Micro Drainage International Manual

DETAILED DRAINAGE DESIGN SOFTWARE
USER MANUAL
MicroDrainage®
Revision 0 February 2019 MicroDrainage® International 2019

Examples – introduction Page 0.1
Working with MicroDrainage®

International edition
An example led
Introduction to the
MicroDrainage suite.
Page 0.2 Examples - introduction
Contents
Introduction, Installation, Help
Example 1
System 1 - The Rational Method
Example 2
System 1 - Open Channel Design
Example 3
System 1 – Overloaded Network – The Rational Method
Example 4
System1 – Schedules, Longsections, Plan & 3D Graphics
Example 5
System 1 - Foul Sewer Design with Schedules
Example 6
Source Control - Storage Lake
Example 7
Source Control - Tank Sewer
Example 8
Simulation - Simulation of a drainage system with tank sewers
Example 9
Channel - The Backwater Step Method
Example 10
Source Control - Infiltration Systems
Example 11
QuOST - Quantities & Costings
Examples – introduction Page 0.3
Example 12
DrawNet(CAD) - Working within AutoCAD®
Example 13
DrawNet - Graphical Model Build
Example 14
FloodFlow - Overland Flow Path Analysis
Appendices
Appendix i Hydraulic Conduits
Appendix ii IDF, CRP and Hyetograph
Introduction
These examples are designed to give you hands-on experience of working
with MicroDrainage. They have been created to demonstrate the key features
and benefits of the program by addressing most of the common problems
encountered in the analysis and design of drainage networks.
You should use them in conjunction with the program, referring to the results
on-screen where necessary. Images from the program have been used to
illustrate the main points of the procedure.
Installing MicroDrainage
Follow the on-screen prompt after opening the MicroDrainage.exe. When
the Select Installation Folder window appears, ensure the destination
directory is correct.
Click Next to proceed through the Installation wizard.

Examples - introduction Page 0.5
Upgrade copies
If you are upgrading an existing copy of MicroDrainage, follow the
installation procedure as if you were installing a new copy.
Installing a Network copy

Windows Server
A License Manager must be installed and running on the server before the
software can be installed to the client machines. This can be achieved by
downloading the License Manager provided in the downloads’ literature.
The License Manager will require the red dongle to be connected to a free
USB port on the server.
If you wish to run MicroDrainage on the server then follow the same
procedure as above.
Windows Workstations
Follow the same procedure as for a standalone copy.
General Notes
MicroDrainage requires a device driver (haspdinst) to allow communication
with the dongle. This is installed automatically by the Setup program. Please
ensure this can be accomplished before you begin. The device driver is
loaded dynamically (no reboot is required), however this requires you to be
logged in as the Windows Administrator.
Help
The DVD contains a host of other information relevant to installing and
getting started with MicroDrainage. See the What’s New / Help option for
the latest installation details or to see the major new features in
MicroDrainage 2019.
The topic entitled Read Me contains late breaking information. It is

recommended you read this before using the software.
The Help system can be accessed from any of the modules by either clicking
the Help button (found on most of the dialogue boxes), or by pressing the F1
key.
MDHelp provides you with valuable technical data and the detail behind the
operation of each module. It follows standard HTML (web page) protocols,
with blue text to help you switch between topics.
The Contents pane gives you a general overview of the topics covered by
Help. However, for a detailed listing of the topics, and to find help quickly on
a specific subject, we recommend that you use the Index or Search.
Examples - introduction Page 0.7
How Do I
Tutorials are also available for the most commonly asked questions. The
tutorials are contained in the last book in the Contents or can be accessed
directly from the Help menu in any of the modules.
The problems are listed in two sections, By Module and By Theme. To find
the help you require expand the trees.
Innovyze reserves the right to change any part of the MicroDrainage suite of programs without prior
notice. © Innovyze 2019 Innovyze recognises all trademarks.
Example 1 Page 1.1

Example 1 – System 1
The Rational Method
Page 1.2 Example 1
Introduction
This example takes you step-by-step through a typical network design, using
the Rational Method as applied within the System 1 module of
MicroDrainage. It has been created to give you hands-on experience of
working with MicroDrainage.
Loading System 1
Select the Start button and open the Innovyze menu from within the
Programs menu:
Click the module you wish to work with. For this example, select Network.
This will open all the network build modules held on your licence, and will
include System 1.
You will now see the Open dialogue box. Click Cancel and we will orientate
ourselves with the MicroDrainage package.
Select Module Selector from the Window menu and the screen overleaf
appears.
The Module Selector is the main selection menu of all the MicroDrainage
programs. It allows the user to change modules or add modules to the current
Example 1 Page 1.3
program. The modules in colour are those currently running. You can add or
remove a module by clicking on it.
System1, Simulation, DrawNet and QuOST are grouped under Network, but
can be run separately. APT, CASDeF, FloodFlow and MDSuDS (Plugin) add
additional functionality to these modules. MDSuDS, Source Control,
Channel and Pluvius are separate executables and can be launched from the
Module Selector.
If you select a module that is not available on your licence you will be
offered the option to start the 30 Day Time Trial to trial all modules that have
not been purchased for 30 days.
The current active modules are listed in the bottom left-hand corner of the
screen. In the Module Selector select the System 1 module so its’ icon is
coloured; turn off all other modules by selecting them so they grey out.
Menus within the program will update to display all available options for
active modules.
Page 1.4 Example 1
The Edit menu presents you with options for the preparation and selection of
pipe, manhole, conduit and rainfall libraries which are also available where
required within each module. For these functions, see Appendix i and
Appendix ii, though you do not need them for this example.
The Options menu gives you the choice of industry standard formulae for the
hydraulic gradient and flow calculations. You can choose the combination
which best suits your requirements, but note that once you have started a
project you cannot go back and change your selection for that project.
While you are in the Options menu click International Version, which will
now automatically open the Design Criteria form.
Design Criteria
You will now see the Design Criteria screen:
Example 1 Page 1.5
Menu options
Throughout System 1 you will see seven menu options: File, Site, Network,
Graphics, Results, Window and Help.
Use of these menus will depend on the way you choose to work within
Windows. Many of the more commonly used functions are either replicated
within the windows themselves or on the toolbar.
However, it is the range of user options including menus, toolbars and

buttons that Windows presents that makes MicroDrainage so versatile and
user-friendly. With a little practice, you will quickly find the way to move
around within each MicroDrainage module which best suits your way of
working.
Rainfall Details
A rainfall file for a one year return period is provided with your software,
under the name Trump1.idfx. To load Trump1, select the button next to the
IDF box. Select Import button on IDF form and a dialogue box appears
showing Trump1. Double click on the file name to load the rainfall file and
click OK. Then proceed to enter the remaining Design Criteria as shown on
page 1.4.
Page 1.6 Example 1
Pipe and Manhole Sizes
MicroDrainage allows you to specify your own pipe and manhole libraries
instead of the Standard libraries shown by default. Simply click on the button
next to the Pipes box and the Pipe Sizes form appears.
You may create your own library which can be saved for future use. Or you
can load any pipe library saved as a file with the extension .pipx (for
backwards compatibility .pip is also supported). The same approach is taken
to change the manhole sizes.
Manhole size library files have the extension .mhsx. Size libraries can also be
created and edited from the Edit menu in the Module Selector available from
the Window menu. Further information is given in the Online Help.
When you have finished entering the data, click OK to proceed.
Creating the network - Network Details

System 1 will now present you with the Network Details spreadsheet.
Example 1 Page 1.7
Manning’s n
In this design we will be specifying a Manning's n value for each pipe instead
of using Pipe Roughness. To change the columns in the spreadsheet select
Preferences from the toolbar.
Preferences
The Preferences dialogue box presents you with a variety of options, which
help you tailor the Network Details spreadsheet to suit your requirements.
Click the Input tab and select n and de-select Pipe Rough.
Click OK and the changes are applied to the Network Details.

Page 1.8 Example 1
We will use this spreadsheet to design the following drainage network:
1.000 3.000
1.001 2.000
2.001
1.002
1.003
1.004
The known data for the network are as follows:
Pipe Pipe Fall Slope Area Time Base n US/IL US/CL Pipe
no length [m] [1:x] Entry Flow [m] [m] DIA
1.000 100 1.000 0.25 5 10 0.012 100 R R
1.001 50 R 100 0.5 R R
2.000 20 0.25 0.01 R R R 100 R R
3.000 35.5 R 125 0.02 R R R 100 R R
2.001 21.6 R R R R R
1.002 25 R R 1.52 R 356
1.003 78.9 0.175 5.7 R 2
1.004 100 R 500 R R 1500
Note: Here, R denotes Return. Where no entry is shown, System 1 will

automatically skip the column. This procedure applies within all
subsequent examples. Note also that where a pipeline is entered in
sequence, you can hit Return instead of entering the next pipe number.
Thus for pipe 1.001 you could use the Return key; however, pipe 2.000
breaks the sequence and must be entered manually.
We will now proceed to enter each line in turn.
Example 1 Page 1.9
Completing the spreadsheet

Note that the first box of the spreadsheet is automatically highlighted. Enter
the data for pipe 1.000 by typing the numbers and pressing Return.
1.000 100 1.000 0.25 5 10 0.012 100 R R
Note that Slope calculates automatically and that Pipe Diameter calculates
when you hit Return for the last time. System 1 will always automatically
select the smallest available section from the pipe library you have chosen -
in this case, the Standard pipe library. In a live project, do not enter a value
for Pipe Diameter unless you are sure it is appropriate to do so - for instance
if you are working with an existing network.
Upstream Invert Levels, Area and Time of Entry are shown in red, because
they are values which you have specified and are not calculated by System 1.
Immediate feedback
Note how the results of your entries are automatically calculated in the lower
row. This means that you can see immediately whether or not the values you
have used are achieving the desired effect.
Correcting errors
If you are not satisfied with the data in the upper half of your spreadsheet,
you can correct any errors simply by highlighting the box concerned. This
can be done either with the mouse (by pointing and clicking) or using the
keyboard arrows. When the box is highlighted simply key in the correct
values.
Note: If you do not specify a pipe number or length, System 1

automatically warns you to do so before allowing you to move on.
Page 1.10 Example 1
Pipe 1.001
First, experiment with the error facility by entering 1.002 for Pipe Number.
System 1 warns you that it is an Invalid Pipe Number. Enter the correct
value, followed by the remainder of this sequence:
1.001 50 R 100 0.5 R R
Notice how Fall automatically calculates when you key in the value for
Slope.
After you have entered Area, System 1 automatically takes you to US/CL
(upstream cover levels), since the program automatically calculates the
values in between. We will be entering cover levels later, so here simply hit
Return to move to Pipe Diameter. Hitting Return here (or entering 0)
automatically calculates the value and moves you to the next row of the
spreadsheet.
You can alter the automatic calculations if you need to, using the keyboard or
mouse as described previously. However, Time of Entry cannot, of course, be
changed as this is only required at the head of a branch line.
Equally, you should not specify an upstream invert level (US/IL) unless you
wish to specify a backdrop. System 1 automatically places the pipes soffit-to-
soffit or invert-to-invert, in accordance with the options chosen in the Design
Criteria. Accordingly, the automatically calculated invert level is shown in
blue, whereas an invert level which you specified would show as red.
Pipes 2.000 and 3.000

Now enter the following two rows:
2.000 20 0.25 0.01 R R R 100 R R
3.000 35.5 R 125 0.02 R R R 100 R R

Example 1 Page 1.11
As both these pipes are at the head of a branch line, the Time of Entry is
automatically entered, using your original specified time (5) as a default.
Similarly, Manning's n defaults to 0.012; if you alter this value, the new value
will then be used as the new default by the program.
In this instance, pipes 2.000 and 3.000 have a velocity which is below the
recognised minimum of 1m/s as set in the Design Criteria. Accordingly, they
are shown in green.
Pipe 2.001
Now enter this row:
2.001 21.6 R R R R R
Note that Fall, Slope and Diameter are not specified here. This is the only
time that the program uses the minimum velocity specified in the Design
Criteria. This is what is meant by Auto-Design in the Design Criteria screen.
A diameter and slope (or fall) will be chosen by System 1, which will yield a
velocity within the specified range. However, note that if a slope or fall is
chosen, then the program chooses the smallest diameter, regardless of
velocity. Conversely, if a diameter is chosen and not a slope/fall, then the
program calculates the minimum slope required to take the flow - again,
regardless of velocity.
In addition, note that the slope of 2.000 is automatically altered to bring its
downstream end level with 3.000, removing a small backdrop. The note at
the bottom of the screen tells you that this has been done.
Pipe 1.002
Enter the following row:
1.002 25 R R 1.52 R 356

Page 1.12 Example 1
Here, you specify the diameter and the 356 appears in red. The slope is given
to closely match the flow. As you can see, you can specify non-standard
diameters as well as standard diameters.
Pipe 1.003
1.003 78.9 0.175 5.7 R 2
This time you are specifying both the Diameter and the Fall. It is no mistake
that the diameter is 2. When you specify a diameter, which is less than 66
you are in fact specifying a hydraulic section, which is held in an internal
library of the most commonly used non-circular sections.
The properties of these sections, which include box culverts, open channels,
double and triple pipelines and egg shaped sewers, can be viewed by clicking
the Conduits button when you are in the Diameter column of the spreadsheet.
In a real project you can also create or load a conduit library of your own.
Appendix ii has full details of this facility.
Pipe 1.004
1.004 100 R 500 R R 1500
Here we specify both Slope and Diameter, as you would if the pipe already
existed. The 1500mm pipe has spare capacity and the program accepts it. If
the pipe was under capacity, System 1 would overrule you and increase the
diameter. A way to avoid this automatic upgrading when you are working
with an existing system that may be overloaded is explained in a later
example.
Example 1 Page 1.13
Checking your entry
Your Network Details spreadsheet should now look like the following
example:
Saving your work and opening new projects

Before we examine how to edit data in a completed project, we will save and
re-open this finished version. To do so, select Save from the File menu.
You will then be presented with the Save Network File window:
Page 1.14 Example 1
In the File name box enter the title Intex1 and click Save, or press Return.
Note: System 1 is not case-sensitive when searching for file names, so the
use of capitals is not essential when opening or re-opening files.
To confirm that your file has been saved, exit from System 1 by selecting
Exit from the File menu.
Now follow the procedure for opening System 1 via the Start button we used
at the beginning of this example.
When the Open screen appears, the option to continue with Intex1.mdx will
be displayed. Click on its icon to highlight it and select OK, and you are
returned to the Network Details screen.
You can open and save files quickly using the toolbar icons:
Saves your file
Opens a file
Editing
Editing an existing line

Go to pipe 1.001, either by using the scroll bar and clicking on that line or by
using the keyboard arrows. Enter a value of 125 for Slope - don't forget to hit
Return. System 1 automatically re-calculates the values for pipe 1.001 and all
pipes downstream.
Note: If you now try to alter the value for Slope again, you will find that
the cursor automatically highlights Fall and not Slope. To re-calculate
Slope, enter a 0 for Fall and the original value of 100 for Slope. Once again
System 1 re-calculates and a value of 0.500 is restored for Fall.
Example 1 Page 1.15
Deleting a pipe
Highlight pipe 1.001. To delete this pipe, click on the Delete Pipe icon in the
toolbar.
Deletes a pipe
The Delete Pipe dialogue box now appears.
The number of the pipe highlighted is automatically shown. However, you

can select another pipe number if you prefer. To delete the pipe, simply click
OK or press Return.
Note: When you delete pipe 1.001, System 1 automatically re-numbers the
remaining pipes, e.g. pipe 1.002 is now pipe 1.001, pipe 1.003 is now pipe
1.002 etc.
Inserting a pipe
To insert a pipe, highlight a pipe following the point at which you wish to
insert a new pipe. For this example, click on pipe 1.001. Then choose the
Insert Pipe icon.
Inserts a pipe
The Insert Pipe dialogue box now appears. We have two choices. Upstream
of… is to insert a pipe which flows into the selected pipe, as would be
required here. Downstream of… is to insert a pipe which receives flow from
the selected pipe.
Page 1.16 Example 1
You can accept the number of the specified pipe, or select a different pipe
from the network. However, for this example click Cancel, because we will
shortly restore pipe 1.001 using a different function.
If you had clicked OK, System 1 would have inserted a blank row above pipe
1.001 and would again automatically re-number the rest of the spreadsheet.
Re-inserting the deleted pipe – Revision Manager

Selecting Previous Revision from the File menu re-inserts the pipe you
deleted. This uses the Revision Manager function which stores a history of
data states and edit actions in a database which can be viewed by selecting
Revision Manager from the File menu.
The Revision Manager will be operating if Save Undo Information is

checked on under the Settings tab. The History tab shows all saved revisions
which can be restored by selecting a Revision and clicking Undo.
Example 1 Page 1.17
Longitudinal section
The Longsections function gives you a full graphic representation of the
network.
Viewing Longsections
To display a longitudinal section, click the Longsections icon.
Longsections
The screen presents you with a Longitudinal section at the point within the
network corresponding to the location of the cursor on the spreadsheet. The
default settings only show 1 pipe.
Previous pipes displayed

Above the Longsection itself is a command enabling you to alter the number
of pipes displayed on the screen at one time.
To increase the number of pipes, click the up arrow. To reduce the number of
pipes, click the down arrow. Alternatively type in the box the number of
pipes you wish to view and the Longsection will automatically update.
You can experiment with this facility by moving the box to the right-hand
side of the scroll bar. In our example, there are five different pipes in the
main line; System 1 allows you to view up to thirty pipes at a time.
Click the up or down arrow until the command reads 5 or simply type 5 in the
box. You will now see all pipes of the main line displayed in longsection.
Now click the down arrow, so that the command reads 4.
System 1 removes pipe 1.000 and zooms you in closer to the remaining pipes
displayed. Change the number of pipes displayed back to 5.
Note: If you had clicked the up arrow, the screen would have remained
unchanged, since there are only five pipes in this line.
Page 1.18 Example 1
There are several icons above the Longsection which we can use to adjust the
display. Click the icon below to view the cross-section of each pipe showing
the proportional depth and proportional velocity of the flow.
Show Cross-section
You can move along the network using the box in the scroll bar beneath the
display. Move the box to the right-hand end of the bar to see a full display.
Note: The blue circle for pipe 2.001 is shown above the pipeline profile, to
indicate that a backdrop has been incorporated at the junction of the two
lines. This is because the invert level for pipe 2.001 (99.716) lies outside
the minimum backdrop height of 0.200m specified in Design Criteria. Had
it fallen within the specified minimum, System 1 would have automatically
recalculated to eliminate the requirement for a backdrop.
Branches can be turned on by depressing the Include branch lines option:
Include branch lines

Example 1 Page 1.19
Branch lines are shown in Blue, to change colours on screen or for printing
see Example 4. To view a branch, move the box so that the junction of the
branch with the main line is the last section to be displayed on the screen. In
this example, move the box approximately to the centre of the scroll bar.
You will now see pipes 2.000 and 2.001, with a blue circle indicating the
branch with pipe 3.000 and a pink circle showing where pipe 2.001 joins the
main network.
Pause?
You have now completed the first stage of Example 1. This is an appropriate
place to take a break if you need one.
Page 1.20 Example 1
Managing windows in System 1

A key benefit of MicroDrainage is the facility to move between the elements
of each module quickly and easily. Using our example, we will now practice
sizing windows and arranging them on the System 1 desktop.
Sizing windows
Use the Windows re-sizing button to shrink the Longsections screen without
sending it to the Task Bar.
You should now see a scaled down version of Longsections with the Network
Details spreadsheet behind it:
Example 1 Page 1.21
Switching between windows

