6.

013 - Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2005

Lecture 21 - Receiving Antennas
Prof. Markus Zahn December 6, 2005

I. Review of Transmitting Antennas (Short Dipoles)

A. Far fields (r � λ) z
v + dl 2
I (0)
∫
1 v

dl eff = v

I (0)
I (z) dz
dl 2

ˆ eff k 2 η
�
Ê0 Idl µ
Êθ = ηĤφ = sin(θ)e−jkr , Ê0 = − ,η =
jkr 4π �
B. Intensity �Sr �
1 �
ˆ ∗ = 1 |E
¯ˆ × H̄
�
¯ˆ |2
�Sr � = Re E
2 2η
1 |Ê0 |2
= sin2 (θ)
2η k 2 r 2
ˆ eff |2 k�42 η�2
1 |Idl
= sin2 (θ)
2η� 16π 2� k�2 r2
ˆ eff |2 k 2 η
|Idl
= sin2 (θ)
32π 2 r2
C. Total time average power �P �
� π � 2π
�P � = dθ dφ �Sr � r2 sin(θ)
0 0
ˆ eff |2 ηk 2
|Idl
=
12π
2πη dleff 2
� �
1 ˆ2
= |I| R ⇒ R = radiation resistance
2 3 λ

D. Gain
�Sr �
G(θ, φ) =
�P � /(4πr2 )
ˆ�eff
|Idl
�
��|2�2 η sin2 (θ) · 12π(4πr�
k� 2
� ��� )
= �
π 2�
32� r��ˆ�eff
2 |Idl |2 �2
k�
��
8�
� �
3
= sin2 (θ)
2

1
II. Receiving Antennas
Z

S1 In absence of receiving antenna: Ēinc = Ē0 , H̄inc =

θ H̄0 . With d1 � λ, over size scale of antenna, Ē0 and
c
H̄0 are approximately spatially uniform. In presence
Eo
of receiving antenna, electric and magnetic fields are
+ a _I1
_1
V y perturbed so that tangential E¯ and normal H¯ are zero
d1
_ b
along the perfectly conducting length of the antenna.

e
ϕ
x
For d1 << λ

¯ = Ē0 + Ē1
E (1)
¯ = H̄0 + H̄1
H (2)

Surface S1 above intimately hugs the antenna so that

� �
¯ × dā = ¯ = 0)
� �
E da Ē0 + Ē1 × n̄ = 0 (tangential E (3)
S1 S1
� � � +d1 /2
da n̄ × (H̄0 + H̄1 ) = ¯ =
da K dz I¯1 (z) = I1 deff īz (4)
S1 S1 −d1 /2

Another useful relationship:

� �
da (Ē0 × H̄0 ) · n̄ = (Ē0 × H̄0 ) · da n̄ = 0 (5)
S1 S1

Integral of normal over closed surface is zero:

� � �
dV �f = da f n,
¯ Take f = 1, �f = 0 = da n
¯=0 (6)
V S S

Scalar Triple Product Identity:

(ā × ¯b) · c̄ = ā · (¯b × c̄) (7)

(Interchange of cross and dot)

Complex power supplied by receiving antenna
�
P = da Sˆ
¯ · n̄ (8)
S1
1 ˆ ¯ ∗ ) = 1 (E
� �
Sˆ¯ = (E ¯×H ˆ ˆ
¯0 + E ˆ
¯1 ) × (H ˆ¯ ∗ + H
0
ˆ¯ ∗ )
1
2 2
1�ˆ ¯ ˆ
¯ ∗ ˆ¯ ∗ ) + Eˆ¯ × (H ˆ¯ ∗ + H ˆ¯ ∗ )
�
= E0 × (H0 + H 1 1 0 1 (9)

�2 �� � �

¯ · n̄ = 1
� � � �
P = da Sˆ da Ē ˆ × (H̄
0
ˆ ∗ + H̄
0
ˆ ∗ ) · n̄ +
1 da ˆ × (H̄
Ē 1
ˆ ∗ + H̄
0
ˆ ∗ ) · n̄
1 (10)

S1 2 S1 S1

 � � � � � �
da Eˆ ˆ∗ + H
¯0 × (H̄ ˆ ∗ ) · n̄ =
¯ ˆ · (H̄
da Ē ˆ ∗ + H̄
ˆ ∗ ) × n̄
0 1 0 0 1
S1 S1
� � �
ˆ ·
= Ē da (Hˆ¯ ∗ + H
ˆ¯ ∗ ) × n̄
0 0 1
S1
ˆ · Iˆ d ī
= −Ē (from (4)) (11)
0 1 eff z
� � � � � � � � �
ˆ ˆ ˆ
¯ 0∗ + H
¯1 × (H
da E ¯ 1∗ ) · n̄ = da Ēˆ × H̄ˆ ∗ · n̄ + da ˆ × H̄
Ē ˆ ∗ · n̄ (12)
1 0 1 1
S1 S1
� S1 �� �
|Iˆ1 |2 (R+jX)

where R is the radiation resistance

and X is the antenna reactance

� � � � � �
ˆ
¯ ˆ ∗
da E1 × H̄0 · n̄ = − da H̄ ˆ∗ × E ˆ¯ · n̄
0 1
S1
� S1 � �
=− da H ˆ¯ ∗ × (E ˆ¯ + E ˆ ) · n̄
¯
0 0 1
�S1 � � � � �
=− ˆ
¯ ∗ ˆ
¯ ˆ ∗
da H0 · (E0 + Ē1 ) × n̄ = −H̄0 · da Eˆ¯ + Ē
ˆ × n̄
0 1
S1 S1
= 0 (from (3)) (13)
1 � ˆ¯ ˆ � 1
P = −E0 · I1 deff īz + |Iˆ¯1 |2 (R + jX) = V̂1 Iˆ1∗
2 2

