes 100 torsional of the materi ius of the Example 6. y tem is suspended by a wire 30cm lo horizontal. It is observed that the arran| jons in 235 Determine the coeflicient of wire. Density of the 9w/ewe, =0.1cm. terial of the bar Solution: The time period of torsional oscillation is given by or. art 7 c= —>. (D or, 7 Here, I is the moment of inertia of the bar about an axi through its centre and perpendicular to its axis. Hence, I= M ( Scanned with CamScanner92 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Se. Vol T 2 (2) x 24x9 (eS " 1.33 x 10°gm cm? " amr 2 Again = C= Hence from (1) and (2) mrt _ 4x71 26 a : 4al 26 4nx1.33%x10° 2x50 iss te bh te LS Te yee PP (sey on = 3.0 x 10!! dynes/em* Example 7. What will be the density of lead under a pressure of 20,000 Newton's/em? (Density of lead = 11.4 gnv/emy’ and Bulk modulus of lead = 0.80 x10'° Newton/m’). [T.U. 2061] Solution: We know that Bulk modulus K = — a, where dp is the pressure or the stress applied and ~dv/v, the volume strain produced. . —dV =dp. VK. Since dp =2x 10'N/em* ® and K =0.8 x 10!°N/n? = 0.8% 10"%10" =8 x 10° N/em? wehave, -dV =2x 10" V/8 x 10°= V/40. Thus, the new volume of lead = V-V/40 = 39V/40 cc. If, therefore, p be the new density of lead, its mass = (39V/40) p g™- This, must clearly be equal to its initial mass = V x 11.4. We, therefore. have (39V/40)p = 11.4 v, whence, new density of lead (p) = 11.4 x 40/39 = 11.69 gm/c.c. Example 8. (a) A metal disc of 10 cm radius and mass 1 kg is suspended in a horizontal plane by a vertical wire attached to its centre. If the diameter of the wire is 1 mm. its length | metre and the period of torsional vibrations ig 4 seconds, find the rigidity of the wire. {T.U. 2057] Scanned with CamScannerElasticity 93 (b) A body, suspended symmetrically from the lower end of a wire, 100 cm long and 1.22 mm in diameter, oscillates about the wire as axis with a period of 1.25 sec. If the modulus of rigidity of the material of the wire is 8.0 x 10 dynes per sq. cm, calculate the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation. Solution: (a) IfR' be radius of the disc and M, its mass, we have 1= L MR®. 2 And, if R be the radius of the wire, C =mmR'/2L. 2p 4n° x—MR Tx So that, mR*/2L or, Hence, 1000 gm R' = 10cm L =100cm T =4 sec and R =1/2=0.5 mm = 0.05 cm «-rigidity of the wire, 4m 1000 x (10)? x 100 (4)? «(0.05)4 = 12.56 x 10'! dynes/em™ (b) Here, length of the wire (I) = 100.cm Diameter of wire (d) = 0.122 cm . Radius of wire (r) = 0.061 cm, time period (T) = 1.25 sec. Modulus of rigidity (n) = 8 x 10!’ dynes/em* Moment of inertia (I 4 We know, C= a and T= aft aan 2e mr 1 Hence, T?= 47°71. Scanned with CamScanneroo 94 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I _ 8x10!! x(0,061)4(1.25)" Bal 8xxx100 = 6.89 x 10° gm/em? Example 9. “A 10cm wide and 0.2 mm thick metal sheet it bent to form a cylinder of 10cm length and 50cm radius. If the Young's modulus of the metal is 1.5 x 10" Nm, calculate (i) the stress and strain on the convex surface and (ii) the bending moment. Solution: (= 1.5 * 10" Nm? Thickness of the metal sheet (d) = 0.2 mm =2* 10 m Breadth of the metal sheet (b)= 10cm=0.1m The metal sheet is bent to form a cylinder Length of cylinder= 10 cm=0.1 m Radius = 50 cm=0.5 m To determine the stress and strain on the convex surface The distance of the convex surface from the neutral axis d @= 5 =1*10%m The radius of curvature of the neutral axis (R) = 0.5 m Let © be the angle subtended by the curvature to the centre of cylinder. \ o I Hence, tensile strain = TST Originallength 1x10 yi i Strain= 9 <9 x 19 _ 05 Gi) Stress =} strain = 2 x 10x 1.5 x 10" Nm> = 3% 10’ Nm? (iii) The bending moment = i where I, is the geometrical moment r of inertia 3 453 Here, 1,= B& _ O1x@x107y 12 12 . — Ty, _ 15x10! 