For this example, you are going to delete a pipe to demonstrate how System 1
automatically re-calculates between functions - and how easy it is to switch
between the functions to see the results.
First, click on the Design Criteria icon, which can be found under the
Network menu:
Design Criteria
Design Criteria appears in front of the existing screens. Then choose Cascade
from the Window menu and all three Windows are arranged tidily on the
screen.
Select the Network Details window by clicking in its title bar. You can work
with the data within the spreadsheet even though the window does not fill the
screen. To make all the title bars visible again, choose Cascade from the
Window menu.
Before proceeding, make sure you have saved all your work so far. Then
delete pipe 1.003, following the procedure set out in Deleting a pipe on page
1.15. Then click on the Longsections title bar and expand the screen by
clicking the middle re-sizing button.
Adjust the scroll bar until the complete network is shown (by sliding the box
to the right-hand side of the scroll) and ensure that the command box at the
top of the screen shows 5 Pipes.
You will see that in fact only four pipes are displayed, since the original pipe
1.003 has been removed. Pipe 1.004 is the new pipe 1.003, as specified on
the Network Details spreadsheet. Finally, choose Cascade again to make all
three functions of System 1 visible.
Note: A quick way to switch between windows using the keyboard is to

hold down Ctrl and use the Tab button to toggle between the windows.
Before moving on, reinstate pipe 1.003 by selecting Previous Revision from
the File menu.
Page 1.22 Example 1
Note: If you are familiar with the clicking and dragging capabilities of
Windows, you may find it easier simply to click in the title bars of the
functions and drag them around the desktop, instead of using the Cascade
facility.
Auto-refresh
If Longsections was visible when you altered the pipeline details, you may
have noticed that the graphic of the network was automatically changed at the
same time. System 1 automatically refreshes Longsections whenever a
change is made to the spreadsheet. This is a particularly useful function,
allowing you to see each pipe in Longsections as it is added to the network.
Optimise
We will now demonstrate the Optimise function, beginning by entering the
cover levels for the network we have already designed.
Entry of cover levels

Enter the following data for each pipe in the US/CL[m] column. Simply type
in the numbers and press the down arrow.
Pipe number US/CL [m]

1.000 103
1.001 100.5
2.000 102
3.000 102.5
2.001 100.8
1.002 100.7
1.003 99.2
1.004 98
System 1 warns you (in the Warning bar at the foot of the screen) that the
data is inconsistent with the depth of 1.2m designated in the Design Criteria.
To see the effect this has, look at Longsections. It may help if you turn on the
Show pipe bounds which displays the Design Depth.
Show pipe bounds

Example 1 Page 1.23
The effect is particularly marked at the conjunction of pipes 2.001 and 1.002.
Note the hydraulic grade line (HGL) which is shown in blue.
Next, return to Network Details and go to the Pipe DIA [mm] column. Delete
each of the entries shown in red - i.e. all those figures, which you specified,
rather than allowing System 1 to calculate them automatically - by entering
zero.
Hit Return as you delete each figure and System 1 automatically calculates
the new pipe diameters. Then simply click Optimise.
Optimise
The Optimise dialogue box now appears:

Page 1.24 Example 1
You have, of course, already asked System 1 to re-calculate your pipe
diameters. Click Yes or press Y.
System 1 re-calculates to produce the optimum design depth at 1.2m

throughout the entire network. To see the effect, go to Longsection again.
Note that 1.004 does not have its ground profile because the downstream
cover level is not known at this stage. In addition, you will see that design
depth has been set at 1.2m wherever possible. System 1 uses design depth,
measured from the connection height to cover level. This can be further
observed in the Network Details by looking at the Warnings/Notes box at the
bottom of the screen.
Obstructions underground - how to avoid them

In the event that your optimised network encounters an obstruction
somewhere along its length, such as an electrical cable or gas pipeline,
System 1 allows you to input a different invert level and pipe diameter for the
affected point.
In this case, let us assume that pipe 1.001 cannot be placed at the level
automatically calculated by System 1. Replace the upstream invert level with
a value of 98, to allow the pipe to be laid below the service crossing, and the
pipe diameter with a value of 450. When the pipe diameter is entered (and
Return) both the level and diameter should be in red as they are user
specified. Optimise will now leave this pipe in place (unless it is too high or
has insufficient capacity).
Go to Longsections and note that the network once again fails to follow the
ground profile at the optimum depth. If you display the pipes downstream
you will see that these pipes have also had their depths increased.
Return to Network Details and click Optimise, again choosing Yes at the
dialogue box. A return to Longsections shows how System 1 optimises the
network throughout its entire length, including the pipes downstream of the
fixed pipe which are once more at their minimum design depth.
This demonstrates System 1's capacity to optimise an entire system around

any number of fixed pipes within the network.
Example 1 Page 1.25
Note: As well as fixing pipes in space it is also possible to specify a
different required design depth on a pipe by pipe basis. In this instance pipe
1.001 would require a deeper design depth to drop it below the obstruction.
An extra column can be switched on in the spreadsheet from Network
Preferences available from the Network Details toolbar to allow this.
Automatic optimisation
Finally, let us now use the automatic optimisation facility built-in to System
1 to enter two more pipes.
Click the Optimise On icon in the toolbar:
Optimise On
Now key in the following pipe details:

1.005 50 R R 0.25 96.000 R
1.006 50 R 250 0.25 95.500 R
Choose Longsection again and note how System 1 has automatically

specified the new pipes to follow the ground profile.
Designing to a Required Outfall

Many new designs require you to connect into a fixed level, whether it is an
existing sewer or watercourse. Hitting this required level has always been the
bane of the design engineer and designing from the outfall upwards goes
against the forward flow design path of the Rational Method. To reverse
design is an onerous task to carry out by hand.
System 1 allows you to specify the required outfall level in the Outfall
Details and Optimise will redesign the system to meet this level.
The design we have completed has an outfall level of 93.125m. However the
outfall level we require is 94m so we have missed it by 875mm.
Page 1.26 Example 1
Open the Outfall Details by selecting it from the Network menu.
Enter 94 in the Min IL (m) box and then click OK.
Before we do the Full Optimise to meet our required outfall we need to turn
the Automatic Optimise function off. Click the icon in the toolbar to turn it
off.
Optimise Off
Now click the Full Optimise button and say Yes to the first warning message.
A second warning message will appear asking if you would like to raise the
outfall invert as it is lower than 94m.
Click Yes to this message and Optimise will redesign the system. The
Network Details show that the Downstream Invert Level for 1.006 has been
raised to meet our required outfall invert of 94m.
Example 1 Page 1.27
Note: As the message suggests a minimum invert level can be specified at
any point in the system. An extra column can be switched on in the
spreadsheet from Preferences to allow this.
In reaching our minimum outfall System 1 has had to break the minimum
cover rule of 1.2m in some places. Look at the Longsections to see the effect
of this. You will need to increase the number of pipes displayed to 7 to see
the entire network.
Network Schematic
This facility allows you to view a graphic model of the network. Click on the
Schematic icon:
Schematic
The schematic is presented showing whichever pipe is highlighted on the

pipeline details at the centre of the system. The pipe is shown in red. The
number of pipes to display will need to be increased to 6.
Page 1.28 Example 1
The rest of the pipes in any given line are shown in yellow, while branches
are shown in blue. Click on any pipe with the right mouse button and select
Properties and the properties of the pipe are shown in a popup window. For
more information on Properties see Example 13.
You can also move through the system by clicking on branches. Try clicking
on branch 2; pipes 2.000 and 2.001 are shown, with an arrow to depict the
conjunction with the main line:
Example 1 Page 1.29
Printing within System 1

System 1 gives you the option to print a variety of hard copies, based on the
values calculated. All the print commands are located under the File menu.
A quicker way to open the dialogue box is to click the Print icon in the
toolbar:
Print
When you select Print, System 1 shows you the Print dialogue box:
These options are self-explanatory; you choose the options you would like to
print simply by clicking in the appropriate box. Click the Update Preview
button to see a print preview. When you are satisfied with the selected
options click the printer icon at the top of the dialogue to send the job to the
printer.
Page Setup… allows you to edit the margins. The printer can be chosen when
you click the print icon in the Print window.
Micro Drainage Page 30
The Complete Example 1
Drainage Software System 1
Solution The Rational Method
Date 11/04/2016 Designed by Innovyze
File Intex1.mdx Checked by
Micro Drainage Network 2016.1
STORM SEWER DESIGN by the Rational Method
Design Criteria for Storm
Pipe Sizes STANDARD Manhole Sizes STANDARD
IDF File Trump1 Minimum Backdrop Height (m) 0.200

Maximum Rainfall (mm/hr) 50 Maximum Backdrop Height (m) 1.500
Maximum Time of Concentration (mins) 100 Min Design Depth for Optimisation (m) 1.200
Foul Sewage (l/s/ha) 1.000 Min Vel for Auto Design only (m/s) 1.00
Min Slope for Optimisation (1:X) 500
Add Flow / Climate Change (%) 20
Designed with Level Soffits
Time Area Diagram for Storm
Time Area Time Area Time Area

(mins) (ha) (mins) (ha) (mins) (ha)
0-4 4.137 4-8 4.321 8-12 0.042
Total Area Contributing (ha) = 8.500
Total Pipe Volume (m³) = 183.571
©1982-2018 Innovyze
Solution The Rational Method
Rainfall specified in Trump1 for Storm
Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain
(mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr)
2 75.00 12 35.20 22 24.60 32 19.40 42 16.30 52 14.10

4 60.00 14 32.30 24 23.30 34 18.70 44 15.80 54 13.70
6 50.40 16 29.80 26 22.10 36 18.00 46 15.30 56 13.40
8 43.60 18 27.80 28 21.10 38 17.40 48 14.90 58 13.10
10 38.80 20 26.10 30 20.20 40 16.80 50 14.50 60 12.80
Network Design Table for Storm
PN Length Fall Slope I.Area T.E. Base n HYD DIA Section Type Auto
(m) (m) (1:X) (ha) (mins) Flow (l/s) SECT (mm) Design
1.000 100.000 2.500 40.0 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
1.001 50.000 0.135 370.4 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 450 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 20.000 1.200 16.7 0.010 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
3.000 35.500 1.700 20.9 0.020 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
2.001 21.600 0.434 49.8 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 25.000 0.315 79.4 1.520 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 525 Pipe/Conduit
1.003 78.900 1.200 65.8 5.700 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 750 Pipe/Conduit
1.004 100.000 1.550 64.5 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 750 Pipe/Conduit
1.005 50.000 0.100 500.0 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 1050 Pipe/Conduit
1.006 50.000 0.100 500.0 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 1050 Pipe/Conduit
Network Results Table
PN Rain T.C. US/IL Σ I.Area Σ Base Foul Add Flow Vel Cap Flow
(mm/hr) (mins) (m) (ha) Flow (l/s) (l/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (l/s)
1.000 50.00 5.86 101.575 0.250 10.0 0.3 9.0 1.93 76.9 54.0
1.001 48.06 6.69 98.000 0.750 10.0 0.8 22.2 1.01 160.5 133.0
2.000 50.00 5.19 100.700 0.010 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.75 13.7 1.7
3.000 50.00 5.38 101.200 0.020 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.56 12.2 3.4
2.001 50.00 5.74 99.500 0.030 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.01 7.9 5.0
1.002 47.48 6.86 97.790 2.300 10.0 2.3 63.1 2.42 523.0 378.6
1.003 46.15 7.25 97.250 8.000 10.0 8.0 208.6 3.37 1487.4 1251.9
1.004 44.48 7.74 96.050 8.000 10.0 8.0 208.6 3.40 1501.5 1251.9
1.005 42.91 8.29 94.200 8.250 10.0 8.3 208.6 1.53 1323.0 1251.9
1.006 41.60 8.83 94.100 8.500 10.0 8.5 208.6 1.53 1323.0 1251.9
Free Flowing Outfall Details for Storm
Outfall Outfall C. Level I. Level Min D,L W

Pipe Number Name (m) (m) I. Level (mm) (mm)
(m)
1.006 0.000 94.000 94.000 0 0
Example 2 Page 2.1

Example 2 - System 1
Open Channel Design
Page 2.2 Example 2
Introduction
Pipe networks and open channels share many characteristics and it is
therefore appropriate to use System 1 for the design of an open channel
system.
In this example we will examine how a specific conduit library can be

created and analysed, using MicroDrainage integral conduit design facility.
We will also see how a network combining open channels and pipes can be
created.
The intention here is to keep all water levels below 600mm. However, in
order to allow the Simulation module to show overloading when it occurs, we
shall define the section to a depth of 1 metre.
Setting up the network

We need only a few sections to demonstrate the principles involved. The
following network will be sufficient:
Example 2 Page 2.3
Begin by opening System 1 and select New Storm. Enter the Design Criteria
as follows:
Load the Trump5.idfx rainfall file in the same way as Trump1 in Example 1.
Trump5 is a file for a five year return period. Note that we have given the
system 15% spare capacity by allowing for 15% additional flow.
Preference
Click OK to call up the Network Details spreadsheet. However, before
proceeding to enter any data, we need to add some additional columns to the
spreadsheet.
This is done by selecting Preferences from the tool bar.
Preferences
The Preferences dialogue box presents you with a variety of options, which
help you tailor the Network Details spreadsheet to suit your requirements.
Page 2.4 Example 2
You can, for example, switch off any columns you are not interested in. Here,
however, note that Pipe Rough. (mm) and Manning's n (n) are not ticked.
Click on n and Pipe Rough. (mm) to tick them as shown below. On the
Results tab ensure the Proportional Velocity (Pro. Vel m/s) and Proportional
Depth (Pro. Depth mm) fields are selected as shown below. Then click OK.
Data entry
For the first line of the spreadsheet, enter the following. Note that since pipe
1.000 is the first pipe in the line, you could use the automatic pipe numbering
facility and simply press Return instead of entering the number manually:
Pipe Pipe Fall Slope Area Time Base Pipe n US/IL US/CL Pipe
no length [m] [1:x] Entry Flow Rough [m] [m] DIA
1.000 100 0.5 0.25 R 10 R 0.012 100 R COND

BUTTON
The command COND BUTTON here means that you should click the
Conduits button when the Pipe Diameter field is highlighted.
Conduits
This enables you to load or create your preferred conduit library, from which
you can select the required sections.
Example 2 Page 2.5
Setting up the Library

We are going to specify two different types of conduit, a built in culvert
section and a pipe for this system. This will include designing our own
section (see Appendix ii for more on this).
The Conduit Picker form defaults to the System tab which contains all 65
default conduits supplied with the software. Select the User tab; in this part of
the form you can create your own bespoke conduits. Select the Edit button
and the Conduit Designer form is loaded.
Choose the Free option and enter the following data for the first section.
Click on the Channel button and MicroDrainage automatically calculates the

areas and wetted perimeter values.
Page 2.6 Example 2
This gives us a standard trapezoidal section. However, note the connection
height: 600mm. Although our specified height is 1 metre, to allow for a
proper simulation of extreme conditions within Simulation, where pipes are
to be connected to the system we need to ensure that the flow does not come
in above our prescribed level for normal flows.
Note: The Open Section box is ticked to indicate we have created an open
section.
The next section is one you can create yourself. Highlight the next row on the
spreadsheet and choose the Create option. Then select Define.
Enter the following data for the section:
Click OK and the section data are entered onto the spreadsheet. You can use
the forward slash and backward slash keys to create the Free symbol in the
Symbol column. Note, however that the connection height (measured
between the pipes invert and the soffit of the upstream pipe) defaults to the
height of the section. You will need to alter this from 1 metre to 600mm.
Next, we require a U-shaped section. Enter a width of 500mm, a height of

1000mm and a connection height of 600mm. Then choose Free again and
click the U Shape button to calculate the variables for the section.
Example 2 Page 2.7
We now have sufficient sections for our demonstration. They will be saved as
part of the .mdx file the next time you save. Alternatively, the sections can be
saved as Intex2.secx and opened for other projects. Select OK for the Conduit
Designer form and return to the Conduit Picker form.
Specifying a section
Specify the first section simply by highlighting it and clicking OK. Note that
the section is shown by the value -1. This indicates that it is a conduit taken
from your own library, rather than the default. See Appendix i for more
details.
For pipe 1.001 enter the following:
1.001 50 0.3 0.25 R R
Hitting Return instructs System 1 to repeat the last value for Pipe diameter;
thus section -1 is chosen again.
Adding a branch
We now wish to specify a pipe branch line discharging into the channel. The
data are:
2.000 20 R 50 0.5 R R 0.6 100 R R
This time, hitting Return gives us a pipe diameter value of 300mm.
For the third section in the channel we want to put in a culvert, we can use
one of the predefined culverts in the software. We need to add more fields to
the spreadsheet to select one.
Page 2.8 Example 2
Select Preferences button on the Network Details tool bar and click on the
Input tab. Check the boxes for Section Type, Connection Height (C.Height)
and Conduit Symbol and then click OK.
Enter the pipe details as shown below:
Pipe Pipe Fall Slope Area Time Base Pipe n US/IL Section Type C. Height US/CL Conduit Pipe
No. length [m] [1:x] Entry Flow Rough [m] [m] [m] Symbol DIA
1.002 100 R R 0.5 600 Culvert R R R
We will specify neither Fall nor Slope. In the Section Type field, click on the
dropdown menu and select the 600 Culvert, this refers to the height of the
culvert in mm. The software chooses the smallest width culvert that can take
the flow (900mm) and displays it in the Pipe DIA column. The Help on
culverts and other section types can be found by pressing the F1 key.
Note: The cursor is automatically moved into the US/CL column when you
press Enter in the Area column since this is not the head of a branchline.
Step back to the Section Type column and select the required section from
the drop down menu.
System 1 calculates the minimum slope required for the culvert to

accommodate the flow. However, the branch - pipe 2.000 - is now defined
with a connection height of 700mm. This gives us a backdrop of 100mm,
since we specified a connection height for the conduit sections of 600mm.
The backdrop falls within the minimum backdrop height of 200mm specified
in Design Criteria. System 1 therefore corrects the slope for pipe 2.000 from
50 to 40. The warning bar at the foot of the spreadsheet notifies you of the
change.
Example 2 Page 2.9
Switch to Longsections to see the effect of this:
The dotted line indicates the connection height specified (600mm), whereas
the solid yellow line depicts the top of the channel at a height of 1 metre. The
culvert 1.002 therefore connects at the level of the dotted line, as does the
incoming branch 2.000. Note also that the hydraulic grade line (the
approximate water level) is below the 600mm connection height.
Calculating flow capacity

Finally, input the data for pipe 1.003:
Pipe Pipe Fall Slope Area Time Base Pipe n US/IL Section Type C. Height US/CL Conduit Pipe
No. length [m] [1:x] Entry Flow Rough [m] [m] [m] Symbol DIA
1.003 100 0.5 3 0.012 600 Culvert R R R
Note: As with pipe 2.000 you will need to use the cursor keys to step back
to the Manning’s n column. You will now be able to enter the required
Manning's n.
Page 2.10 Example 2
With a substantially increased area, the flow is too great for a culvert of the
same size. System 1 therefore increases the width of the culvert to 1200mm.
For this example we will make the final section open. To find a suitable
section from our own conduit file, highlight the pipe diameter field again and
click the Conduits button.
With a flow/capacity ratio of 1.066, which is 7 per cent greater than the
capacity of section -3, the section is greyed out since it cannot accommodate
the flow. You are left with the choice of the remaining two sections.
Section -1 has a ratio suggesting it will probably flow deeper than our
prescribed maximum of 600mm. Therefore click on section -2, with its
flow/capacity ratio of 0.327, and then click OK.
Section -2 is accepted, accommodating the flow of 1055.2 l/s at a depth of

572mm.
Note: Even though section -2 appears in its place on the spreadsheet, the
calculations to give the values above will not be made until you have hit
Return or moved the cursor off the row.
Example 2 Page 2.11
Simulation
While System 1 provides a snapshot of the flows through the system, and
ensures the optimum specification for the return period, it does not provide
true backwater analysis. For real-time representation of the hydraulic grade
lines, this type of system should be analysed within the Simulation module.
When you have completed Example 4 (Schedules) and Example 8

(Simulation) of this manual, or if you are already familiar with the
Simulation module, you can proceed to generate true hydraulic grade lines
for this system using the following steps.
Enter cover levels

Enter a cover level of 102m for all sections and pipes within the network.
Then save the file as Intex2.mdx.
Schedules
Open the Network menu, select Outfall Details and enter the values as
follows:
Click OK. System 1 automatically schedules the network. To view the