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

ˆ · d¯
V̂T H = V̂oc = −Ē (d¯eff = deff īz )
0 eff

III. Transmitting and Receiving Antennas

A. Circuit Description

^ ^
I1 I2
^ ^
V1 V2

Two port network

V̂1 = Iˆ1 Z11 + Iˆ2 Z12

V̂2 = Iˆ1 Z21 + Iˆ2 Z22
Vˆ1 �� V̂2 ��
Z12 = Z21 =
Iˆ2 Iˆ1 =0 Iˆ1 Iˆ2 =0
� �

Reciprocity Theorem: Z12 = Z21

Z11 = R1 + jX1 Z22 = R2 + jX2
B. Antenna Thevenin Equivalent I1 Circuits I2

Vth1 V1 Z*22 V2 Vth2

Transmitter Receiver (Balanced load Z*22 to cancel

reactance X2)

�
V̂th1 = Iˆ2 Z12 = − ˆ¯ · dl = −E
E ˆ¯ · dl
1 1 eff

ˆ¯ · dl
V̂th2 = Iˆ1 Z21 = −E 2 eff

 1 |V̂th2 /2|2 1 |V̂th2 |2 1 |Ê2 dleff sin(θ)|2

�P2 � = = =
2 R2 8 R2 8 2πη dleff 2
� �
3 λ

1 |�
2|
�2 ˆ�
1 |E 2 2
2 | sin (θ) · 3λ
� 2
�P2 � = Arec (θ, φ) �Sr � = Arec (θ, φ) · � = �
2 η� 8 2πη�
3 λ 2 λ 2
Arec (θ, φ) = sin2 (θ) = Grec (θ, φ)
2 4π 4π
C. Representative Parameters
1. Minimum received power ≈ 10−20 watts
For total transmitted power of 1 watt, how far away can the receiver be at f = 1
GHz?
�Ptrans � λ2
�Prec � = 2
G trans G rec
� 4πr �� � � ��4π�
�Sr � Arec (θ,φ)

c 3× 108
fλ = c ⇒ λ = = = .3 m
f 109

3
Gtrans = Grec = sin2 (θ) (for short dipoles) (identical transmitting and receiving antennas)
2

π 3

Take θ = ⇒ Gtrans = Grec =

2 2
� �2

2 Ptrans λ

r = Gtrans Grec
Prec 4π
� � � �2
1 9 .3
= −20
10 4 4π
= 1.28 × 1017 m2
r = 3.58 × 108 m = 3.58 × 105 km ≈ 200, 000 miles

2. For data transmission, receivers need Eb > 4 × 10−20 Joules/bit

Power received = M Eb where M is the data rate, bits/s

−9 −9
10−9 watts received power allows M = 10Eb = 4×1010−20 = .25 × 1011 bits/s

1 CD = 700 × 106 bytes = 5600 × 106 bits (1 byte = 8 bits)

M = .25 × 1011 bits/sec ≈ 4.5 CD/sec

3. Distance is not a barrier to wireless communications

r = 1 lightyear = 3 × 108 m/s ·3 × 107 s/yr = 9 × 1015 m/yr

Ptrans =?
c
f = 3GHz ⇒ λ = = .1 m
f
M = 1 bit/s, Eb = 4 × 10−20 Joules/bit
Prec = M Eb = 4 × 10−20 Watts
Gtrans = Grec = 107

5
 � �2
Prec 4πr
λ
Ptrans =
Gtrans Grec
� �2
−20 4π(9×1015 )
4 × 10 .1
= 14
10
= 512 Watts

For M = 2.4 kb/s ⇒ Ptrans ≈ 1.2 MW (with a 1 year delay each way)
4. Optical Communications: E = hf, h = 6.625 × 10−34 Joule-sec (Planck’s Constant)
a. Radio Photons

f = 1 GHz ⇒ E = 6.625 × 10−25 Joules/Photon

Eb
EN = Eb ⇒ N = photons/bit
E
4 × 10−20
= ≈ 6000 photons/bit
6.625 × 10−25
b. Optical Photons

c 3 × 108
λ = 0.5 µm ⇒ f = = ≈ 6 × 1014 Hz
.5 × 10−6 .5 × 10−6
Eb 4 × 10−20
N= = ≈ .1 photon/bit
hf 6.625 × 10−34 · 6 × 1014