8.1) 2x10 Bending moment =e Ig= =~ Dx = 2«10?Nm | n The bending moment of the beam is 2 « 10 Nm x! a Scanned with CamScannerElasticity 95 rae A steel Wire of Imm radius is bent to form a circle of 10cm radius. lat is the bending moment and the maximum stress if Young's modulus for steel, is 2 x 10'! Nm, Solution: Given r= Tmm=10%m R= 10cm =0, 7= 210" Nm? . ly Here. bending moment = R? where I, is the geometric moment of inertia 4 ) aii Umete eens For wire of radius r, ly = ‘ 4 x10! x7.85x107! 0.1 noment of the wire is 1.57 Nm. the longitudinal stress on the cross-section of a Bending moment = = 1.87 Nm Hence, the bendi In bending of a wir of the wire filment at a distance Z from the neutral a: For maximum stress, z =r all F210 x10" 9 10° Nm? R Or Maximum stress Hence, the maximum stress = 2 x 10’ Nm™~. Example 11. A cantilever of length 50cm is depressed by 15.0 mm at the loaded end. Calculate the depression at a distance 30cm form the fixed end. Solution: Depression at the free end (dy) = 15 * 10° m Length of cantilever (y)= 50cm=0.5 m The depression of cantilever at a distance y from its fixed end is given by x d =a [Ig] tly ( 3) . ; wo The depression at the free end (x = L) (dy) = in Me Scanned with CamScannerVoll From (1) and @), © = dy or, d= sxioay?s{05- A Jise0 . or, d= ————_ 6.48 mm 2x (0.5) Example 12. A uniform glass tube is hung from a support and stretehed by a weight. It is found that 100cm of the tube stretches by 0,6 mm, while a 100 cm column of water within the tube lengthens by only 04am, What is the poisson's ratio of glass? Solution: The increase in length of the tube (AL) 0.6 mm 0.6%10' m6 *10%m ~ Length of the tube (L) = 100 em = | m , 4 ae . «10 Hence the longitudinal strain = oa 6x10" ’ If the original diameter of the tube be D and the change in, It diameter, AD, The lateral strain = 42. Dd ‘Thus, the Poisson's ration c= —! Longitudinal strain AD/D or, o 6x10 or, AD= 6% 10" Do Diameter of the tube after stretching = (DAD) = D(L-67 104%) Hence, area of cross-section of the tube afier stretching, nD*(1-6x10%0)" tee nD2(1-2%6%10 40) 4 ? Scanned with CamScannernD*(1-12x1046) | 4 Since the 100 cm column of water within the tube lengthens by 0.4 mm. The volume of water in the tube after the stretch > xD? x10 = DE x10) 190.04 ce 2 : GA Since liquids are in compressible, this must be equal to the original volume of water in the tube = 2 1000.7 4% 100-ce. Thus, =12x104 2 210°) 190,04= FO «100 4 or, 100.04 — 0.126= or, Thus, the Poisson's ratio of the glass tube Example 13. A steel disc, of moment of inertia 5000 gm cnr, attached to the end of a vertical wire of length 2 metres, diameter 0.9 mm. performed torsional oscillations of mean period 4.2 sec. Calculate the rigidity modulus of the wire. Solution: Moment of inertia of disc = 5000 gm cm’ Diameter of wire = 0.9 mm = 0.9 « 10"! em = 0.09 em Period of torsinal oscillation (T) = 4.2 sec Length of the wire =2 The steel disc oscillates as a torsional pendulum about the wire as axis and it’s time period is given by Where I is the moment of inertia of the steel disc, and C is the torsional rigidity of the wire. Let R be the radius of wire then, anR* c= , where n= modulus of rigidity Scanned with CamScanner98 Numerical Examples in Physics, for B.Sc. Vol. I From (1), or, or, Ix4nx2L 5000x4x3.141x2x 200 or, 0 5 (0.045) (4.2 Modulus of r ‘Thus, the modulus of r ity of wire (n) = 3.48 * 10! dynes cm idity of wire is 3.48 » 10!' dynes cm? Example 14, Calculate Poission’s ratio for copper which has a rigidity of modulus 4.83 « 10" dynes en’? anda bulk modulus of 