Schedules, from the Network Details form click on the Schedules button.
Schedules
Note: Between open sections there are no manholes. If required a manhole

can be added here by entering a diameter into the US/MH Diam/Len
column.
Page 2.12 Example 2
Save the file.
Module Selector
Select Module Selector from the Window menu. Click on the Simulation icon
to add the module. Menus within the program will update to display all
available options for the Simulation module.
Running Simulation
Select Simulation Criteria from the Site menu
At the Simulation Criteria dialogue box, ensure that the Volumetric Run-off
Coefficient value is set to 0.75. This overrides the impermeability factor of 1,
which was used in System 1. Where the Rational Method assumes 100% run-
off, hydrologists have shown that in reality the run-off effect is considerably
less. Simulation is based on more accurate hydrograph methods, and the 75%
run-off value gives us a truer emulation of actuality.
Example 2 Page 2.13
Define Rainfall Profile

For Simulation, we need to generate a detailed rainfall profile, based on our
Trump5.IDF file. We can use the Rainfall Generator (described in Appendix
ii) to do this.
Click the Edit button to open the Rainfall Profile form. Click the Generate
profile data button to open the Generate Rainfall form.
Generate profile data
Ensure the IDF/CRP Data tab is selected. Click the Edit button next to the
IDF File graph and as in Appendix iii call in the Trump5.idfx file. Click OK
to the Intensity Duration Frequency form and select 60 minutes from the
Storm Duration dropdown then hit Generate. A rainfall curve is created.
Page 2.14 Example 2
If required, click Export and save the file as Trump5.redx. There is only one
profile in this instance, so click OK, and OK to the Rainfall Profile form.
Click OK to the Simulation Criteria and set the program to analyse At Fine
time step from the Analyse menu.
Real Time Backwater Analysis

Call up the Longsections. The red line is an envelope of maximum water
levels. Now animate the moving water levels as the storm passes through the
system. The envelope of maximum water levels may be printed through the
Plot module and it is a far more detailed analysis than the static levels
available though the Rational Method.
The network may also be tested for 10, 20, 30 etc. year storms to observe it
overloading and flooding. Example 8 is recommended for those who wish to
master Simulation.
Solution Open Channel Design

Time Area Diagram for Storm
Time Area Time Area Time Area

(mins) (ha) (mins) (ha) (mins) (ha)
0-4 3.116 4-8 1.373 8-12 0.011
Total Area Contributing (ha) = 4.500
Total Pipe Volume (m³) = 244.509
PN Length Fall Slope I.Area T.E. Base k n HYD DIA Section Type Auto
(m) (m) (1:X) (ha) (mins) Flow (l/s) (mm) SECT (mm) Design
1.000 100.000 0.500 200.0 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 \/ -1 Pipe/Conduit

1.001 50.000 0.300 166.7 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 \/ -1 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 20.000 0.500 40.0 0.500 5.00 0.0 0.600 o 300 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 100.000 0.136 735.3 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.600 600 [] 900 600 Culvert
1.003 100.000 0.500 200.0 3.000 0.00 0.0 0.012 \/ -2 Pipe/Conduit
1.000 86.51 5.70 100.000 0.250 10.0 0.0 10.5 2.39 1466.8 80.6
1.001 84.11 6.02 99.500 0.500 10.0 0.0 19.0 2.62 1606.8 145.8
2.000 90.83 5.13 100.000 0.500 0.0 0.0 18.9 2.49 176.2 145.0
1.002 75.24 7.68 99.200 1.500 10.0 0.0 48.5 1.00 462.0 371.9
1.003 72.63 8.22 99.064 4.500 10.0 0.0 137.6 3.07 3228.7 1055.3
Solution Open Channel Design
Conduit Sections for Storm
NOTE: Diameters less than 66 refer to section numbers of hydraulic

conduits. These conduits are marked by the symbols:- [] box
culvert, \/ open channel, oo dual pipe, ooo triple pipe, O egg.
Section numbers < 0 are taken from user conduit table
Section Conduit Major Minor Side Corner 4*Hyd XSect

Number Type Dimn. Dimn. Slope Splay Radius Area
(mm) (mm) (Deg) (mm) (m) (m²)
-1 \/ 250 1000 70.0 1.033 0.614

-2 \/ 1700 1000 1.508 1.050

(m)
1.003 6 101.000 98.564 98.000 1800 0
Example 3 Page 3.1

Example 3 – System 1
Overloaded Network
Page 3.2 Example 3
Introduction
This example deals with the analysis of an overloaded system. It assumes that
you have completed Example 1 and are familiar with editing within
MicroDrainage.
The network
We are going to test the following network:
1.000 26 R 26 0.250 R 10 R 100 R 150
1.001 50 R 30 0.500 R 225
2.000 20 R 80 0.010 R R R 100 R 100
3.000 35.5 R 75 0.020 R R R 100 R 100
1.002 85 R 100 0.250 R 300

Example 3 Page 3.3
Open System 1, select New Storm and input the Design Criteria and Network
Details as set out on the previous page. Note that the maximum rainfall is set
at 5mm/hour. Check the data and save the project as Intex3.mdx.
Note: If you have completed Example 2 you may wish to switch off the
Pipe Roughness column from within Preferences.
Testing for overloading
Increase diameters
In this first test we will demonstrate how System 1 increases pipe diameters
to show which sizes should be used to accommodate the increased flow.
Click on the Site menu and select Network Manager. Click the Test for
Overloading button.
Test for Overloading
The Open for Overloading dialogue box appears.
Note that the Increase Diameters option is automatically selected. To choose

this option, click OK.
Page 3.4 Example 3
System 1 tests the network by creating an additional network, shown in the

Network Manager with Overloaded added to the network name, using
modifications to the saved data.
The Design Criteria dialogue box for Intex3 is now presented to you. Change
the Max. Rainfall figure from 5mm/hour to 50mm/hour and click OK.
System 1 presents you with a Print Preview, click Update Preview to view
the altered network.
Note that an asterisk warns that some pipes in the network are overloaded.
You will also see that, where necessary, some pipe diameters have been
increased.
Send the Preview to the Printer and close the window. System 1 returns you
to the Global Variables dialogue box. System 1 asks if you would like to
delete the overloaded network. Click No to keep the network created. For this
example click Yes to return to the original file.
Note: The Network Details for the overloaded network are greyed out as it
is only available for printing. Open Design Criteria and click OK to view
the Print Preview again.
Example 3 Page 3.5
Additional overload tests

To test the other overload options, click Test for Overloading from the
Network Manager.
Increase slope
In this test System 1 will show what type of hydraulic gradient would be
required to satisfy the flow.
Follow the procedure for testing an overloading system, this time clicking the
Increase Slope option in the Open for Overloading dialogue box. Then
proceed as set out above, changing the rainfall to 50mm/hour again.
Note how System 1 significantly increases the slope of the network -

graphically illustrated in Longsections. Again, the print-out marks overloaded
pipes with an asterisk.
Limit flows
Finally, repeat the process again, this time choosing the Limit Flows option
from the Open for Overloading dialogue box. This test identifies the current
capacity of each pipe and defines which pipes are overloaded.
Solution Overloaded Network
OVERLOADED SYSTEM OPTION 1

Note: Pipe diameters have been increased where necessary
and overloaded pipe lines are marked with a '*'.
Design Criteria for Storm Overloaded

Network Design Table for Storm Overloaded
* 1.000 26.000 1.000 26.0 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
1.001 50.000 1.667 30.0 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 300 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 20.000 0.250 80.0 0.010 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
3.000 35.500 0.473 75.1 0.020 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 85.000 0.850 100.0 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 375 Pipe/Conduit
* 1.000 50.00 5.18 100.000 0.250 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.40 95.4 44.7
1.001 50.00 5.49 98.925 0.750 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.71 191.3 114.1
2.000 50.00 5.42 100.000 0.010 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.80 6.3 1.4
3.000 50.00 5.72 100.000 0.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.82 6.5 2.8
1.002 48.55 6.54 97.183 1.030 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.72 189.9 148.9

Note: Pipe slopes have been increased where necessary
and overloaded pipe lines are marked with a '*'.

S1.000 26.000 1.948 13.3 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 o 150 Pipe/Conduit
S1.001 50.000 2.784 18.0 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
S2.000 20.000 0.250 80.0 0.010 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
S3.000 35.500 0.473 75.1 0.020 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
S1.002 85.000 1.835 46.3 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 300 Pipe/Conduit
S1.000 50.00 5.17 103.050 0.250 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.56 45.2 44.7
S1.001 50.00 5.46 101.027 0.750 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.89 114.8 114.1
S2.000 50.00 5.42 100.000 0.010 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.80 6.3 1.4
S3.000 50.00 5.72 100.000 0.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.82 6.5 2.8
S1.002 49.14 6.37 98.168 1.030 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.18 153.9 150.6

Note: A DWF+ADD.FLOW = CAPACITY of the overloaded pipeline replaces
excess flows i.e. EAREA+FOUL = 0. Overloaded lines are marked with a '*'.

* S1.000 26.000 1.000 26.0 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 o 150 Pipe/Conduit
* S1.001 50.000 1.667 30.0 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
S2.000 20.000 0.250 80.0 0.010 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
S3.000 35.500 0.473 75.1 0.020 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
* S1.002 85.000 0.850 100.0 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 300 Pipe/Conduit
* S1.000 50.00 5.24 100.000 0.000 32.4 0.0 0.0 1.83 32.4 32.4
* S1.001 50.00 5.61 98.925 0.000 88.8 0.0 0.0 2.23 88.8 88.8
S2.000 50.00 5.42 100.000 0.010 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.80 6.3 1.4
S3.000 50.00 5.72 100.000 0.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.82 6.5 2.8
* S1.002 48.10 6.68 97.183 0.000 104.8 0.0 0.0 1.48 104.8 104.8
Example 4 Page 4.1

Example 4 – System1
Schedules, Longsections,
Plan & 3D Graphics
Page 4.2 Example 4
Introduction
In this example we are going to use the MicroDrainage Schedules module to
input manhole data in detail. The data for this example is contained in the file
Intex3.mdx. This file is created when you complete Example 3.
Loading Schedules
The Schedules module is incorporated in System 1. Open System 1 using
your favourite Windows method. As usual, System 1 presents you with the
Open options box.
The box gives you the option to select the last file you saved or you can open
an existing file. Double click Open Existing File and go to the
\MicroDrainage 2019\Data directory and open Intex4.mdx or reopen the file
created in Example 3.
Select the Outfall Details option from the Network menu and enter the outfall
details as shown below.
When you have checked that the data are correct click OK and return to the
Network Details.
Example 4 Page 4.3
Input the data shown for the cover levels. Move down the column as you
enter the data by using the down keyboard arrow.
To see the Schedules spreadsheet click the Schedules button.
Schedules
Values in the Depth column will be shown in green if they are less then
prescribed cover of 1.2m (values that are twice the prescribed cover will also
be displayed in green).
Manhole Schedules
To view the Manhole Schedule, select Manhole Schedule from the Results
menu or click the Manhole Schedule icon on the toolbar if you have added it.
Manhole Schedule
Longsections
Within Longsections, another key feature of Schedules is demonstrated.
Click the Show pipe bounds button.
Show pipe bounds

Page 4.4 Example 4
Note the purple and red lines, which delineate the upper and lower
boundaries for the network. The upper boundary (in purple) is dictated by the
required design depth of 1.200; the lower boundary (in red) is set by the
minimum outfall established in Outfall Details - in this case, 95.000m.
Intermediate ground levels

Schedules gives you the facility to examine intermediate ground levels, using
the GL 1/3 (m) and GL 2/3 (m) columns.
To test this resource return to the Schedules Network Details, click on the GL
1/3(m) column for pipe 1.000 and enter a value of 99.500. Enter a value of
100.000 for GL 2/3 (m), a warning appears in the Warning box at the foot of
the screen due to you do not having the prescribed cover.
This facility is particularly useful in instances where the line crosses an area
of uneven cover, such as a ditch. Schedules allows you to enter the data, but
warns you of the hazard. To see the effect, go to Longsections.
Example 4 Page 4.5
Changing manhole shapes

You can change the shape of the manholes from circular (set as default) to
rectangular, by simply specifying the Diameter/Length and Width of the
manholes. Click on the US/MH Diam/Len (mm) column for pipe 1.000 and
key in 1000 for the length and now click on US/MH Width (mm) column and
key in 750 for the Width. The value for the diameter of 1200 (mm)
disappears. Schedules shows the values in red, because you have specified
them rather than allowing the program to calculate automatically.
Note: The manhole diameters are designed in accordance with the

specifications in the Manhole size library. The option to Edit/Create a
Manhole Size library can be found in the Design Criteria form.
Making the Earth move

Within Schedules you have the facility to achieve a 'virtual' shift in the
location of true North. This resource is actually designed to make site work
easier by eliminating the need for complex Ordnance Survey coordinates and
orienting the site around a convenient local point, such as a site base line.
Within Example 4 we shall use the following coordinates:

Page 4.6 Example 4
Enter these figures by selecting Manhole Coordinates from the Network

menu. Do not worry about the Pipe Intersection Eastings and Northings at
this point, these will be covered later.
Match box
When you click OK, you are warned that your coordinates do not match the
pipe lengths.
In fact, the downstream Northing for 1.002 should have been 249864.400.
Normally the coordinates take precedence in a design. As the warning box

says, you can alter the pipe lengths to suit the coordinates. Click Repair
Lengths and click OK to the message advising you what has happened. Open
the Storm Network Details spreadsheet and you will see that the length of
1.002 has been reduced from 85m to 84.6m - a difference of 0.4m, matching
exactly the error in our coordinates.
However, in this instance it is the ground that is wrong, not the pipe. Re-open
the Manhole Coordinates and enter the correct Outfall Northing for pipe
1.002. Click OK and once again select the Repair Lengths option. A look at
the Network Details confirms pipe 1.002 now has the correct length.
Manhole Offset
An offset can be applied to ensure that suitable landing and benching widths
are provided for safe working within manholes. When offset is applied to the
manhole, the Pipe Intersection Point (the nominal meeting point of the
incoming and outgoing pipes to a manhole) is no longer coincident with the
geometric centre of the manhole. Separate Eastings and Northings can be
recorded for the Manhole Centre and Pipe IP, this can be seen on the
Manhole Coordinates form.
Example 4 Page 4.7
Both sets of values can be user defined. Adjustments to the Pipe IP can be
done by using the Lock IP, Lock ALL IP, Clear IP and Clear All functions.
MicroDrainage allows for automated calculation and application of the

required offset in accordance with Sewers for Adoption guidelines for Storm
networks. These specify that 500mm of Landing Width and 225mm of
Benching Width must be provided in manholes requiring access, however
users can change these standards on the Access tab of the Manhole Sizes
library in the Design Criteria along with the ability to set a depth dependent
ladder protrusion (i.e. deeper manholes may require ladders rather than step
irons).
To apply automatic calculation of Manhole Offset values, click the Apply

Offset On/Off toggle on the Storm Network Details form.
Apply Offset On / Off
Ensure this is in the On position (dark blue background) and then Optimise
the network using the Optimise button. This forces the software to re-analyse
the network and make any necessary offset changes.
Page 4.8 Example 4
Re-open the Manhole Coordinates form. You will notice that for Manhole 2,
the pipe IP Eastings and Northings are now slightly different to the Manhole
Centre co-ordinates.
The schematic detail can be reviewed on the Manhole Schedule form under
the Results menu.
Note: The text has remained blue for the Pipe Intersection Easting and
Northing values indicating that any difference from the Manhole Centre
coordinates is calculated by the software, rather than being User Defined.
Example 4 Page 4.9
It is worth noting the conditions for which an offset can be calculated and the
changes that can be made. Offset can only be calculated under the following
circumstances:
 Manhole Access has been set to Required (via Schedules button on

the Network Details form)
 Manhole is circular (i.e. only the manhole diameter has been
specified)
 Manhole has a user specified Easting and Northing
 Manhole is not at the head of a run
 There is only 1 incoming pipe
 Both incoming and outgoing pipes must be circular
 The angle of flow deflection is less than 90° (SfA standard)
It may be possible that although the manhole meets the above criteria, no
offset can be found that allows for sufficient space to meet both the Landing
and Benching Width requirements, in these circumstances MicroDrainage
will look to upsize the diameter of the manhole and reassess the requirement
for an offset.
Note: See also Help – System 1 – Pipe Intersection Offset

Page 4.10 Example 4
Orientation setting
Next choose Setting Out Information from the Results menu. With the True
Coordinates button selected, you can see that the system is actually oriented
at a significant angle away from true North; hence the elaborate coordinates.
Clearly, at midnight on a rainswept site, figures of this complexity do not

make the site manager's job easier. To redefine the orientation select Site
Location from the Site menu and enter the coordinates for Manhole 1 and set
the Orientation to True - in this case, 20 degrees.
Example 4 Page 4.11
Click OK and return to the Setting Out Information form. If you now choose
the Site Coordinates option, you will see that the orientation is now true
North and that the figures have been greatly simplified; they are all relative to
manhole 1.
Page 4.12 Example 4
Network Plan
With coordinates in place you can now view a plan view of the network.
Click the Plan icon:
Plan
The plan view of the network allows you to examine manholes and pipes "in
situ".
View Options
Drop down the View Options button menu and ensure the Display Manholes
and Display Pipe Numbers buttons are depressed.
Right click anywhere on the drawng and select Band Zoom.
Click and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to define a
‘banding’ region. Release the button to Zoom to the region chosen.
Example 4 Page 4.13
The Pan option allows you to move the area you are viewing by dragging it.
Alternatively you may also use the scroller on your mouse to real time zoom.
Use Previous and Extents buttons to switch between magnifications.

Page 4.14 Example 4
3D World View
A full 3D graphical representation of your network is available in all modules
that have the Plan view.
Like the Plan the World View is based on manhole coordinates and
represents the true state of the world. Pipes without coordinates will have
default coordinates applied so they can be drawn on Plan and in 3D. This is
indicated on the Plan by the rings around each manhole. If the coordinates
and lengths do not match the pipes would be shown as dotted lines. As with
the other views right-clicking on a pipe or manhole and selecting Properties
will pop-up relevant information.
Select 3D World View from the Graphics menu or using the icon on the Plan
View tool bar.
Display World View
The World View will appear showing a full 3D model of the network and
ground.
The compass on the left gives you the ability to move around the network and
zoom into areas. Look around your system using the compass and
instructions overleaf.
Example 4 Page 4.15
In the upper toolbar there are a number of options allowing you to alter or
add to the items displayed.
View Options
Display Pipes / Manholes
These buttons switch the pipes and or manholes on and off.
Display Sky
This switches on a sky background. If switched off the background is left

black.
Display Branch Indicators
A flag is drawn at the first pipe in each branch. The integer part of the pipe is
shown in blue on the flag. A flag is also drawn at each outfall position. In this
case the branch number is drawn in green.
Page 4.16 Example 4
No Ground switches the ground profile off. The remaining three options
change the way the profile is drawn. The Ground may be drawn as Solid,
Wireframe or Transparent. The latter option allows the pipes to be seen
through the ground. The Ground is coloured from dark green through to light
green and then grey as the level increases.
Selection Set
By selecting this option it is possible to view only those pipes in the current
Selection Set. The pipes that are not in the selection set are displayed in a
greyed out manner.
By default manholes are shown in grey and all outfalls are shown in green.
The Cover Level option colour codes the manholes depending on their cover
level.
The levels associated with each colour can be seen on the Display Settings.
The Depth view colours each manhole according to depth. The depths
associated with each colour can be seen on the Display Settings.
The Connection option displays manholes in red if the connecting pipes are
within a pre-determined angle of each other. The angle can be set from
Display Settings.
Example 4 Page 4.17
By default the main line is drawn in yellow and branch lines are displayed in
cyan. The Diameter view colours pipes depending on their size (diameter).
The diameters associated with each colour can be seen on the Display
Settings.
Display Settings
The Display Setting window shows the various colour settings used in the
various graphical displays. Each colour can be user defined. Select the Pipes
Screen colour and then select a blue from the pallet.
Screen Defaults
Select Screen Default to return the Display Settings to the standard colours.
Save
Saves the current view to disk as a graphic file.
Print
Open a Print Preview of the World View which can be sent to a printer.
Page 4.18 Example 4
View Tab
Wireframe Pipes / Manholes

Pipes and manholes can be drawn as solid or wireframe.
Ground Overlay
If a background image is available from the Plan it may be merged with or
drawn in lieu of the ground profile. Select the On Ground option to merge the
image with the existing ground colour. Alternatively select Instead of Ground
to replace the standard ground colouring with the map image.
Polygon Detail
Change the detail level of the drawing elements. Lower levels will increase
frame rates on slower machines. This setting only affects solid polygons.
Wireframe elements are always drawn at Low detail.
Example 4 Page 4.19
Model Tab
Overlay Detail
Specify the size in pixels of the overlay map. Larger values make the image
clearer but use more memory and will reduce frame rate.
Horizontal Compression
The Horizontal compression scales the XY axis of the model to accentuate
falls.
Scale All Elements

With this option switched off only the pipe coordinates are scaled. Pipe and
Manhole dimensions are enlarged so they may be easily seen. This should be
taken into account if pipe clashes are being checked. Switch this option on to
show all the elements of the model in true scale (pipes become oval). For
most purposes this option can be left switched off.
Use TIN Ground Model

If a triangulation data set is available you may switch between a full
triangulated terrain model and the default ground generated from manhole
cover level only.
Use Flat Shading

By default the terrain model is smooth shaded. Flat shading may be more
appropriate if the terrain contains sharp edges (e.g. curbs).
Page 4.20 Example 4
Rebuild
Changing options on the Model tab will not automatically modify the model.
Click this button to rebuild the model with the new options.
+ and - Buttons
Rebuilds the model but moves the limits of those pipes included. Use + and –
to change the limits of the model slightly.
Saving Schedules as text

Schedules gives you the option to save your work as text, for use within a
word processing package. This is particularly useful for producing high
quality proposals and presentations. To do this, simply choose Save ASCII
Manhole Schedules from the File menu. The Save ASCII dialogue box
appears. Key in the title of your choice and click Save.
Note: You cannot open this file from within MicroDrainage. To view your
work, use any popular word processing package, e.g. Microsoft Word etc.
Alternatively click on the Schedules spreadsheet with the right mouse button.
The Export menu is displayed.
From here you can choose to Print the data, save it as a .csv, .pdf, html or
Excel format. This facility is available from all of the results spreadsheets
throughout the suite.
Example 4 Page 4.21
Longsection plots
We will now examine the use of the output of longsection images. The
Longsection module is embedded into System 1, Channel and Simulation.
Go to the File menu and select Plot Longsections. The Plot Preview form will
open.
The tabs on the left allow you to specify the parameters for the printouts.
The Plot Settings tab displays the variables used to batch the pipes for each
drawing. It allows you to choose which pipes are to be plotted and whether
you want to include branch lines in your selection. You can print the network
with the Hydraulic Grade Lines, which will show the Proportional Depth of
water in the pipes. The network can also be printed in Normal view (drawn
uphill from left to right) or Handed view (downhill from left to right).
Note: To change the page orientation, open Page Setup from the File menu
and select Landscape under Orientation.
Page 4.22 Example 4
The Plot to Printer tab determines the drawing format. A margin is drawn on
each page. The margin is applied around the edge of the page and between
the drawings if more than one drawing is plotted per page. The number of
drawings high/wide allows you to determine how many drawings across and
down the page are to be included in each plot.
Pages to Span specify the number of horizontal pages to be used to give the
overall plot.
Note: If you make any changes to the setup tabs then you must click
Update Preview for the changes to take effect.
The Plot to DXF tab lets you print your Longsection to DXF format.
Another facility available is the Plot Designer.
The Plot Designer allows you to add data to the drawings. Click the Plot
Setup icon in the lower toolbar.
Example 4 Page 4.23
Plot Designer
The Plot Designer will appear.
To add the data you require just drag it across from the data table to the top
or the bottom of the designer and the print preview will automatically update.
You can also change the colours. When you have the relevant data displayed
you can save your layout for future designs.
MicroDrainage Page 24
Drainage Software System 1 - Schedules
Solution Longsections, Plan & 3D
Date 15/02/2019 19:52 Designed by Innovyze
Innovyze Network 2019.1
IDF File Trump1 Add Flow / Climate Change (%) 0

Maximum Rainfall (mm/hr) 5 Minimum Backdrop Height (m) 0.200
Maximum Time of Concentration (mins) 100 Maximum Backdrop Height (m) 1.500
Foul Sewage (l/s/ha) 0.000 Min Design Depth for Optimisation (m) 1.200
Min Vel for Auto Design only (m/s) 1.00
PIMP (%) 100 Min Slope for Optimisation (1:X) 500
PN Length Fall Slope I.Area T.E. Base n HYD DIA Section Type
(m) (m) (1:X) (ha) (mins) Flow (l/s) SECT (mm)
1.000 26.000 1.000 26.0 0.250 5.00 10.0 0.012 o 150 Pipe/Conduit
1.001 50.000 1.667 30.0 0.500 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 20.000 0.250 80.0 0.010 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
3.000 35.500 0.473 75.1 0.020 5.00 0.0 0.012 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 85.000 0.850 100.0 0.250 0.00 0.0 0.012 o 300 Pipe/Conduit
1.000 5.00 5.24 100.000 0.250 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.83 32.4 13.5
1.001 5.00 5.61 98.925 0.750 10.0 0.0 0.0 2.23 88.8 20.4
2.000 5.00 5.42 100.000 0.010 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.80 6.3 0.1
3.000 5.00 5.72 100.000 0.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.82 6.5 0.3
1.002 5.00 6.68 97.183 1.030 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.48 104.8 24.3
Manhole Schedules for Storm
MH MH MH MH MH Pipe Out Pipes In

Name CL (m) Depth Connection Diam.,L*W PN Invert Diameter PN Invert Diameter Backdrop
(m) (mm) Level (m) (mm) Level (m) (mm) (mm)
1 101.350 1.350 Open Manhole 1000 x 750 1.000 100.000 150

2 101.126 2.201 Open Manhole 1200 1.001 98.925 225 1.000 99.000 150
3 101.300 1.300 Open Manhole 1200 2.000 100.000 100
4 102.000 2.000 Open Manhole 1200 3.000 100.000 100
5 101.359 4.176 Open Manhole 1200 1.002 97.183 300 1.001 97.258 225
2.000 99.750 100 2367
3.000 99.527 100 2144
6 98.500 2.167 Open Manhole 1500 OUTFALL 1.002 96.333 300
MH Manhole Manhole Intersection Intersection Manhole Layout

Name Easting Northing Easting Northing Access (North)
(m) (m) (m) (m)
1 557102.000 249708.000 557102.000 249708.000 Required
2 557110.900 249732.400 557110.766 249732.449 Required
3 557108.000 249779.400 557108.000 249779.400 Required
4 557161.400 249767.200 557161.400 249767.200 Required
5 557128.000 249779.400 557128.000 249779.400 Required
6 557128.000 249864.400 No Entry
PIPELINE SCHEDULES for Storm
Upstream Manhole
PN Hyd Diam MH C.Level I.Level D.Depth MH MH DIAM., L*W

Sect (mm) Name (m) (m) (m) Connection (mm)
1.000 o 150 1 101.350 100.000 1.200 Open Manhole 1000 x 750

1.001 o 225 2 101.126 98.925 1.976 Open Manhole 1200
2.000 o 100 3 101.300 100.000 1.200 Open Manhole 1200
3.000 o 100 4 102.000 100.000 1.900 Open Manhole 1200
1.002 o 300 5 101.359 97.183 3.876 Open Manhole 1200
Downstream Manhole
PN Length Slope MH C.Level I.Level D.Depth MH MH DIAM., L*W

(m) (1:X) Name (m) (m) (m) Connection (mm)
1.000 26.000 26.0 2 101.126 99.000 1.976 Open Manhole 1200

1.001 50.000 30.0 5 101.359 97.258 3.876 Open Manhole 1200
2.000 20.000 80.0 5 101.359 99.750 1.509 Open Manhole 1200
3.000 35.500 75.1 5 101.359 99.527 1.732 Open Manhole 1200
1.002 85.000 100.0 6 98.500 96.333 1.867 Open Manhole 1500
Setting Out Information - True Coordinates (Storm)
PN USMH Dia/Len Width US Easting US Northing Intersection Intersection Layout

Name (mm) (mm) (m) (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) (North)
1.000 1 1000 750 557102.000 249708.000 557102.000 249708.000
1.001 2 1200 557110.900 249732.400 557110.766 249732.449
2.000 3 1200 557108.000 249779.400 557108.000 249779.400
3.000 4 1200 557161.400 249767.200 557161.400 249767.200
1.002 5 1200 557128.000 249779.400 557128.000 249779.400
PN DSMH Dia/Len Width DS Easting DS Northing Layout

Name (mm) (mm) (m) (m) (North)
1.002 6 1500 557128.000 249864.400
Setting Out Information - Site Coordinates (Storm)
PN USMH Dia/Len Width US Easting US Northing Intersection Intersection Layout

Name (mm) (mm) (m) (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) (North)
1.000 1 1000 750 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.001 2 1200 0.018 25.972 -0.125 25.973
2.000 3 1200 -18.782 69.146 -18.782 69.146
3.000 4 1200 35.570 75.946 35.570 75.946
1.002 5 1200 0.012 75.987 0.012 75.987
PN DSMH Dia/Len Width DS Easting DS Northing Layout

Name (mm) (mm) (m) (m) (North)
1.002 6 1500 -29.060 155.860

(m)
1.002 6 98.500 96.333 95.000 1500 0
MH Name 5 2 1
Hor Scale 1200
Ver Scale 100
Datum (m)96.000
PN 1.001 1.000
Dia (mm) 225 150
Slope (1:X) 30.0 26.0
101.359
98.925 101.126
100.000
99.500
100.000 101.350
Cover Level (m)
97.258
99.000
Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 50.000 26.000
MH Name 6 5
Hor Scale 1200
Ver Scale 100
Datum (m)96.000
PN 1.002
Dia (mm) 300
Slope (1:X) 100.0
98.500
97.183 101.359
Cover Level (m)

96.333
Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 85.000
Example 5 Page 5.1

Example 5 – System1
Foul Sewer Design with Schedules
Page 5.2 Example 5
Introduction
In this example we are going to design a complete foul sewer network with
schedules. This MicroDrainage resource aids the drafting and production of
contract documents.
Open System 1 and at the Open screen select New Foul Main Drainage.
Design Criteria
At the Design Criteria window, enter the data as shown.
The peaking factors are chosen to give a constant peak flow factor for this
example. The formula for the calculation of a domestic peak flow factor is
A/PB, where A = peaking factor A, P = population in thousands and B =
peaking factor B. Thus a value of 0 for peaking factor B gives a constant
peak flow factor - in this case, 6. Check that the data are correct. Then click
OK.
Example 5 Page 5.3
Pipeline Details
The Foul Network Details spreadsheet now appears. Enter the data for the
following network:
Pipe Pipe Fall Slope Area Houses Base n US/IL US/CL Pipe
no length [m] [1:x] Flow [m] [m] DIA
1.000 26 R 80 R 58 5 0.013 100 101.100 R
R 25 R 75 R 26 101.200 R
2.000 89 R 45 R 15 R R 100 101.250 R
R 54 R 50 R 22 100.925 R
3.000 25 R 25 R 36 R R 100 101.145 R
1.002 52 R 75 R 29 100.525 R
R 54 R 75 3.2 97.500 R
Here pipes 1.000 to 1.002 serve a housing development. Pipe 1.003 serves an
industrial development. Therefore, the industrial flow has been specified in
litres/second/hectare and the domestic flow has been input in terms of the
number of houses contributing.
Note: If the n column is not present it can be turned on by selecting

Preferences from the Network Details toolbar.
It is assumed you have to meet an existing system which is at 95m AOD. In

order to make sure our outfall hits 95m, select Outfall Details from the
Network menu, enter the following additional data and click OK.
Click Full Optimise to improve the design and save your work as Intex5.mdx.
Page 5.4 Example 5
Optimise has re-designed the network to produce the optimum cover at 0.9m
throughout the network and also a minimum Full Bore Velocity of 0.75
m/sec for each pipe.
Schedules
Select Manhole Schedule from the Results menu. System 1 has automatically
designed manhole sizes in accordance with the specification set in the
Manhole Size library.
A look at Longsections will show you that the network has been designed
satisfactorily.
Example 5 Page 5.5
You should now have a complete drainage design ready for the production of
contract documents.
Printing
This follows the same procedure as the previous example.
Combining Storm and Foul flows

MicroDrainage gives you the facility to analyse simultaneous Storm and Foul
flows through a network. To do this, select Network Manager from the Site
menu. Test Combined Sewer can be selected from the Toolbar. A copy of the
existing network is created as a Storm network or vice versa if it a Storm
network that you are copying. You are then prompted to enter the Design
Criteria for your Storm or Foul flow. Clicking OK presents you with a
Network Details spreadsheet, which analyses the dry weather flow condition.
Note: In fact, a combined system would usually be analysed first within the
System 1 module as a Storm file. You can enter the Foul flow in the Design
Criteria window; it is specified in litres/second/hectare. Although this
figure is only an approximation, it is suitable for combined analysis since it
represents only a small percentage of the total flow. For more detailed
analysis of dry weather flow in particular, you can then transfer the data to
Foul as described above. This enables you to specify the foul sewage in
greater detail and to observe the proportional velocities of flow through the
system when it is not raining.
Discharge Unit Methods

A second version of Foul can be accessed from within System 1 that allows a
network to be designed by specifying a number of discharge units in lieu of
houses. Both the BS 8301 and EN 752 methodologies are supported and a
worked example is available in the UK manual if required.
Drainage Software System 1 Foul Sewer Design
Solution with Schedules
FOUL SEWERAGE DESIGN
Design Criteria for Foul - Main
Industrial Flow (l/s/ha) 1.00 Add Flow / Climate Change (%) 20

Industrial Peak Flow Factor 3.00 Minimum Backdrop Height (m) 0.200
Flow Per Person (l/per/day) 222.00 Maximum Backdrop Height (m) 1.500
Persons per House 3.00 Min Design Depth for Optimisation (m) 0.900
Peaking Factor A 6.00 Min Vel for Auto Design only (m/s) 0.75
Peaking Factor B 0.00 Min Slope for Optimisation (1:X) 500
Network Design Table for Foul - Main
PN Length Fall Slope Area Houses Base n HYD DIA Section Type Auto
(m) (m) (1:X) (ha) Flow (l/s) SECT (mm) Design
1.000 26.000 0.197 131.8 0.000 58 5.0 0.013 o 150 Pipe/Conduit

1.001 25.000 0.378 66.2 0.000 26 0.0 0.013 o 150 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 89.000 1.170 76.1 0.000 15 0.0 0.013 o 100 Pipe/Conduit

2.001 54.000 0.710 76.1 0.000 22 0.0 0.013 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
3.000 25.000 0.620 40.3 0.000 36 0.0 0.013 o 100 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 52.000 1.870 27.8 0.000 29 0.0 0.013 o 150 Pipe/Conduit

1.003 54.000 0.500 108.0 3.200 0 0.0 0.013 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
PN US/IL Σ Area Σ Base Σ Hse Add Flow P.Dep P.Vel Vel Cap Flow
(m) (ha) Flow (l/s) (l/s) (mm) (m/s) (m/s) (l/s) (l/s)
1.000 100.050 0.000 5.0 58 1.5 92 0.81 0.75 13.3 9.2

1.001 99.853 0.000 5.0 84 1.8 81 1.09 1.06 18.7 10.7
2.000 100.250 0.000 0.0 15 0.1 25 0.53 0.75 5.9 0.8

2.001 99.080 0.000 0.0 37 0.3 41 0.69 0.75 5.9 2.1
3.000 100.145 0.000 0.0 36 0.3 34 0.86 1.04 8.1 2.0
1.002 98.320 0.000 5.0 186 2.7 81 1.68 1.63 28.9 16.3
1.003 96.375 3.200 5.0 186 4.6 131 1.15 1.09 43.2 27.8
PIPELINE SCHEDULES for Foul - Main
Upstream Manhole
PN Hyd Diam MH C.Level I.Level D.Depth MH MH DIAM., L*W

Sect (mm) Name (m) (m) (m) Connection (mm)
1.000 o 150 1 101.100 100.050 0.900 Open Manhole 1050

1.001 o 150 2 101.200 99.853 1.197 Open Manhole 1050
2.000 o 100 3 101.250 100.250 0.900 Open Manhole 1050

2.001 o 100 4 100.925 99.080 1.745 Open Manhole 1200
3.000 o 100 5 101.145 100.145 0.900 Open Manhole 1050
1.002 o 150 6 100.525 98.320 2.055 Open Manhole 1200

1.003 o 225 7 97.500 96.375 0.900 Open Manhole 1050
Downstream Manhole
PN Length Slope MH C.Level I.Level D.Depth MH MH DIAM., L*W

(m) (1:X) Name (m) (m) (m) Connection (mm)
1.000 26.000 131.8 2 101.200 99.853 1.197 Open Manhole 1050

1.001 25.000 66.2 6 100.525 99.475 0.900 Open Manhole 1200
2.000 89.000 76.1 4 100.925 99.080 1.745 Open Manhole 1200

2.001 54.000 76.1 6 100.525 98.370 2.055 Open Manhole 1200
3.000 25.000 40.3 6 100.525 99.525 0.900 Open Manhole 1200
1.002 52.000 27.8 7 97.500 96.450 0.900 Open Manhole 1050

1.003 54.000 108.0 8 97.000 95.875 0.900 Open Manhole 1200
Free Flowing Outfall Details for Foul - Main

(m)
1.003 8 97.000 95.875 95.000 1200 0
MH Name 8 7 6 1
Hor Scale 2500
Ver Scale 250
Datum (m)90.000
PN 1.003 1.002 1.000
Dia (mm) 225 150 150
Slope (1:X) 108.0 27.8 131.8
97.000
97.500
98.320 100.525
99.853 101.200
100.050 101.100
Cover Level (m)
95.875
96.375
96.450
99.475
99.853
Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 54.000 52.000 26.000
MH Name 6 4 3
Hor Scale 2500
Ver Scale 250
Datum (m)91.000
PN 2.001 2.000
Dia (mm) 100 100
Slope (1:X) 76.1 76.1
100.525
99.080 100.925
100.250 101.250
Cover Level (m)

98.370
99.080
Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 54.000 89.000
Example 6 Page 6.1

Example 6 - Source Control

Design of a storm water storage lake
Page 6.2 Example 6
Introduction
In this example we are going to work with the Source Control module to
design a tank/pond to serve as a landscaping water feature.
Design criteria
• The tank/pond shall provide sufficient storage to limit the run-off
from a 26.9ha (paved area) site to 1300 l/s during a storm of a 25 year
return period for both summer and winter storms.
• No drainage point (or top of embankments) is to be lower than

500mm above the 25 year storm top water level.
• The overflow should be capable of passing a storm of a 150 year

return period without the water level rising to within 200mm of the
top of the embankment.
The following picture shows a permanent water feature with 1.5m available
for storage:
Loading Source Control

Follow your preferred procedure for opening Source Control. At the Source
Control Open screen, choose Start a New Job. Source Control presents you
with the Global Variables dialogue box.
Example 6 Page 6.3
Global Variables
Select Rainfall Profile for the Inflow, by clicking at the dropdown menu to
show the list or by scrolling through the list using the arrow keys.
Check that the other variables match the example above and click OK and
you are presented with the Rainfall Profile form.
Rainfall Profile
As explained in Appendix ii, MicroDrainage allows you to generate a rainfall
profile suitable for analysis even when you only have IDF data available.
Page 6.4 Example 6
Click the Edit button to open the Rainfall Profile form and select the
Generate profile data button to open the Generate Rainfall form.
The IDF/CRP Data tab is selected, click the Edit button next to the IDF File
graph and open the Trump25.idfx file. Select a duration of 120 minutes for
the storm, then hit Generate.
The Rainfall Generator creates a curve for the storm:
Save the file as Trump25a.redx by clicking the Export button.
Now select 1440 minutes as the storm duration and hit Generate again. Save
this new curve as Trump25b.redx.
You now have hyetographs for a 2 hour and a 24 hour storm which can be
used for analysis. Click OK to the Generate Rainfall form.
At the Rainfall Profile form, select the Import button, say no to the warning
and open your Trump25a.redx file. The form will be populated with the data;
click OK.
Set the Impermeability Factor to 1 and click OK. The next screen will be the
Time Area Diagram.
Example 6 Page 6.5
Note: The first file created contains intensities from the IDF file for
storms up to 120 minute duration. The second file is based on intensities
from storms of up to 1 day long. It is important when designing storage to
test against both short duration storms (high peak intensity) and much
longer storms (high total depth).
Time Area Diagram