13.8 x 10!" dynes cm Solution: Modulus of rigidity (y) = 4.83 « 10" dynes en Bulk modulus (k) = 13.8 * 0! dynes em? ? Poisson's ration (6) We know the relation between o, k and 1, is given by 3k—-2n (3x13,.8-2%4,83)x10!! ett zB 2 Hs Os) a 6k 42N (6x13.8-4+2%4.83)x10!! ‘ 3174 _ 0.343 92.46 Hence, the Poisson's ration = 0.343, Example 15. ‘The end of a strip cantilever depresses 10 mm under a certain load. Calculate the depression under the same load for another cantilever of the same material, (wo times in Jength, two times in breadth and three times in thickness Solution: We know the depression of the cantilever at the free end x = L is ae i 37ly We know that |, for a breadth (b) and width (d) is 12 = Scanned with CamScannerElasticity 99 we _4wi ba? ya? 3 M2 For depression of 10 mm, awl yba> For another body of same material, two time length, two times breadth and three times thickness, let d' be the depression then awsl 262703 8 aw 2x27 yb? 8x10 2 10= (1) or, d= Hence, from (1), d'= ——— = 148mm x27 is 1.48 mm. Hence, the depression produc: Example 16. Calculate the couple required to twist one end of a cylindrical rod 0.5cm in diameter and 0.50m in length through 10°, the other end being firmly clamped. (Modulus of rigidity for the rod = 2 x 10"' N/m?) Solution: n= 210!" Radius of the cylinder (r) = 0.25 em = 0.025 m Length of the cylinder (J) = 0.50 m = 10°=/ 10x} = = radian ¢ 180) 18 Thus the couple required to twist the cylinder mrt Ge 3.141x2x10!! x (0.0025) x ry] 2x0. 18 = 42Nm Example 17. A wire 300 cm long and 0.625 sq. cm in cross section is found to stretch 0.3 cm under a tension of 1200 kg. What is the Young's modulus for the material of the wire ? Solution: Length of wire (L) = 3m Scanned with CamScanner100 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I Area of cross-section (A) = 0.625 cm? = 0.025 x 10“ m? Extension (AL) = 0.3 x 107 m Force = 1200 kg = (200 x 9.8) N = 11760 N F Hence, young modulus of elasticity (y) = ir a 11760 ree or, 0.625 x10 03x10 3 Ve ee = 1.88 = 10! N/m? Hence, the young's modulus of the wire is 1.88 » 10" N/m*, Example 18. One end of a wire, 2 mm in diame twisted through 0.8 radian. Calculate the shearing wire. and 50 cm in length, is rain at the surface of the Solution: Diameter of wire (d) = 2mm = 2 x 10° m Radius of the wire (r) = 1 x 10° m Length of the wire (J) = 50 em = 0.5 m Angle of twist ($) = 0.8 radian Let / be the length of the wire, r be the radius and 6 be the twist at the free end. Then the angle of shear at a radial distance x from the axis of the wire is At the surface x= -3 Hence, 0= MIO %08 _ 1 6 x 10° radians. 03m Example 19. A steel wire of length 2.0 mand cross-section 1 x 10784 me is held between rigid supports with a tension 2 x 10” dynes. If the middle ° the wire is pulled 5 mm sideways, calculate the change in tension. 1") calculate the change in tension if the temperature changes by 5°C. (For st Y =2.2 x 10'? dynes/em* and & = 8 x 10° deg”) - Scanned with CamScannerElasticity 101 Solution: @ Given, /= 2m A= 1% 107 em? =1 x 10? x 104 m? Tension = 2x 10’ dyne=200N Wire is pulled at the middle with a distance of 5 x 10° m Y= 2.2 * 10" dyne/em? = 2.2 « 10"! Nm? a= 8x 10" r , ot m jm We know that, y= E_ A AL or, poe L Since, the wire is pulled 5 mm sides ways, the new length Papers L'= y@)°+(5+10°)° x2 [Using Pythagoras theorem] = 2.000025 m Hence, increase in length AL= L'~L=25 x 10%m Thus, the change in tension in the string 10! 107 x25 x10 = 2.75N=2.75 * 10° dynes (ii) As the temperature changes by 5°C Change in length of the wire (A/) = al0 = 8 x 10° x 2x 5=8 x 10-5 . 