Enter the data as shown in the right-hand column. To do this, simply
highlight each box by clicking or using the keyboard arrows and then keying
in the value. Then click OK.
Note: In a real project, Time/Area details saved in the System1 module (for
storm networks) under the File menu may be loaded into the above
spreadsheet. Click the Import button to search for files with the .tadx or
.tad extension.
Page 6.6 Example 6
Plan Area of Pond

Next you will see the Tank or Pond dialogue box:
After entering the Cover Level and Invert Level you can select the depth
increment required or type in only the heights at which the shape of the pond
changes. For this example click 0.1 button to set the depth increment at 0.1m.
You can enter the Area at each depth increment using the Repeat button as
required. However, for this example, enter 3700m2 at depth 0.0m. Click the
calculator button and the Shape Calculator form appears. We will use this to
set the Side Slope at 1:4. We could also use the calculator to set the volume.
Example 6 Page 6.7
Note: Shape Calculator will set the side slope or volume for the entire
depth if one cell is selected or the highlighted section if more than one
cell is selected.
If we click on each area cell the available volume is displayed in the bottom
right hand corner, for 1.5 m depth to see the volume available. When you are
satisfied the data are correct, click OK.
Note: Scale Factor enables you to adjust the values of the data without re-
entering the entire array. Simply enter the increment by which you wish
to increase or decrease the values and click Scale.
Page 6.8 Example 6
Setting Parameters
Source Control next moves to the Weir Outflow Control dialogue box. We
will use the Calculator to size the weir based on the required outflow so click
the Calculator icon and enter the details as shown.
A weir width of 415mm is suggested. Click OK to accept this size, enter the
other weir values as shown below and click OK.
Repeat this procedure with the Weir Overflow Control dialogue box.
Click OK and then hit the Go button in the toolbar.
Run Analysis
The drop down arrow allows you to choose the increment at which to analyse
the structure. The default is the finest increment.
Example 6 Page 6.9
Summary of Results
Source Control performs the final routing calculations, presenting you with a
request to save the data. Click Save and save the data as Intex6.
At the conclusion of the Save procedure Source Control presents you with the
summary of results for the Hyetograph:
Testing for Longer Storms

Before proceeding to look at the results in detail, it is necessary to test our
design against the longer storm. Close the Summary of Results and from the
Edit menu select Rainfall Profile. Click the Edit button.
Source Control returns you to the Rainfall Profile form. Click Import and
select the Trump25b.redx file, which contains the data for a 24 hour storm.
Click OK to both Rainfall Profile forms and hit Go again.
When invited to save, click Save again and once again save the file as Intex6.
Source Control will automatically replace the old example with the new. You
will note that the Summary of Results shows a maximum depth of 1.564m,
which is above our 1.5m limit (the overflow level). Accordingly we can see
that the overflow has been activated, so we need to go back and increase the
size of the pond.
Page 6.10 Example 6
To do this select Tank or Pond Structure from the Edit menu and the Tank or
Pond dialogue will appear.
Click on the up arrow next to the Scale Factor box until 15% is shown. Then
click the Scale button and the area for each depth will be increased by 15%
automatically as shown overleaf.
Click OK and run the analysis.
The Summary of Results show that the overflow is not activated as the
maximum depth is 1.478m, which is below our 1.5m limit.
Having completed this check, go back to the Rainfall Profile form and re-
import Trump25a.redx. Then recalculate and proceed back to the Save
instruction saving as Intex6 again. We can now examine the results in detail.
Example 6 Page 6.11
Full routing tables

To view a detailed result, click the Hydrograph Tables icon in the toolbar.
Hydrograph Tables
Source Control opens the Hydrograph Tables. Use the scroll bar to the right
of the table to view the effects of the storm in its entirety.
Graphs
Next, select the Graphs icon.
Graphs
Source Control displays the Graphs screen.

Page 6.12 Example 6
Source Control presents you with several options for viewing the graphs
themselves. Select these simply by clicking on each graph icon on the Graph
toolbar – turn on all the options to see the layout above.
Note - window management: For easy switching between results

windows, you can use the Tile or Cascade commands under the Window
menu. As set out in Example 1, you can re-size the windows according to
preference.
Animation
Source Control allows you to view your results in the form of an animated
simulation of a storm. To experiment with this, click on the Animation icon.
Animation
Example 6 Page 6.13
A Video Controls box appears which features icons that replicate the
functions of a standard media player. Click Play.
The drawing features a red disk, which signifies the critical level for the
design. An animated blue disk indicates the level during the course of the
storm. To view the Trace option, ensure the button is depressed and press
Play again, you will see the level animated in pale blue, giving you a time
elapsed picture of the storm.
Press Play again and Pause the storm when the timer reaches 76 minutes.
You can now use the Forward and Rewind buttons to watch the flow minute-
by-minute. To re-start the animation at any point, simply press Stop, followed
by Play.
Page 6.14 Example 6
Printing
To print, hit the Print icon.
Print
The Print dialogue box appears.
print by clicking in the appropriate box. Click the Update Preview button to
see a print preview. When you are satisfied with the selected options click the
printer icon at the top of the form to send the job to the printer.
Testing overflows
Now try two storms with a 150 year return period (using your own local
rainfall data to make up the files) to test the overflow. The overflow should
be wide enough to prevent over topping of the embankment.
Note: Remember that this is a test only for the capacity of the overflow; if
it were inadequate we would increase the length of the weir, not the size of
the storage structure.
The Complete Example 6 - Source Control
Drainage Software Design of Storm water
Solution storage lake
File Intex6.srcx Checked by
Micro Drainage Source Control 2016.1
Summary of Results for Rainfall Profile
Storm Max Max Max Max Max Max Status

Event Level Depth Control Overflow Σ Outflow Volume
(m) (m) (l/s) (l/s) (l/s) (m³)
Rainfall Profile 101.348 1.348 1107.0 0.0 1107.0 6686.3 O K
Storm Duration Rain Flooded Discharge Overflow Time-Peak

Event (mins) (mm/hr) Volume Volume Volume (mins)
(m³) (m³) (m³)
Rainfall Profile 120 17.860 0.0 9588.1 0.0 94
Rainfall Profile
Impermeability Factor 1.000 Climate Change % +0
Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain
(mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr)
1 3.576 16 6.249 31 8.880 46 17.231 61 195.635 76 14.320 91 8.744 106 6.071

2 3.754 17 6.427 32 9.269 47 18.840 62 96.865 77 13.931 92 8.566 107 5.893
3 3.932 18 6.606 33 9.657 48 20.449 63 59.790 78 13.543 93 8.388 108 5.714
4 4.111 19 6.784 34 10.046 49 22.058 64 53.635 79 13.154 94 8.209 109 5.536
5 4.289 20 6.962 35 10.434 50 23.667 65 47.481 80 12.766 95 8.031 110 5.358
6 4.467 21 7.140 36 10.823 51 25.276 66 41.326 81 12.377 96 7.853 111 5.180
7 4.645 22 7.318 37 11.211 52 26.884 67 35.171 82 11.989 97 7.675 112 5.002
8 4.823 23 7.497 38 11.600 53 28.493 68 28.493 83 11.600 98 7.497 113 4.823
9 5.002 24 7.675 39 11.989 54 35.171 69 26.884 84 11.211 99 7.318 114 4.645
10 5.180 25 7.853 40 12.377 55 41.326 70 25.276 85 10.823 100 7.140 115 4.467
11 5.358 26 8.031 41 12.766 56 47.481 71 23.667 86 10.434 101 6.962 116 4.289
12 5.536 27 8.209 42 13.154 57 53.635 72 22.058 87 10.046 102 6.784 117 4.111
13 5.714 28 8.388 43 13.543 58 59.790 73 20.449 88 9.657 103 6.606 118 3.932
14 5.893 29 8.566 44 13.931 59 96.865 74 18.840 89 9.269 104 6.427 119 3.754
15 6.071 30 8.744 45 14.320 60 195.635 75 17.231 90 8.880 105 6.249 120 3.576
Time Area Diagram
Total Area (ha) 26.900
Time (mins) Area Time (mins) Area Time (mins) Area Time (mins) Area
From: To: (ha) From: To: (ha) From: To: (ha) From: To: (ha)
0 4 0.000 8 12 4.400 16 20 6.600 24 28 0.500

4 8 1.800 12 16 9.400 20 24 4.200
Model Details
Storage is Online Cover Level (m) 102.000
Tank or Pond Structure
Invert Level (m) 100.000
Depth (m) Area (m²) Depth (m) Area (m²) Depth (m) Area (m²) Depth (m) Area (m²) Depth (m) Area (m²) Depth (m) Area (m²)
0.000 4255.0 0.500 4765.4 1.000 5304.7 1.500 5872.9 2.000 6470.0 2.500 7096.0
0.100 4354.8 0.600 4870.9 1.100 5416.0 1.600 5990.0 2.100 6592.8
0.200 4455.7 0.700 4977.7 1.200 5528.5 1.700 6108.2 2.200 6716.9
0.300 4557.8 0.800 5085.5 1.300 5642.1 1.800 6227.7 2.300 6842.2
0.400 4661.0 0.900 5194.6 1.400 5756.9 1.900 6348.2 2.400 6968.5
Weir Outflow Control
Discharge Coef 0.544 Width (m) 0.415 Invert Level (m) 100.000
Weir Overflow Control
Event: Rainfall Profile
Example 7 Page 7.1

Example 7 – Source Control

Design of a storm water tank sewer
Page 7.2 Example 7
Introduction
In this example we are going to design a tank sewer (circular pipe) to limit
the discharge from a 0.45ha site to 16 litres/second during storms of 10 year
return period. We will use a Hydro-Brake® as our control.
Note: A Hydro-Brake® is a commercially available vortex control. It is

useful when an equivalent orifice would have to be less than 100mm in
diameter to restrict the flow; so small a size could create maintenance
problems.
Quick Storage Estimate

At the Source Control Open screen select the Quick Storage Estimate option.
IDF and CRP files can be can be entered or loaded into the form by selecting
the button next to the IDF/CRP box.
IDF / CRP Editor
Select the button and the Intensity Duration Frequency form is opened. Load
in Trump10 from the range of .idfx files in your \MicroDrainage 2018\Data
directory and OK the form. Follow the same procedure to load the
UK50.crpx file.
Note: In Example 6 we assumed that no CRP data were available. We used

the Rainfall Generator to create a rainfall profile based on the available
IDF libraries. Here, we will adopt the alternative approach, by using an
existing CRP library.
Example 7 Page 7.3
Enter the remaining data as shown below. When you are satisfied that the
data are correct, click Analyse.
The results from the QSE will appear showing the storage requirements to be
between 49m³ and 83m³ for the variables stated above.
The variation in storage is dependent on the type of control, structure and the
shape of the storage. It is therefore very important to analyse the actual
storage structure, as approximations may produce significant error. For
example, do not assume a constant flow rate through an orifice - it varies
greatly with depth.
Click OK on the results form and the Global Variables form appears.
Page 7.4 Example 7
Global Variables
At the Source Control Global Variables box, select the options as shown,
using the mouse or tab and the keyboard arrows.
Rainfall and Network Details

Click OK to the Global Variables and the Rainfall and Network Details
dialogue box is presented. All the data entered for the Quick Storage
Estimate will automatically be pulled across, so simply click OK.
Example 7 Page 7.5
Note: No entries are required for the Network Details column in this
instance. This is because routing the flow through the pipe network does
not normally result in a significant reduction in the storage facility size, for
two reasons:
• The total storage in the pipe network is small compared with most
storage facilities.
• The peak flow in the pipe network does not usually coincide with
the peak storage in the storage facility, i.e. when the storage facility
is full, the pipe network is not.
Time Area Diagram

At the Time Area Diagram, enter the following data:
0 to 4 minutes 0.3
4 to 8 minutes 0.15
When you have checked that the data are correct, click OK.
Pipe Details
Now enter the Pipe Details as shown below, then click OK.
Note: 32m of 1.5m pipe gives 56.5m³ of storage - between 49m³ and
83m³, as calculated within the Quick Storage Estimate.
Page 7.6 Example 7
Outflow Control
You will now see the Hydro-Brake® Outflow Control dialogue box. Enter the
data as shown.
The outflow curve is generated automatically. Click OK to accept the data

and click the Go button to analyse.
Save the file as Intex7.srcx.
Results
Your Summary of Results should look as shown opposite. From these you
can see the maximum storage occurs for the 60 minute storm duration. The
depth of water above the outfall invert of the tank sewer is 1.717m. The
maximum discharge is 15.1 l/s.
Example 7 Page 7.7
Animation
Once again you have an animation facility with which to examine the levels
at each stage of a storm. Choose 3D Animation from the View menu.
You have the option to view all the storms, select 60 min (the critical storm)
from the Storm Selector.
It is possible to move around the structure by clicking on the compass. The

full list of motion controls are discussed in Example 4.
Drainage Software Design of a storm
Solution water tank sewer
Summary of Results for International Rainfall
Storm Max Max Max Max Status

Event Level Depth Control Volume
(m) (m) (l/s) (m³)
15 min 101.716 1.316 13.7 47.9 O K

30 min 101.976 1.576 14.6 56.3 O K
60 min 102.117 1.717 15.1 58.1 O K
120 min 101.904 1.504 14.4 54.6 O K
180 min 101.770 1.370 13.9 50.0 O K
240 min 101.649 1.249 13.4 45.1 O K
360 min 101.472 1.072 12.7 37.0 O K
480 min 101.320 0.920 12.1 29.7 O K
600 min 101.195 0.795 11.5 23.6 O K
720 min 101.085 0.685 11.0 18.4 O K
960 min 100.919 0.519 10.2 11.1 O K
1440 min 100.683 0.283 8.8 3.0 O K
Storm Rain Flooded Discharge Time-Peak

Event (mm/hr) Volume Volume (mins)
(m³) (m³)
15 min 53.800 0.0 60.4 18

30 min 34.770 0.0 78.4 31
60 min 21.580 0.0 97.1 48
120 min 13.070 0.0 117.6 82
180 min 9.670 0.0 130.6 118
240 min 7.750 0.0 139.5 150
360 min 5.730 0.0 154.9 216
480 min 4.600 0.0 165.6 280
600 min 3.880 0.0 174.8 340
720 min 3.370 0.0 181.8 402
960 min 2.710 0.0 195.0 520
1440 min 1.980 0.0 213.9 750
Model Details
Pipe Structure
Diameter (m) 1.500 Slope (1:X) 100.000 Length (m) 32.000 Invert Level (m) 100.400
Hydro-Brake Optimum® Outflow Control
Unit Reference MD-SCU-0102-1600-2390-1600 Sump Available Yes

Design Head (m) 2.390 Diameter (mm) 102
Design Flow (l/s) 16.0 Invert Level (m) 100.000
Flush-Flo™ Calculated Minimum Outlet Pipe Diameter (mm) 150
Objective Linear discharge profile Suggested Manhole Diameter (mm) 1200
Application Surface
Control Points Head (m) Flow (l/s) Control Points Head (m) Flow (l/s)
Design Point (Calculated) 2.390 16.0 Kick-Flo® 0.153 4.4

Flush-Flo™ 0.130 4.5 Mean Flow over Head Range - 10.8
The hydrological calculations have been based on the Head/Discharge relationship for the Hydro-Brake Optimum® as specified.
Should another type of control device other than a Hydro-Brake Optimum® be utilised then these storage routing calculations will
be invalidated
Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s)
0.100 4.5 0.600 8.5 1.600 13.7 2.600 17.4 5.000 24.0 7.500 29.3
0.200 9.9 0.800 9.8 1.800 14.5 3.000 18.7 5.500 25.2 8.000 30.2
0.300 13.3 1.000 10.9 2.000 15.3 3.500 20.2 6.000 26.3 8.500 31.2
0.400 14.5 1.200 11.9 2.200 16.0 4.000 21.5 6.500 27.3 9.000 32.0
0.500 8.4 1.400 12.9 2.400 16.7 4.500 22.8 7.000 28.3 9.500 32.9
Event: 60 min
Example 8 Page 8.1

Example 8 - Simulation
Simulation of a drainage system
with tank sewers
Page 8.2 Example 8
Introduction
The following system has been designed to illustrate a large number of
features in a small network. It should be studied closely by any user who
intends to introduce storage into a system in order to alleviate flooding.
The following facilities are demonstrated:
• Determine flooding in a system with a limited discharge.

• Identify the pipes responsible for that flooding.
• The use of online controls to improve the performance of storage
tanks.
• Pumping.
• The use of additional offline controls.
• The use of looped controls.
The data for this example is contained in the file Intex8.mdx. This can be
found in the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory.
Loading Simulation
Open Simulation using your preferred method. At the Open screen, select
Open Existing File. The familiar Open File dialogue box now appears.
Intex8.mdx should feature on the list of files, enabling you to open the file
simply by double clicking. If it is not shown, it can be found on the
installation DVD supplied. The file will be opened with the Simulation
Criteria screen.
You are now ready to commence the simulation project.

Example 8 Page 8.3
The network
We are going to simulate the following network:
Pipes 2.000 and 3.000 have been enlarged to provide potential storage in the
system. 3.000 has no flow associated with it and is used purely as storage to
reduce the water level upstream of 1.004 and consequently reduce the flows
in 1.004 itself. The network must discharge no more than 50 l/s with no
flooding for the 30 year return period.
Note: The above network is contained in the file Intex8.mdx. However if

you cannot find this file, simply input the system. The network details can
be found on the output accompanying this example. The procedure is
similar to that detailed in Example 1 of this manual. The data is first input
in the System 1 program and then Scheduled before it can be simulated.
Note in particular that upsizing of pipes in System 1 is prevented by
setting the maximum rainfall to zero in the Design Criteria or by using
the “not allowed” auto design option (only if A.P.T is installed).
Page 8.4 Example 8
Flood risk
Simulation allows you to preset the level at which it will warn you that there
is a serious risk of flooding. Call up the Preferences dialogue box from the
File menu and view the Simulation tab.
The default value for flood warning is 300mm. The effect will be shown in
the Summary of Results. As a general rule Engineers should not design for
the water level to be immediately below the cover level.
Check the Analysis is set to Maintain Results. With this selected Simulation
will reanalyse the network automatically each time the network is edited.
Summary forms will be updated without the need to close and reload them.
Creating a rainfall library

For this example we shall generate a 30 year return period rainfall file using
IDF data and an existing CRP file. As we have already seen, you have the
option to create a rainfall file from IDF data alone where CRP data are not
available. Here, however, we can use a UK CRP file to give us the curve we
require for demonstration purposes.
At the Simulation Criteria dialogue box, click the Edit button to open the
Rainfall Profile form. Click the Generate profile data button to open the
Generate Rainfall form.
The IDF/CRP Data tab is automatically selected. Click the Edit button next to
the IDF File graph.
Example 8 Page 8.5
Enter the data shown and click on the Save File icon to save the data as an
IDF file. Use the name Trump30. Click OK to the Intensity Duration
Frequency form and click the Edit button next to the CRP File graph and
select UK50 for the CRP file. Set a duration for the storm of 30 minutes from
the Storm Duration dropdown box, then hit Generate. A rainfall curve is
created.
Page 8.6 Example 8
Click OK to the Generate profile data and Rainfall Profile forms.
Simulation Criteria
At the Simulation Criteria screen, enter the remaining data as shown. Your
finished data should look as follows:
When testing systems that have been designed in Northern Europe for return
periods of 1 to 2 years under pipe full conditions, it is normal to test them for
flooding using return periods of 20 to 30 years. Most well designed systems
will exhibit only minor flooding if any under these conditions. Systems,
which exhibit flooding on, return periods less than 5 years are considerably
below the design standards in general use for the design of new networks.
The Water UK/WRc plc specification Sewers for Adoption 7th Edition states
that the system should be designed under pipe full conditions for 1, 2 or 5
years and designed not to flood any part of the Site for a 1:30 year return
period design storm. In addition, local planning conditions or other approving
Example 8 Page 8.7
authorities may require a more extreme standard such as the 100 year return
period plus an allowance for climate change.
With the above conditions a MADD factor of 3 would not be unreasonable

with so stringent a specification. For more information see the MADD factor
on-line help facility within Design Criteria.
Surcharged Outfall
Select Outfall Details from the Network menu and the following window
appears:
This facility allows you to edit the outfall details and model a tidal outfall. If
the water rises above the invert of the outgoing pipe there will be a backing
effect in the drainage system. You are able to vary the rising water level
minute by minute to model this effect in MicroDrainage. This is also useful if
the network outfalls into a pond where the top water level is higher than the
network's outfall.
Page 8.8 Example 8
The model assumes that a flap valve has been placed on the outfall to prevent
the water flowing back into the system. This example has a free outfall so
simply click Cancel and click OK on the Simulation Criteria.
Analyse
We are now ready to analyse the flows through the network. Click the
Analyse menu. The following options appear:
You are given four choices of time interval for the analysis, in this instance
based on a duration of 120 minutes. While the storm is actually only 30
minutes long, the analysis is for 120 minutes (the Run Time set in Simulation
Criteria) to observe the system draining down.
For a detailed calculation, choose the At Fine time step option either with the
mouse or the keyboard arrows. The Progress window now appears, followed
by the Save New Data dialogue box.
Click the Save option. Simulation automatically presents you with the
Summary of Results spreadsheet. Use the scroll bar below the data to view
the Status field if it is not shown.
Example 8 Page 8.9
Whilst the network shows no flooding the pipe flow from 1.004 is 195.8 l/s,
far more than the 50 l/s maximum allowed.
Online Controls
A flow control can be introduced to pipe 1.004 to limit the discharge from the
network. To do this simply select the Online Controls option from the
Network menu.
Online Controls
The Online Controls spreadsheet now appears.
• Clear deletes all the specifications for the highlighted control.

• Clear All deletes all the specified controls.
Note: For Existing Users please be aware that contrary to previous

versions, for consistency Online Controls are now located at the upstream
end of the specified pipe rather than the downstream. To control the flow
in pipe 1.004, enter 1.004 in the DS Pipe Number column (previously you
would have entered 1.003 in the US Pipe Number column).
Enter 1.004 in the DS Pipe Number. Select control type Pump from the
dropdown list. A constant pump rate is needed, the depth increment can be
user specified. If a Depth and a single Outflow rate are entered the program
will assume the pump requires 200mm to reach the constant flow rate which
it will then maintain up to cover level at that manhole. With this in mind
enter 0.2m and 50 l/s respectively in the first cells.
Alternatively you can select a Depth Increment which will populate the
Depth column on the spreadsheet for you. You may then enter flows for each
depth increment.
Page 8.10 Example 8
When your data are as above, click OK.
As the preferences are set to Maintain Results the analysis is automatically

instigated using the last selected time increment. Alternatively if you have
chosen User from the preferences select the Go toolbar shortcut.
Run Analysis
Summary of Results
In the Summary of Results, the results are colour-coded:
• Pipes whose flow capacities are less than 1 are shown in blue.
• Pipes whose flow capacities are greater than 1 are shown in red.
• Pipes whose flow capacities are greater than 2 are highlighted in cyan.
The term flow capacity refers to the ratio of the flow to the full bore capacity
of the pipe.
Example 8 Page 8.11
Note: A test for overloading within System 1 would have shown different
results. Simulation takes account of manhole losses, inlet/outlet controls
and other factors to provide a more accurate representation of the realities
of fluid flow and pipe capacity. For more information on the method of
analysis view the Help.
Simulation applies four levels of status to pipes within a network:
• Flood identifies those pipes where the water level is above the upstream
cover level.
• Flood Risk is shown when the water level rises to within a prescribed
distance from the cover level - the default freeboard value is 300mm.
• Surcharged pipes are those where the water level is above the soffit at the
upstream end of the pipe.
• OK designates a pipe where the water is at or below the soffit at the
upstream end.
Analysis of Results
In this example, although pipe 1.000 is surcharged, it is not overloaded (the

flow capacity is less than 1 and is shown in blue). It is only shown as
surcharged because its downstream pipe (1.001) is overloaded and backs-up
into 1.000.
Pipe 1.003 has surcharged to within 300mm of the cover level and is
therefore shown as Flood Risk. Pipe 1.004 has flooded because of the
restriction placed on it by the pump rate.
Page 8.12 Example 8
Graphs
To view graphs, simply click on the Graphs icon in the toolbar.
Graphs
Simulation presents you with graphic analysis for each pipe in turn.
To view each pipe, use the Select Pipe dropdown at the top of the screen.
You are also able to choose whether to view Branch Lines, Selection Set,
Flow Graph, Velocity Graph, Volume Graph, Depth Graph, Rainfall Curve
on Flow Graph, Overflow Curve on Flow Graph and Infiltration Curve on
Flow Graph using the buttons on the Toolbar.
Example 8 Page 8.13
Longsections, animate
Next, click on the Longsections icon in the toolbar.
Longsections
Simulation presents the longsection of the network. You can move along the
network using the scroll bar as usual, adjusting your view by choosing the
number of pipes displayed.
For the best view of the animation facility, enlarge the screen and scroll to
the end of the network. Set the number of pipes to be displayed to 5 and the
length of line 1 will be presented.
The red line indicates the highest water level during the storm and it is
already apparent that flooding occurs at the upstream end of 1.004.
Animation
Within Simulation, the Video Controls form appears when a graphics form
that can be animated is opened, it is available from the Results menu if it has
been closed. As with Source Control these function in the same way as a
standard media player:
Page 8.14 Example 8
Here again the animated red line indicates the flow and you can use the Trace
button to view a time-elapsed image.
Schematic
Call up the Schematic from the Graphics menu and run the animation to view
the progress of the storm. Clicking Show Flow Direction indicates the flow
with a dotted line and direction pointer.
Note that at the peak of the flow - around 20-40 minutes into the 30 minute
storm - surcharged pipes and manholes are shown with red circles around the
manholes. Flooded parts of the system show in blue with the animation
showing how the manhole fills and floods during the storm.
Example 8 Page 8.15
Windows management within Simulation

You can have the results analysis facilities open simultaneously. As with
System 1, you can arrange them for easy switching between windows by
using the Cascade option under the Window menu. You can also switch
between windows using the icons in the toolbar.
Utilising existing storage

Move the Longsection so that pipes 2.000 and 2.001 are displayed. The red
maximum water line clearly shows pipe 2.000 does not fill. We are now
going to try to control the outflow from pipe 2.000 to use more of its storage.
We will assign a 150mm orifice control on pipe 2.000. However, instead of

entering the data in the usual way we can demonstrate the use of Toolbox in
the Schematic View (also available in the Plan View) as a means of
introducing controls.
Page 8.16 Example 8
Using the Schematic to introduce controls

Click on the Schematic icon to open the Schematic view. You will see that as
branch line 2 was being displayed on the Longsection the Schematic will
automatically go to the same branch. Select the Toolbox icon.
Toolbox
Make sure the Online Controls tab is selected. There is a collection of icons
representing online controls. Moving the pointer over each control causes the
name of the control to be displayed. In each case the final icon is used to
cancel any given control.
For this example we require control Orifice, which is the top left of the On-
Line icons:
Orifice
Click on this and drag it over the manhole at the outflow of 2.000 as shown
below. See also the How-Do-I: Specify a Hydrobrake® for more information
on dragging and dropping controls.
Example 8 Page 8.17
When you release the mouse button, the Online Controls dialogue box
appears.
Enter the diameter of 150mm (0.150m) and click OK; the Schematic shows
that a control is now present.
As Maintain Results is selected in the File Preferences the analysis is

automatically run after every edit made to your network. Open the
Longsection and once the Maintain Results has finished you can see that the
storage in pipe 2.000 has now been fully utilised. On faster PCs this will be
almost instantaneous. The next step is to try to alleviate flooding at the pump
location.
Page 8.18 Example 8
More analysis
You will notice that orifice controls on the tank sewers raise the water levels
in the tanks, making better use of their storage and reducing downstream
flows even further. Pipe 2.000 is controlled by a combination of the
downstream orifice and the rising water level in pipe 2.001.
In other words, MicroDrainage can analyse controls drowned by rising water

levels downstream. (To examine the tank sewer 2.000 on the graphs you must
examine pipe 2.000 and also the control pipe 2.001, as its upstream manhole
determines the level. Pipe 2.000 itself may show no surcharging which only
means that the water level is not above the upstream soffit of pipe 2.000).
As MicroDrainage analyses backwater effects in all pipes including those

without controls. The downstream pipe, together with rising water levels in
the downstream system dictates the water level in the pipes.
The downstream pipe in cases without controls should be relatively long,

otherwise small changes in water levels will result in very large changes in
hydraulic gradient and/or capacities.
For these obvious reasons large short pipes are not suitable for analysis
without controls. If you are in any doubt, inspect the results and in particular
if the unstable analysis warning appears on your results. If there are rapid and
repeated changes in the outflow graph run the analysis At 2.5 Second
Increment (Extended) by selecting it from the Analyse menu. Also refer to
Unstable Analysis in the on-line Help.
MicroDrainage also provides for a large range of online control

configurations to be used at invert levels above the control.
Example 8 Page 8.19
Overflows
Next introduce an offline control in the form of a side weir in the upstream
manhole of pipe 1.004. This provides an overflow for the pumping station to
maintain a water depth of around 1.6m. To do this, call up the Offline
Controls form by selecting Offline Controls from the Network menu. Offline
Controls can also be added in the same way as Online Controls on the Plan or
Schematic.
Offline Controls
In the first cell key in pipe number 1.004 and call up the control type options
as described above. Choose option Weir. When the Control Details box
appears, enter the values as shown, using tab or the mouse to move between
the boxes. Then click OK and wait for the analysis to update. The flow over
the weir is shown in the Overflow (l/s) column of the Summary of Results.
Page 8.20 Example 8
Storage
It is not always possible to discharge water from the network in this manner.
We will therefore add storage at the pump to stop the overflow activating.
Before designing the storage we need to find out how much is required. To
do this select the Preferences button on the Summary of Results toolbar. Tick
the Overflow Vol (m³) option, click Apply and then OK.
The Summary of Results now displays an Overflow Vol (m³) column, which
shows 46.524 m³ goes over the weir. There is 1.6m of usable depth below the
overflow in manhole 8. This equates to a fixed rate pond area of about 35m².
To add the pond select Pond (Tank/Storage Structure) from the Network
menu and enter the details as shown below.
Specifying 35.0 in the Area (m²) column will result in a straight sided pond
starting at the manhole invert and rising up to the cover level. Click OK. Wait
for the Summary of Results to be automatically updated.
Example 8 Page 8.21
The results show that the flooding has been cured.
Note: This is a simple case with a constant pumped flow. Source Control
may be used to estimate the storage requirement in more complex
examples. Also CASDeF can size storage for all storms in a few seconds.
Controls (loops)
Finally, we will introduce a loop into the system. Open the Offline Controls
spreadsheet again and enter pipe number 2.001 in the second row. Select
control type Pipe and Loop to Pipe Number 3.000. Enter the data as shown,
click OK and run the analysis.
Page 8.22 Example 8
Analysis
Look at the graphs for pipes 2.001 and 3.000. You will see that the loop
control pipe takes a distinct "chunk" of water from pipe 2.001 and lets it flow
through 3.000. The water only flows through the looped pipe control when
the upstream manhole of 2.001 has a water depth of 0.7m above the outgoing
pipe invert.
Printing
To print your results, click on the Print icon in the toolbar. The Simulation
Print gives you a range of options:
For this final analysis select the Network Details, Outfall Details, Simulation
Criteria, Storage Structures, Online Controls and Offline Controls from the
Model tab. From the Results tab select Summary of Results and Rainfall
Profile and then select the Update Preview button.
The selected information will now be displayed. Select the Print button to
print or alternatively select Save to create an electronic copy.
Example 8 Page 8.23
Measured Rainfall and measured flows

If you choose Rainfall Profile in the Simulation Criteria, you will be allowed
to specify up to ten hyetographs. In this instance you may use soil index and
PIMP data in lieu of Cv (the volumetric run-off coefficient).
You can then specify a different hyetograph for each pipe by entering the
hyetograph number in the Profile Number column of Rainfall Links which
can be accessed in the Network menu. You have the option to create, edit and
load synthetic hyetograph and/or real world rainfall data which the program
will use for analysis.
Measured hydrographs may also be input into the system. This feature is also
used to connect upstream networks into the system. If a sub-catchment has
not been analysed it may be represented as a time/area diagram, as can an
undeveloped catchment which may need to be incorporated to determine its
effect on the network.
Points to remember
Probably the most common mistake to make with Simulation is to run a
hopeless case. A system that cannot take a 5 year storm will not yield
meaningful results when simulated on a 100 year return period. Some
preliminary work is required.
The first step is to run option 1 of the overloaded options contained in System
1 (Rational Method) for say a 1 year return. This will yield the diameters the
pipes should have been under normal design conditions. If a 150mm pipe
should have been a 600mm pipe then there is precious little point in
simulating it under extreme conditions - it will flood!
If the capacity of the pipe is very small then storage may not be the most
economical solution. The pipe may have to be upgraded.
The program will endeavour to analyse anything you specify but only if your
approach is sensible will the results be meaningful.
The Complete Example8 - Simulation
Drainage Software Simulation of a drainage
Solution system with tank sewers
Existing Network Details for Intex8
PN Length Fall Slope I.Area T.E. Rain n HYD DIA Section Type
(m) (m) (1:X) (ha) (mins) Pro SECT (mm)
1.000 20.000 1.200 16.7 0.200 5.00 1 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit

1.001 39.000 0.488 79.9 0.120 0.00 1 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
2.000 80.000 0.360 222.2 0.200 5.00 1 0.012 o 600 Pipe/Conduit

2.001 25.000 0.888 28.2 0.120 0.00 1 0.012 o 225 Pipe/Conduit
1.002 90.000 0.360 250.0 0.115 0.00 1 0.012 o 375 Pipe/Conduit

1.003 50.000 0.350 142.9 0.350 0.00 1 0.012 o 375 Pipe/Conduit
3.000 90.000 0.480 187.5 0.000 5.00 1 0.012 o 750 Pipe/Conduit
1.004 45.000 0.300 150.0 0.070 0.00 1 0.012 o 375 Pipe/Conduit
PN US/MH US/CL US/IL US DS/CL DS/IL DS Ctrl US/MH

Name (m) (m) C.Depth (m) (m) C.Depth (mm)
(m) (m)
1.000 1 102.000 100.500 1.275 100.975 99.300 1.450 1050

1.001 2 100.975 99.300 1.450 100.600 98.812 1.563 1050
2.000 3 101.900 100.060 1.240 101.700 99.700 1.400 1500

2.001 4 101.700 99.700 1.775 100.600 98.812 1.563 Orifice 1500
1.002 5 100.600 98.662 1.563 100.150 98.302 1.473 1350

1.003 6 100.150 98.302 1.473 99.600 97.952 1.273 1350
3.000 7 100.400 97.950 1.700 99.600 97.470 1.380 1800
1.004 8 99.600 97.470 1.755 98.800 97.170 1.255 Pump 1800
Free Flowing Outfall Details for Intex8

(m)
1.004 9 98.800 97.170 0.000 1800 0
Simulation Criteria for Intex8
Volumetric Runoff Coeff 0.750 Additional Flow - % of Total Flow 0.000

Areal Reduction Factor 1.000 MADD Factor * 10m³/ha Storage 2.000
Hot Start (mins) 0 Inlet Coeffiecient 0.800
Hot Start Level (mm) 0 Flow per Person per Day (l/per/day) 0.000
Manhole Headloss Coeff (Global) 0.500 Run Time (mins) 120
Foul Sewage per hectare (l/s) 0.000 Output Interval (mins) 2
Number of Input Hydrographs 0 Number of Offline Controls 2 Number of Time/Area Diagrams 0

Number of Online Controls 2 Number of Storage Structures 1 Number of Real Time Controls 0
Rainfall Profile Details
Event Name Duration (mins) 30 Timestep (mins) 1 Profiles 1
Online Controls for Intex8
Orifice Manhole: 4, DS/PN: 2.001, Volume (m³): 25.7
Diameter (m) 0.150 Discharge Coefficient 0.600 Invert Level (m) 99.700
Pump Manhole: 8, DS/PN: 1.004, Volume (m³): 49.7
Depth (m) Flow (l/s)
0.200 50.0000
Offline Controls for Intex8
Pipe Manhole: 4, DS/PN: 2.001, Loop to PN: 3.000
Diameter (m) 0.225 Manning's n 0.012

Section Type Pipe/Conduit Entry Loss Coefficient 0.900
Slope (1:X) 50.0 Coefficient of Contraction 0.600
Length (m) 50.000 Upstream Invert Level (m) 100.400
Weir Manhole: 8, DS/PN: 1.004, Loop to PN: None
Storage Structures for Intex8
Tank or Pond Manhole: 8, DS/PN: 1.004
Depth (m) Area (m²)
0.000 35.0
Summary of Results for Measured Rainfall - (Intex8)
Margin for Flood Risk Warning (mm) 300.0 DVD Status OFF
Analysis Timestep Fine Inertia Status OFF
DTS Status ON
Water Surcharged Flooded Pipe

US/MH Level Depth Volume Flow / Overflow Flow
PN Name (m) (m) (m³) Cap. (l/s) (l/s) Status
1.000 1 100.637 -0.088 0.000 0.51 56.2 OK

1.001 2 100.366 0.841 0.000 1.46 76.1 SURCHARGED
2.000 3 100.445 -0.215 0.000 0.13 52.5 OK
2.001 4 100.437 0.512 0.000 0.44 2.2 37.8 SURCHARGED
1.002 5 99.347 0.310 0.000 1.10 127.3 SURCHARGED
1.003 6 99.069 0.392 0.000 1.27 187.9 SURCHARGED
3.000 7 99.022 0.322 0.000 0.00 1.5 SURCHARGED
1.004 8 99.022 1.177 0.000 0.35 0.0 50.0 SURCHARGED
Rainfall Hyetograph for Measured Rainfall - (Intex8)
Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain Time Rain
(mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr) (mins) (mm/hr)
2 16.682 8 25.097 14 113.405 20 56.801 26 20.840

4 18.316 10 33.339 16 173.547 22 33.339 28 18.316
6 20.840 12 56.802 18 113.405 24 25.097 30 16.682
Graphs for Pipe 1.004 US/MH 8 (Intex8)

Measured Rainfall -
Status: SURCHARGED
Example 9 Page 9.1

Example 9 – Channel
The Backwater Step Method
Page 9.2 Example 9
Introduction
Channel is a backwater step method for determining the water levels in open
channels. It is suitable for gradually varying flows in channels of reasonably
uniform cross section where the flow is sub-critical.
Where the flow becomes super-critical (or rapid), an estimate of depth based
on stage discharge is output for the main channel. Backwater analysis is then
continued upstream when the flow becomes sub-critical (or tranquil) again.
Methodology
Step methods are one of the most commonly used ways for determining
backwater curves. They calculate the water levels from station to station
where the cross sections and hydraulic characteristics are known.
Some of these methods determine the hydraulic gradient at each station and
average them, while others use the average cross sectional area of the stations
to determine an average velocity and hence a gradient.
Channel uses the latter method, as it is easier to carry out a manual check of
the results. However, there is usually very little difference between the results
given by the two methods.
Preparing the data

The first part of the open channel to be modelled has two reaches, defined by
the three sections shown opposite:
Example 9 Page 9.3
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Page 9.4 Example 9
These sections must be input to the program using x and y co-ordinates. The y
co-ordinates are the levels at each point. The x co-ordinates define the width
of the channel and only need to be given relative to one another.
Defining the sections

Look at the hard copies of the results at the end of this example (pages 9.23
to 9.26), coordinates are defined in x and y format for each section.
Flows and roughness

The roughness variables defined in section 1 apply to the reach from sections
1 to 2. Similarly, the roughness variables defined in section 2 are used
between sections 2 to 3 and so on.
Remember that backwater analysis starts from the outfall, so that section 1 is
downstream of section 2.
The full cross section details for each station are given in the results. This
example has been deliberately chosen for its awkwardness to demonstrate
how complex sections can be modelled.
Opening Channel
After the Channel title screen, you will see the Channel Open screen:
The Start a New Job button is already highlighted, so click OK or press