2.210!" x107% x8x1075 Change in tension = Sr = 8.8N =8.8 x 10° dynes Example 20. A uniform circular disc is suspended by a steel wire and the system is allowed to vibrate torsionally. The periodic time is 4 sec. Find the period if (i) the length of the wire is reduced to one half and (ii) two particles each having a mass 1/4 times the mass of the disc are placed on diametrically Opposite points on the circumference of the disc. Solution: . T The time period of the pendulum is T = 2x & Scanned with CamScanner102 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I or. (zy ei , 2n Cc 2 or, pe fel Cc Let R be the radius of wire and L be the length then sorany TR C= torsional rigidity = “> 2 or, pe 421 mR Hence, Ta L. or, Toa VL When the length of the wire is reduced to half, let T’ be the time period then sree [1772 T 7 Hence, the time period of the pendulum would reduce to 2.828 sec. Example 21. A wooden bar, 100cm long and 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm in section, resets horizontally and symmetrically on two knife-e ges 60 cm apart. When a weight of 2 kg is suspended from each end of the bar, the centre is elevated through a distance 0.102 cm. Calculate the value of Young's modulus for the material of the bar. {T.U. 2060] Solution: Atanas vo eos fas re Let AB be the initial position of the bar resting symmetrically #8 Scanned with CamScanner ~Elasticity 103 two knife-edges k; and kz, 60 cm apart, with 20 cm of it projecting beyond the knife edge on either sides, When the weight of 2 kg is suspended from each end, the bar takes the form A'B' its portion CD between the knife edges bending in to a circular arc of radius R and centre O, with its mid-point E, elevated through a distance Ef= g = 0.102 em, Hence the bending couple applied to the bar at either end = 2. 1000 x 981 x 20 dynes em ‘The bar being in equilibrium, this must be balanced by the bending moment (or the moment of the resistance to bending, equal to set in the bar. Hence, 2 x 1000 x 981 x 20 2x1000%981x20xR or, a To obtain the value of R we observe from the figure that CE*ED= (20f—y)y or, 30x 30= (2R-y)y = 2Ry [+ y’ is negligible] 30x30 30x30 Thus, R= =~. = 4411.76 em ‘ 2y 2x0.102em ‘Alse ESE bd bb? _ bt 16 4 of bag aoe pbuanl6, enis Wala) 112 123 +. Young's modulus for the material of the bar _ 2x1000%981%20% 411.763 7 4 = 1.33 x 10" dynes/em? (cm)* [-- b=d] Example 22. A bar, | metre long and 5.0 mm square in section, supported horizontally at its two ends and loaded at the middle, is depressed 1.96 mm “by a load of 100 gm. Calculate Young's modulus for its material. (g = 980 cm/sec”) Solution: . Depression of the bar supported at the end and loaded at the middle is given by Scanned with CamScanner104 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I we y= 487ly ‘Area of cross-section bd = 5 mm? = 5 x (107) m? = 5x 106m (5x10) Here, Ip = ~ b'12 0.1% 9.8% (I> xb? x12 Hence, 7 = 48x1.96x 1073 x (5x10) y= 1% 10! b? Nim? = 1x 10!" b? dynes/er y= 1* 10! b? dynes/em* EXERCISE Steel of length 2m and of diameter 0.52mm is suspended from a rigid support and loaded with Skg. An elongation of 2.3 mm is observed. Calculate the coefficient of longitudinal elasticity of steel [Ans. 2 x 10"! Nim] Find the greatest length of wire that can be suspended without breaking, Its breaking stress and density are equal to 7.2 x 10° Nini and 7.8 x 10° kgm respectively. [Ans. 9.4K] ‘A 120 cm long, 25em wide and 2em thick plank made of wood having Young's modules 1,0 x 10'' dynes/em? is used for crossing a 100em wide ditch. What will be the depression at the middle when a man of 100kg stands there? [7.U. 2040] [Ans. 1.2 em A steel wire 0.5mm radius is bent to form a circle 10cm radius. Whit are the bending moment and the maximum stress? p [¥ =2.0x 10" Nm] [Ans, 10° Nav] {A cantilever of length / and uniform cross-section shows a depress? of 2.0cm at the loaded end. What will be the depression at a distane ‘ from the fixed end? [Ans. 0.172) . A A uniform 1 meter bar is fixed horizontally and rigidly at one ent on ‘weight of 250g is suspended at the free end and depression of 10" a . ym is observed at this end. Calculate the depression at distance 300% ei the clamped end. [Ans. 1.215 Scanned with CamScanner7. & 13, 14, 15, Elasticity 105 A hollow metal tube 0.60em and 0.80 cm middle with a weigh 4.96mm, calculate the {meter long and of internal and external radii is supported at its two ends and loaded in the Of 10kg. If the depression of its mid point be value of Young's modulus. (Take g = 10m/s?] [Ans. 1.9 x 10"! N/m?] Young's modulus and modulus of rigidity of stel are 2.0 « 10" Nm? and 8.0 x 10" Nm= Tespectively. Find the value of its bulk modules. [Ans. 1.33 x 10"! Nm] 5 kg and radius Sem is suspended at the lower end ofa steel wire of 100cm length and fixed rigidly at the upper end. If the radius of the wire is 0.05 mm and the modulus of rigidity of steel is O8 x 10" dynes per sq. em. Calculate the period of torsional A sphere of tions of the system. [T.U. 2050] - [Ans. 354.6 secs.] What will b 's ratio for a hypothetical substance whose volume can not be changed by any pressure? [Ans. 0.5] A uniform tube, 2m long and closed at its lower end, is completely filled with water. Its upper end is rigidly clamped and it is stretched downwards, It is fount that whereas the length of the tube i by 0.12 cm, that of the water column in it increases by only ‘on's ratio for the glass of the tube. [Ans. 0.3333] wire, 4 metres long and 0.3 mm in diameter, is stretched by a force of $00 gm wt. If the extension in length amounts to 1.5 mm, calculate the energy stored in the wire. (b) Find the work done in Joules in stretching a wire of cross section 1 sq. mm and length 2 gh 0.1 mm if Young's modulus for the material of the is 2 x 10"? dynes/em?. [Ans. (a) 5.88 x 10° ergs (b) 5 x 10°] A steel strip is clamped horizontally at one end. On applying a 500 gm load at the free end, the bending in equilibrium state is 5.0 cm, Calculate (i) the potential energy in the strip, (ji) the frequency of vibration if the load is disturbed from equilibrium. (Neglect mass of the strip itself). [T.U. 2062] (Ans. (i) 12.25 x 10° ergs (ii) 2.23 sec.] A uniform bar of circular cross-section, 120 cm long, rests on two knife-edges at its two ends. When itis centrally loaded with a weight of 3 kg, it is depressed through a distance of 1.5 cm, Calculate the critical load for it when used as a column with hinged ends. [Ans. 50 kg] Calculate the working axial load for a column, 200 cm in length and 4 cm in diameter, when both ends of the column are (i) pin-joined, (ii) fixed. Factor of safety = 4 and Y for the material of the column = 20 x 10"' dynes/em*. (Take g = 1000 cm/sec’),[Ans. (i) 1550 kg (ii) 6200 kg] fe eS Scanned with CamScanner106 Numerical Examples in Physics for B.Sc. Vol. I 16. Calculate Young's modulus for nickel which has a rigidity modulus of 7.9 x 10" dyne, cm™ and a Poission's ration of 0.28. [Ans. 2.02 » 10!? dyne em] ‘A metal bar of which 2cm and thickness 3mm, supported horizontal on knife edges 80cm apart, is loaded with 50gm at its middle point Calculate the depression at the point loaded. Young's modulus for the materiel 20 x 10'' dynes per cm’. [Ans. 0.058 cm] Sea water has a bulk modules of 23 x 10"' N/m’. Find the density of sea water at a depth where the pressure is 800 atm if the density at the surface is 10° kg/m’. [Ans, 1024.04 kg/m’] Scanned with CamScanner