Return.
Example 9 Page 9.5
Channel Details
Channel presents you with Channel Details spreadsheet. The row for Section
1 under Chainage is already highlighted for you to enter the value. For this
example, enter zero (or leave the field blank) and press Return. The cursor
moves to the Type field, leave this as Open and press Return again to move
to the Flow field, we will come back to different section types later in the
example.
We must enter a flow for the first section and at points where the flow
changes otherwise it will default to the previous value by pressing Return.
Enter 8 m3/s and press Return. Losses may also be varied for each section,
but in this example you need simply to press Return again to reach the Level
column. We must enter a value for the first section, enter 10m. We cannot
edit the level for any other section as the program calculates the level.
Page 9.6 Example 9
Channel Coordinates
Pressing Return in the Level column will have moved the cursor to the first
row of the Channel Coordinates spreadsheet:
Enter the data shown here. Note that the cursor automatically moves between
the x and y coordinates and n value. The n value must be entered for the first
cell and at points where it changes otherwise it will default to the previous
value by pressing Return.
When the cursor moves to the eleventh row, press Return again and it
automatically takes you to Section 2.
Example 9 Page 9.7
Section 2
For Section 2 the chainage is 80, the flows is as for section 1 so will be
automatically filled in if you press Return and there are no losses to enter.
The x/y co-ordinates and n values are as shown.
When you have finished entering these co-ordinates, note that Channel
produces its first results:
Page 9.8 Example 9
Finally, enter the data for Section 3. The chainage is 187.
Longsection
The Longsection and Cross Section are displayed alongside the Channel
Details. To view full screen longitudinal sections of the system, simply click
on the Longsection icon in the toolbar:
Longsection
You can move between sections using the scroll box at the bottom of the
screen; if you click on the scroll box, you can then use the keyboard arrows.
You can also adjust the number of sections displayed using the arrows at the
top of the screen.
Cross sections
To view full screen cross sections of each section, click the Cross Section
icon in the toolbar.
Cross Section
Again, clicking in the scroll bar enables you to switch between sections,
using the keyboard arrows if you prefer.
Example 9 Page 9.9
Cascaded views
As with all MicroDrainage modules, Channel allows you to view all open
windows simultaneously. Simply select Cascade from the Window menu.
You can move quickly between the spreadsheet and the graphic views of the
sections simply by clicking on the window you require.
Printing
You can now print out your results. Simply click on the Print icon in the
toolbar.
Print
When you select Print, Channel shows you the Print dialogue box:
print simply by clicking in the appropriate box. Click the Update Preview
button to see a print preview. When you are satisfied with the selected
options click the Print icon at the top of the dialogue to send the job to the
printer.
Page 9.10 Example 9
Super-critical flow
The usual flow in a river is sub-critical or tranquil. A stone dropped in the
river will cause ripples upstream - the flow is slower than the wave speed.
Super-critical (or rapid) flow has a parallel in supersonic speed. Ripples from
a stone, or a stick placed in the water, will cause waves downstream, but the
velocity is too fast for the wave to travel upstream.
The principles of backwater analysis do not apply if the flow is super-critical,

as downstream effects do not backwater upstream. Accordingly, if the
channel bed is steep and rapid flow results, Channel shows the result in red.
This illustrates that backwater analysis has not been possible and the depth
calculated for that section is based on a stage discharge relationship.
The hard copy places an asterisk beside the result to show it has not been
calculated by backwater. In addition, the results are shown on one line as
they are based on that section and not on the average values of two sections
as in normal backwater.
To view this effect, and to practice the entry of circular sections, we will
enter three additional sections as shown opposite.
Example 9 Page 9.11
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Page 9.12 Example 9
Introducing super-critical flow
On the Channel Details spreadsheet move the cursor to Section 4 of the
Chainage Details. Enter a chainage of 200, a flow of 6.000 with the data
shown here for the x/y coordinates and Manning’s n.
Section 4, at 200m, provides for super-critical flow, as it is much higher than

the previous section. Note that super-critical flow is shown in red on the
results section of the spreadsheet.
Example 9 Page 9.13
Pipe sections
We shall now add two circular sections. Move the cursor to Section 5 on the
Chainage Details spreadsheet. Enter 230m for the Chainage and then change
the Type to Pipe.
The coordinates form changes to show the appropriate entry form. Click in
the Flow column, then click Return until the cursor appears in the IL column.
Now enter the data shown here for Section 5.
Copying sections
Section 6 has the same diameter and invert level as Section 5 so we can copy
these details by clicking the Insert Section button in the toolbar.
Insert Section
The Insert Section No form appears from which you should select the last
option leaving the change in invert level as 0m, then click OK.
Page 9.14 Example 9
Change the Chainage to 250m and check the other details have been copied
correctly as below.
Note: The results for Section 6 show a return to tranquil flow. Channel
does not model hydraulic jumps, so the water depths for the super-critical
sections must be regarded as estimates for use as data with which to
backwater the next sub-critical section. If a detailed analysis of super-
critical flows and hydraulic jumps is required, then these must be
undertaken manually and the appropriate specification applied to stilling
basins etc.
Example 9 Page 9.15
Introducing an intermediate section

The cross-sections in backwater analysis should not change rapidly. Apart
from super-critical flow, another reason the result may appear in red is that
the sections are too dissimilar.
If we introduce an intermediate section between 187m and 200m the

backwater may be successful. To do this, move the cursor back onto Section
3 and click on the Insert Section icon again. Choose Insert Intermediate After
Section No and click OK to accept the insert section position.
Channel inserts a new line below the highlighted Section. The old Section 4
now becomes Section 5. Overtype the Flow value with 6 m3/s for the
intermediate section and update the n values for the Channel Coordinates as
below:
Intermediate sections should always be tried if the results appear in red.

However, if the flow is super-critical then intermediate sections will not alter
the result from red to blue.
Page 9.16 Example 9
Local losses
With the introduction of the intermediate section we still have super-critical
flow at Section 6.
This is because the water levels have dipped due to the large changes in
velocities, even though there is an increase in the energy line upstream. A dip
in water levels may be observed in streamlined sections, but in most
circumstances local losses will occur.
In this example we have a tributary entering the channel between Sections 4

and 3 (194m and 187m), with a flow of 2m3/s. To account for the additional
local losses caused, enter a factor of 1.0 at Section 3. To enter the local loss
factor, simply click in the K field for Section 3 and enter the appropriate
value - in this case, 1.0.
Also the flow exits a culvert into an open channel between Sections 6 and 5
(230m to 200m). If we apply a local loss factor of 1.5 at Section 5, the effect
is duly registered and the results show a more realistic conclusion. The
results now show a much better balance of levels and velocities and, indeed,
a properly accurate reflection of reality:
Note: The super-critical flow at Section 6 has been removed.
Now save the file as Intex9.bckx.

Example 9 Page 9.17
The value of k
To demonstrate the calculations required to determine an appropriate value
for k - the local loss factor - within Channel we will show how it may be
applied to another reach of the channel.
Let us assume that a short culvert restricts the flow in the main channel
between Sections 1 and 2. As the culvert is short (say less than 10m) the
friction loss is negligible and it is not necessary to input section details at
each end of the culvert. A local loss factor input at Section 1 (to be used in
the reach 1 to 2) may be sufficient to account for this obstruction.
The entrance and exit to and from the culvert are abrupt. At the entrance,
50% of the kinetic energy increase from the channel to the culvert is lost,
while at the exit 100% of the kinetic energy decrease from the culvert to the
channel is also lost. This may be expressed as follows:
v1 = average channel velocity

v2 = velocity in culvert
entrance loss = 0.5 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)

exit loss = 1 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)
Total loss = 1.5 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)
The k value in the program is the proportion of the kinetic energy of the
average channel flow lost due to the obstruction. Therefore the k value to be
used in the program is:
k * v12 / (2 * 9.81) = 1.5 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)
If v1 = 1 m/s and v2 = 1.2 m/s, then k = 0.66
This calculation is not applicable if the velocity in the culvert is critical. The
culvert then becomes the control. The critical depth for the culvert must be
calculated and a new backwater curve calculated upstream of the critical
section.
If the culvert were long it would be necessary to specify a section at each end
of the culvert, as friction losses would be significant. Say the culvert starts at
Page 9.18 Example 9
Section 2 and ends at Section 3 and is 150m long. As the x co-ordinates for a
cross section must be at least .01m apart, the vertical sides of a culvert can
only be specified as near vertical (i.e., with a 1 cm slope).
At Section 2 the exit loss from the culvert must be specified as:
k * v22 / (2 * 9.81) = 1 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)
Note that the average velocity for the reach under consideration (between
Sections 2 and 3) is v2 - the velocity in the culvert and k at Section 2 is
deemed to be a proportion of the kinetic energy based on this velocity. v1 is
the average velocity in the channel between Sections 1 and 2.
The entrance loss is now specified at Section 3 and the k factor is calculated
as follows:
k * v12 / (2 * 9.81) = .5 * (v22 - v12)/ (2 * 9.81)
k is now a proportion of v1 which is the average velocity in the channel

between Sections 3 and 4.
So the local loss factor must always be expressed as a proportion of the

average velocity in the reach being considered. If k is specified at Section n it
will be applied to the reach from Section n to Section n+1 and it must be
based on the average velocity in this reach.
It is not possible in this example to give definitive advice on what proportion

of the kinetic energy is lost at each obstruction, as it will always depend on
the geometry of the structure. It is a good starting point to assume that it is a
proportion of the change in the kinetic energy of the flow, as this example
illustrates. However site measurements are very useful in determining local
loss factors.
The ratio of the cross sectional areas of the channel and the obstruction may
change during high flows. An allowance must be made for this if water levels
taken at low flows are used to calculate local loss factors.
Example 9 Page 9.19
Analysing in Simulation A.P.T.

Channel is useful for backwater analysis of river sections with known flows
but if you have additional areas draining to the river sections or you want to
more accurately model super-critical flows the Simulation module can read in
Channel files for analysis.
Start the Simulation A.P.T. module and select Open Existing File at the Open
screen. Change the file type from .mdx, to .bckx using the drop down menu
and open the file Intex9.bckx.
At the Simulation Criteria screen enter the values as shown below:
Click Edit to open the Rainfall Profile form and import the file
Trump30d.redx from the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory. Then click
OK to the Simulation Criteria.
Page 9.20 Example 9
Editing the Network Details
Select Network Details from the Network menu. Starting at the most
upstream section, section 7 in the Channel file, the file has been converted to
a network with pipe numbers. The top spreadsheet shows the Pipe DIA for
the open sections from Channel as negative numbers indicating they are from
a conduit library (see Example 2 for details of using your own conduit
library). The conduit library has been created and will be saved as part of the
.mdx file. The circular sections have been loaded as pipes.
Enter the flows from Channel into the Base Flow column; note that these
values are in l/s, rather than m3/s. Enter 6000 l/s for pipe 1.000 and 2000 l/s
at pipe 1.004 where the additional flow enters the network. We will also
enter an extra 5ha at pipe 1.004.
The spreadsheet also shows manholes have not been designed between the
open sections. If the manhole dimensions cannot be seen, open the toolbar
Preferences and turn on the US/MH Diam/Len and US/MH Width columns.
A manhole has been assigned between the open section and the pipe. In
reality this will not exist, to avoid taking into account additional storage
change select the Preferences button and add the US Connection column.
Close the preferences form and change the manhole type to Junction.
The yellow background indicates values have been altered from the original
file.
Example 9 Page 9.21
The local loss factor, K, from Channel can be entered in the Manhole
Headloss form available from the Network menu. Enter the details as shown
below to represent the local losses. The values turn from blue to red to
indicate they are user defined.
Open the Network Manager from the Site menu, Analyse will be set to off,
shown as red. Click on the GO icon and it will change to green, now you can
run the analysis as usual, view the Summary of Results and display the
graphical views. For more information on the Simulation module see
Example 7 of this manual.
Page 9.22 Example 9
Editing in System 1 A.P.T. or DrawNet

Channel files may be imported to System 1 with A.P.T. or DrawNet as
Existing Networks. To import into an existing file, select Network Manager
from the Site menu and click the Import icon on the toolbar, change the file
type to .bckx and select the required file.
To import the network into a new file select Open Existing File at the Open
screen and follow the procedure as for Simulation. For more information on
the DrawNet module see Example 13 of this manual.
Drainage Software Channel
Solution The Backwater step method
File Intex9.bckx Checked by
Micro Drainage Channel 2015.2.0.16109
NOTE:- Slope is the gradient of the energy line not the water line.
The water level is the energy level - V²/19.62
CHAIN K N FLOW AREA VEL PERIM A/P SLOPE LEVEL

(m) (m³/s) (m²) (m/s) (m) (m) (1:X) (m)
0 8.000 22.66 21.30 10.000

0.000 0.035 8.000 19.19 0.42 17.80 1.08 5074
80 8.000 15.72 14.29 10.009
0.000 0.035 8.000 16.23 0.49 19.48 0.83 2658
187 8.000 16.74 24.67 10.051
1.000 0.323 7.000 13.40 0.52 20.04 0.67 20
194 6.000 10.07 15.42 10.397
0.000 0.393 6.000 8.09 0.74 11.65 0.69 7
200 6.000 6.12 7.89 11.194
1.500 0.030 6.000 4.61 1.30 6.24 0.74 152
230 6.000 3.10 4.59 11.250
0.000 0.012 6.000 3.15 1.90 4.63 0.68 1171
250 6.000 3.21 4.66 11.280
COORDINATES
Section No 1 Chainage (m) 0

Open Channel Coordinates
X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n
1.000 12.000 1.000 12.000 10.000 0.035 23.150 8.230 0.035 38.000 10.300 1.000 42.000 11.200 1.000
5.000 10.500 1.000 19.200 8.110 0.035 34.000 10.200 1.000 40.000 11.000 1.000 44.000 12.000 1.000

X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n
1.000 12.000 1.000 8.000 10.000 0.035 17.340 8.400 0.035 35.000 10.700 1.000 41.000 11.700 1.000
5.000 10.300 1.000 13.000 8.120 0.035 23.100 10.600 1.000 37.000 11.500 1.000 43.000 12.200 1.000

X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n
0.000 12.000 0.035 5.000 8.500 0.035 8.600 8.200 0.035 12.000 9.600 1.000 26.000 9.800 1.000 29.000 11.000 1.000

X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n
0.000 12.500 0.035 5.000 9.285 0.035 6.800 9.135 0.035 10.350 9.840 1.000 17.350 9.940 1.000 20.750 11.850 1.000

X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n X (m) Y (m) n
0.000 13.000 0.030 5.000 10.070 0.030 8.700 10.080 0.030 12.500 12.700 0.030

Circular Section Details
Diameter (m) 4.00 Invert Level (m) 10.070 n 0.012

Circular Section Details
Diameter (m) 4.00 Invert Level (m) 10.070 n 0.012
Chainage (m) 0 80 187194

200
Hor Scale 1800
Ver Scale 200
Datum (m)4.000
Flow (m³/s) 8.000 8.000 8.000
6.000
Velocity (m/s) 0.42 0.49 0.52
0.74
Slope (1:X) 5074 2658 20 7
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.200
12.000
11.000
12.500
13.000
11.850
12.700
L/Bank Level (m)
R/Bank Level (m)
8.110
8.120
8.200
9.135
10.000
10.009
10.051
10.397
11.194
10.070
Water Level (m)
Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 80 107 7 6
Chainage (m) 200 230 250
Hor Scale 1800
Ver Scale 200
Datum (m)6.000
Flow (m³/s) 6.000 6.000
Velocity (m/s) 1.30 1.90
Slope (1:X) 152 1171
13.000
12.700
14.070
14.070
14.070
14.070
L/Bank Level (m)

R/Bank Level (m)
11.194
10.070
11.250
10.070
11.280
10.070
Water Level (m)

Invert Level (m)
Length (m) 30 20
Micro Drainage Channel 2016.1
0.000
5.000
8.600
12.000
26.000
29.000
X-Coord (m)
8.500
8.200
9.600
9.800
11.000
12.000
Y-Coord (m)
Hor Scale 500
Ver Scale 200
Datum (m)4.000
Section Number 3
Chainage (m) 187
Water Level (m) 10.051
0.000
5.000
6.800
10.350
17.350
20.750
X-Coord (m)
9.285
9.135
9.840
9.940
11.850
12.500
Y-Coord (m)
Hor Scale 500
Ver Scale 200
Datum (m)5.000
Section Number 4
Chainage (m) 194
Water Level (m) 10.397
Example 10 Page 10.1

Example 10 - Source Control

Infiltration Systems
Page 10.2 Example 10
Introduction
The use of infiltration techniques has risen to the top of the engineering
agenda. The pressure to improve the environmental impact of the drainage
network led first to a focus on the improvement and, where possible, removal
of combined sewer overflows (CSOs).
Increasingly, however, the emphasis is shifting towards prevention rather

than cure and, ultimately, to solutions that deal with the entire network, from
inflow to outflow. This approach has been dubbed 'Joined-up Thinking'.
Infiltration has a major role to play in this strategy. Source Control is the first
program of its kind to provide a complete analysis and design solution for
engineers, which can integrate infiltration techniques with conventional
design solutions.
Opening Source Control

Open the Source Control module.
Alternatively, use your preferred Windows method. You are presented with
the Source Control Open screen.
This example is based on a 30 hectare site. Approximately 33% of the surface

area is impermeable, with six hectares paved and four hectares roofed. We
have an allowable discharge of 20 l/s.
Within the Source Control Open screen, double click on the Design Guide
icon.
The Design Guide is a tool designed to simplify the complex process of

designing a solution incorporating the use of infiltration techniques. Begin by
clicking the Quick Storage Estimate button.
The Quick Storage Estimate window appears.
Note: Ciria 156 (table 4.6) lists safety factors of between 1.5 and 10.
This process will give us a rough idea of the storage required and show
whether or not infiltration is appropriate as part of the solution.
Enter the variables as shown. To find the Infiltration Coefficient, click the
Calculator button.
The formula is based on the site test from Ciria 156 (Ciria 697) and BRE 365.
Enter the data as shown and click OK. The value 0.2m/hr is entered
automatically.
Click Analyse and the routing calculations are carried out.
We can already see that the use of infiltration is likely to make a substantial
difference to the required storage capacity. Click on the Design tab to see a
graphic representation of the result.
For this example we will route the roofed areas into soakaways and half the
paved area into a porous car park.
The outflows from the soakaways and the car park will be combined with the
remaining paved area run-off, which will feed into a storage pond.
Since the pond is limited by our maximum discharge of 20 l/s, we will design
the soakaways and the car park to maximum discharges of 10 l/s. This is
because the combined discharge from upstream must not exceed the final
discharge rate, otherwise the drain down period may cause the pond to fail.
Note: This is not the only design option. We could, for example, specify
the soakaways with no discharge (infiltration only) and then have 20 litres
per second available for the car park. For a real project, your best
judgement should be applied according to the specific circumstances.
Quick Design
Source Control's Quick Design facility enables us to enter the necessary data
for the design of each solution quickly and easily.
Click OK to close the Quick Storage Estimate window and click the Quick
Design button on the Design Guide and enter the variables for the soakaways
as shown. Most of the values will have been filled in automatically, however
you must alter Impermeability Factor, Area and Discharge.
Click Analyse and the routing calculations for the soakaways are carried out.
The results show that we require between 784 and 916 soakaways of 0.9m
diameter with a 1.35m pit size (1 metre effective depth). To see a section
through the soakaway design, select the Structures tab.
Detailed Design
We can now begin to design the soakaway solution in detail. Click OK to
close the Quick Design function and choose Detailed Design in the Design
Guide.
Enter the Global Variables as shown and click OK.
For the Rainfall and Network Details you have only to check the data are as
shown.
Source Control takes the rainfall information from Quick Design
automatically.
Click OK again and the Time Area Diagram spreadsheet opens. Enter the
data as shown and click OK.
At the Lined Soakaway Structure window, enter the data as shown.
Note that we have used an estimate of 860 soakaways, based on the results
from Quick Design. Click OK to continue.
Hydro-Brake®
Source Control will calculate the Hydro-Brake® automatically based on the
Hydro-Brake® Range called Optimum®. To do this click the Calculator
button.
Calculator
At the Hydro-Brake® Calculator enter the data for the Design Head and
Design Flow as below. Choose the Minimise upstream storage and click OK.
The Hydro-Brake® flow characteristics are calculated for you.
Enter an Invert level of 100m and click OK.

Go with the Flow Check

We are now ready to perform the calculations for the soakaways. Click GO to
run the analysis and the calculations are carried out.
Run Analysis
Results
When the calculations are complete, save the data as Soakaways.srcx.
The summary shows a maximum depth of 0.987m is reached during the 60

minute storm. This is within our available soakaway depth of 1 metre. This
result is satisfactory, but if you needed to edit the size of the soakaways you
can do this via the Edit menu.
Car park
We now move on to design the porous car park, following a similar process
to the one used for the soakaways. Again, select Quick Design from the
Design Guide toolbar and enter the data as shown.
Click Analyse and the results are as follows:
For a car park of 0.4m depth, we require a surface area of between 4417.6m2
and 4735.9m2.
Again, you can view a section by clicking the Structures tab.
Click OK and then click on Detailed Design from the Design Guide which
will start a new job.
This time select Porous Car Park as the storage structure and Orifice for the
outflow control. Enter the rainfall data as before.
For the Time Area Diagram, enter the figures shown to give the total
contributing area of three hectares.
System Details
We will try a square car park with 70m sides, which gives a surface area of
4900m2. This is just above the top end of the range from the Quick Design
results, to allow for the slope of the car park.
Enter the figures as shown.

Membrane Percolation is the rate at which water can flow through the geo-
textile used in the surface of the car park. This, combined with the surface
area of the car park, enables Source Control to calculate a maximum
percolation (inflow) value, shown for reference at the top of the form (6125.0
l/s). Click OK to continue.
Source Control will size the orifice automatically.
Click the Calculator button and enter the required flow details.
Click OK and the value is automatically entered into the analysis.
In this instance we are given an orifice diameter of 89mm. This is too small
and will block easily. Accordingly, we will use a Hydro-Brake® instead.
Hydro-Brake®
Select Global Variables from the Edit menu and alter the Outflow Control to
Hydro-Brake® and click OK.
You are presented with the Hydro-Brake® Outflow Control dialogue box.
Enter the data for invert level, design head and design flow and the remaining
values are calculated automatically. From the Calculator button select
Minimise upstream storage click OK. Click OK to the Hydro-Brake®
Outflow Control form and then click the GO button to Analyse.
Results
Save your file as CarPark.srcx.
The results show a maximum depth of 0.385 metres for the 60 minute storm.
This is within our designated maximum of 400mm for the car park.
Again, in a real project you may well wish to refine the design, but for the
purposes of this example the results are acceptable. Note also that the Hydro-
Brake® we specified has not exceeded the maximum discharge rate of 10 l/s.
Note: Don’t worry if your results don’t show a status of OK. Flood Risk is
given if the water level is within a specified margin of the cover. This can
be found by selecting Preferences from the File menu. Although it is
always advisable to design using such a safety factor, it is not necessary to
use a value of 300mm (the default) in this case. Since we are designing to
a total depth of 400mm, 200mm is a more practical value.
The Pond
The last element of our tripartite approach to storage is the pond itself. In this
instance, the storage required is dependent upon the outflows from the car
park and the soakaways. For this reason we cannot use Quick Design to give
us a starting point. Accordingly, we must go straight to the Detailed Design
tool.
Select the options shown for Global Variables and click OK. The data for the
Rainfall Details and Time Area Diagram are the same as for the car park.
Area
We can calculate the area for the pond using the Quick Storage Estimate
result. This indicated that storage of between 1045m3 and 3533m3 would be
required if an infiltration system were to be used.
In this case, only two thirds of the storage utilises infiltration, so we can be
sure that the final result will be towards the upper bound given by the
estimate. For this exercise we will assume a figure of 2500 m3.
With just under 1400m3 being given by the soakaways and the carpark we
have approximately 1100m3 remaining for the pond. If the water level is not
to exceed a depth of 1 metre, the pond area is as shown.
Note: As the Plan Area is constant we only need to enter the first value.
This area will automatically be repeated by the software.
Click OK and enter the data for the Crown Vortex Valve® Outflow Control.
You can use the calculator as shown for the Hydro-brake® earlier.
Enter the parameters as shown for the overflow weir, which is 1 metre above
the invert of the structure.
Click GO. When the analysis has finished save the file as Pond.srcx. The
results are as shown.
Cascade
At this stage the results are not significant because they do not include the
flow from the car park and the soakaways. To do this, click the Cascade
button on the design tool.
To load the three structures into the Cascade screen, click the Add button.
Add
Double click on each item in turn which will place the icons in the design
area. The icons will be stacked on top of one another. To lay them out as
shown, click on each one in turn with the left mouse button and drag it to the
appropriate place.
To connect the structures, click on the green outflow arrow of the soakaway
with the right mouse button. Holding the button down, drag the green line
that appears to the inflow arrow on the pond icon and release the mouse
button. Repeat this for the car park.
With both links defined, click GO to run the Cascade analysis and save the
file when prompted as Intex10.casx.
We now have a detailed analysis for the whole storage system. You can
switch between the results for each structure using the Pond Selector. Select
the Pond structure.
From the results we can see that the Pond overflow has been activated so we
need to go back and enlarge the size of the structure.
Re-designing the Pond

To re-load the original pond design file simply click the Edit button on the
Pond Selector when Pond is selected. This reopens the file at the storage
structure form for editing.
Increase the size of the pond to 1320m2 by clicking the Scale Factor arrow up
until it says 20 or typing 20 in the box.
Click the Scale button and it will automatically scale each number in the
table by 20%. Click OK, run the analysis and save the file.
We must now re-run the Cascade analysis. Click on the Cascade button and
the Cascade Sequence form still contains the original data. Click GO to run
the analysis again and then save when prompted.
The results show that enlarging the Pond by 20% stops the overflow from
activating. Here, however, the Pond uses a total of 1288.7m3 of storage.
With the soakaways and the car park we now have a total of 2645.4m3, in the
middle of the range originally given by the Quick Storage Estimate.
Graphics and animation

Source Control incorporates a variety of graphical representations of the
designs. They are available for each component of the system and may be
used in conjunction with each set of results as they are presented.
However, for the purposes of this example we shall look at them here in
order to demonstrate the versatility of the Pond Selector.
Select the Graphs option by clicking the Graphs button.
Graphs
The graphs for the structure selected in the Pond Selector appear. Again, you
can switch between the structures using the Pond Selector.
The available graphs can be selected from the toolbar, click Show Total
Flow/Component to ensure all flows are displayed.
For an animated representation of the control, click the Animation button.
Animation
The animation for the soakaway is shown below.
As with all MicroDrainage animation, the Video Controls form appears with
controls similar to those on a media player, play, pause, advance and so on.
The trace icon on the left of the toolbar is selected, giving a visual
representation of the process of the storm. You can use the Storm Selector to
switch storm durations and the Pond Selector to choose another structure.
Source Control also enables you to view an animation of the complete

system. To do this, select Animation from the Cascade menu.
The structures work in the same way and you can see the whole system in
operation, with the relationships between the structures clearly shown.
The animation may also be viewed in 3D by selecting 3D Animation from

the Cascade menu.
Note: You may not wish to use soakaways of the same design for the
whole project. Some areas of the site may cater for larger effective depths
while other areas may allow the placement of house soakaways.
The same may apply to the car park. In this example we have used a single
design of soakaway and car park to keep things simple.
If you do choose to use multiple designs, you will probably find it easiest
to design several batches of each structure before proceeding to link them
together in the Cascade stage.
Joined up Thinking
Having designed our three structures and shown they will work together the
last stage of the design process is to test them 'in situ'. We can download the
structures into Simulation to test the effects of the connecting pipe network.
Simulation
The network we will be using is supplied with the software. It will have been
installed to your machine during the Setup process. Start Simulation using
your preferred method. At the Open screen select Open Existing File and
load the file Intex10.mdx from your \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory.
Click OK to the Simulation Criteria. The outflow controls have already been
defined. These can be seen by selecting Online Controls from the Network
menu.
The only thing left for us to do is to incorporate the three storage structures.
Note: When we download structures from Source Control, Simulation will

only incorporate the appropriate volume and infiltration rates. Any outflow
or overflow controls must be re-defined by the user in Simulation.
Drag & Drop

We are now ready to drop the pond and infiltration systems into the network.
Open the Plan (available from the Graphics menu) and from the toolbar click
on the Toolbox icon and click on the Structures tab.
Toolbox
Drag the Lined Soakaway icon and drop it on the upstream of pipe 1.001.
The DS Pipe Number and Structure type have been filled in for you. Click
the Import button and choose Soakaways.srcx. The file is loaded and the rest
of the details are filled in for you. Click OK to return to the Plan.
Now use the same procedure to add Carpark.srcx to the upstream manhole of
2.001 and the Pond.srcx to the upstream manhole of 1.004. You may need to
adjust the invert levels of the structures to make sure the invert levels are
100m for the lined soakaway and the car park and 99m for the pond.
The Full Picture

Click GO to run the Analysis.
When the results are displayed, click on the Summary Preferences icon and
turn on the Infiltration Flow and Infiltration Volume column.
Simulation has performed a full hydrograph analysis including backwater
effects and we can see our design still operates as expected. These results are
for the 360 minute Winter storm (the critical duration in Cascade) but in a
real job it would be necessary to run a full range of storms.
Conclusion
Source Control has enabled us to design a complex and sophisticated system
in a few easy steps, with checks and error controls at each stage:
• Quick Storage Estimate gives a useful indication of the likely storage

requirement and also serves as a feasibility study on the effect of using
infiltration.
• The Quick Design tool gives rough sizes for each infiltration structure
and these enable you to complete detailed designs for the infiltration
structures quickly and easily.
• The final storage structure is then completed, using the Quick Storage
Estimate result to help calculate the likely required size.
• The Cascade tool uses a graphical user interface to design the finished
control structure. Source Control then calculates final results for the
complete inter-connected system.
• Each of the storage structures can be downloaded into Simulation to

give a complete design including all of the interconnecting pipe work.
Drainage Software Source Control
Solution Infiltration Systems
File Soakaways.srcx Checked by
Summary of Results for International Rainfall
Half Drain Time : 51 minutes.

Event Level Depth Infiltration Control Σ Outflow Volume
(m) (m) (l/s) (l/s) (l/s) (m³)
15 min 100.761 0.761 141.7 9.9 150.5 648.9 O K

30 min 100.916 0.916 161.7 9.9 171.3 781.7 O K
60 min 100.987 0.987 170.8 9.9 180.8 841.9 O K
120 min 100.979 0.979 169.8 9.9 179.7 835.0 O K
180 min 100.927 0.927 163.2 9.9 172.8 791.0 O K
240 min 100.867 0.867 155.4 9.9 164.8 739.9 O K
360 min 100.763 0.763 141.9 9.9 150.7 650.6 O K
480 min 100.676 0.676 130.8 9.9 139.1 577.0 O K
600 min 100.600 0.600 121.0 9.9 130.1 512.2 O K
720 min 100.539 0.539 113.0 9.9 122.5 459.6 O K
960 min 100.434 0.434 99.5 9.9 109.3 370.2 O K
1440 min 100.294 0.294 81.4 9.9 91.4 250.4 O K
2160 min 100.172 0.172 65.7 9.4 75.1 146.7 O K
2880 min 100.108 0.108 57.4 5.9 63.3 92.0 O K
4320 min 100.046 0.046 46.2 1.4 47.6 39.3 O K
5760 min 100.037 0.037 37.2 0.9 38.1 31.6 O K
7200 min 100.031 0.031 31.2 0.6 31.9 26.5 O K
8640 min 100.027 0.027 27.2 0.5 27.7 23.1 O K
10080 min 100.024 0.024 24.2 0.4 24.6 20.5 O K
Storm Rain Flooded Discharge Time-Peak

Event (mm/hr) Volume Volume (mins)
(m³) (m³)
15 min 76.030 0.0 759.9 19

30 min 49.500 0.0 989.6 32
60 min 30.810 0.0 1232.0 50
120 min 18.610 0.0 1488.4 84
180 min 13.720 0.0 1646.0 118
240 min 10.990 0.0 1758.0 152
360 min 8.030 0.0 1926.8 218
480 min 6.430 0.0 2057.2 284
600 min 5.400 0.0 2159.6 348
720 min 4.690 0.0 2250.8 408
960 min 3.740 0.0 2393.2 528
1440 min 2.720 0.0 2611.2 780
2160 min 1.980 0.0 2850.8 1128
2880 min 1.580 0.0 3033.2 1500
4320 min 1.140 0.0 3282.8 2236
5760 min 0.910 0.0 3494.2 2888
7200 min 0.760 0.0 3647.7 3696
8640 min 0.660 0.0 3801.1 4368
10080 min 0.580 0.0 3897.3 5184
International Rainfall Details
IDF Trump30 Impermeability Factor 1.000 Longest Storm (mins) 10080

CRP UK50 Shortest Storm (mins) 15 Climate Change % +0
Time Area Diagram
Total Area (ha) 4.000
Time (mins) Area Time (mins) Area

From: To: (ha) From: To: (ha)
0 4 2.000 4 8 2.000
Model Details
Lined Soakaway Structure
Infiltration Coefficient Base (m/hr) 0.20000 Ring Diameter (m) 0.90

Infiltration Coefficient Side (m/hr) 0.20000 Pit Multiplier 1.5
Safety Factor 2.0 Number Required 860
Porosity 0.30 Cap Volume Depth (m) 0.000
Invert Level (m) 100.000 Cap Infiltration Depth (m) 0.000
Hydro-Brake Optimum® Outflow Control
Unit Reference MD-SHE-0146-1000-1000-1000

Design Head (m) 1.000
Design Flow (l/s) 10.0
Flush-Flo™ Calculated
Objective Minimise upstream storage
Application Surface
Sump Available Yes
Diameter (mm) 146
Minimum Outlet Pipe Diameter (mm) 225
Suggested Manhole Diameter (mm) 1200
Control Points Head (m) Flow (l/s) Control Points Head (m) Flow (l/s)
Design Point (Calculated) 1.000 10.0 Kick-Flo® 0.673 8.3

Flush-Flo™ 0.306 9.9 Mean Flow over Head Range - 8.6
The hydrological calculations have been based on the Head/Discharge relationship for the Hydro-Brake
Optimum® as specified. Should another type of control device other than a Hydro-Brake Optimum® be
utilised then these storage routing calculations will be invalidated
Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s)
0.100 5.2 0.800 9.0 2.000 13.9 4.000 19.3 7.000 25.2
0.200 9.6 1.000 10.0 2.200 14.5 4.500 20.4 7.500 26.1
0.300 9.9 1.200 10.9 2.400 15.1 5.000 21.5 8.000 26.9
0.400 9.8 1.400 11.7 2.600 15.7 5.500 22.5 8.500 27.7
0.500 9.6 1.600 12.5 3.000 16.8 6.000 23.4 9.000 28.5
0.600 9.1 1.800 13.2 3.500 18.1 6.500 24.4 9.500 29.2
File Intex10.casx Checked by
Cascade Summary of Results for Pond.srcx
Upstream Outflow To Overflow To

Structures
CarPark.srcx (None) (None)

Soakaways.srcx

Event Level Depth Control Overflow Σ Outflow Volume
(m) (m) (l/s) (l/s) (l/s) (m³)
15 min 99.436 0.436 15.8 0.0 15.8 575.2 O K

30 min 99.564 0.564 16.8 0.0 16.8 744.7 O K
60 min 99.698 0.698 17.8 0.0 17.8 920.8 O K
120 min 99.833 0.833 18.8 0.0 18.8 1099.7 O K
180 min 99.906 0.906 19.3 0.0 19.3 1196.2 O K
240 min 99.941 0.941 19.6 0.0 19.6 1242.0 O K
360 min 99.976 0.976 19.8 0.0 19.8 1288.7 O K
480 min 99.971 0.971 19.8 0.0 19.8 1281.6 O K
600 min 99.952 0.952 19.6 0.0 19.6 1256.8 O K
720 min 99.937 0.937 19.5 0.0 19.5 1237.5 O K
960 min 99.905 0.905 19.3 0.0 19.3 1194.3 O K
1440 min 99.848 0.848 18.9 0.0 18.9 1118.8 O K
2160 min 99.755 0.755 18.3 0.0 18.3 996.4 O K
2880 min 99.655 0.655 17.5 0.0 17.5 864.0 O K
4320 min 99.504 0.504 16.3 0.0 16.3 665.0 O K
5760 min 99.403 0.403 15.5 0.0 15.5 532.1 O K
7200 min 99.314 0.314 14.7 0.0 14.7 414.2 O K
8640 min 99.247 0.247 14.1 0.0 14.1 326.0 O K
10080 min 99.182 0.182 13.5 0.0 13.5 240.9 O K
Storm Rain Flooded Discharge Overflow Time-Peak

Event (mm/hr) Volume Volume Volume (mins)
(m³) (m³) (m³)
15 min 76.030 0.0 662.7 0.0 58

30 min 49.500 0.0 858.0 0.0 78
60 min 30.810 0.0 1063.3 0.0 102
120 min 18.610 0.0 1280.4 0.0 128
180 min 13.720 0.0 1412.7 0.0 186
240 min 10.990 0.0 1502.2 0.0 246
360 min 8.030 0.0 1641.0 0.0 364
480 min 6.430 0.0 1736.9 0.0 466
600 min 5.400 0.0 1810.9 0.0 520
720 min 4.690 0.0 1881.2 0.0 580
960 min 3.740 0.0 1994.6 0.0 702
1440 min 2.720 0.0 2161.7 0.0 980
2160 min 1.980 0.0 2316.1 0.0 1388
2880 min 1.580 0.0 2405.6 0.0 1792
4320 min 1.140 0.0 2555.4 0.0 2596
5760 min 0.910 0.0 2708.9 0.0 3344
7200 min 0.760 0.0 2823.4 0.0 4040
8640 min 0.660 0.0 2935.9 0.0 4840
10080 min 0.580 0.0 3005.7 0.0 5456
Cascade Model Details for Pond.srcx
Tank or Pond Structure
Depth (m) Area (m²)
0.000 1320.0
Crown Vortex Valve® Outflow Control
Design Head (m) 1.500 Vortex Valve® Type R1 SW Only Invert Level (m) 98.500
Design Flow (l/s) 20.0 Diameter (mm) 166
Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s) Depth (m) Flow (l/s)
0.100 3.0 0.800 14.6 2.000 23.0 4.000 32.6 7.000 43.1
0.200 7.3 1.000 16.3 2.200 24.2 4.500 34.6 7.500 44.6
0.300 10.3 1.200 17.9 2.400 25.2 5.000 36.4 8.000 46.1
0.400 10.3 1.400 19.3 2.600 26.3 5.500 38.2 8.500 47.5
0.500 11.5 1.600 20.6 3.000 28.2 6.000 39.9 9.000 48.9
0.600 12.6 1.800 21.9 3.500 30.5 6.500 41.5 9.500 50.2
Weir Overflow Control
Cascade Event: 360 min for Pond.srcx

Example 11 - QuOST
Quantities & Costings
Introduction
QuOST saves the engineer time and money by automating the processes of
taking off, billing and pricing a job. In doing so, it also provides a quick
means of comparing the cost implications of various design options.
The QuOST module integrates with System 1 to produce costs and quantities
from the data it generates. All materials, pipe specifications and other key
variables are user-definable.
Specifications supported include CESMM, SMM, Method of Measurement

for Highway Works and the user's own specifications.
In this example we shall see how QuOST uses the parameters defined in a
Classification Library to classify each pipe and manhole in the system
automatically. We will also use QuOST to calculate the excavation volumes
for different construction methods and techniques. The example has three
phases:
• First we will call a file and use the default classifications to analyse the
taking off, etc.
• Then we will tailor our own set of classifications to our own company
needs.
• Finally we will analyse the network again using the new classifications.
The analysis is very quick and as the classifications are saved they may
be used on other projects.
Opening QuOST
Open QuOST by clicking on the icon in the MicroDrainage file, in your start
menu. You are presented with the QuOST Open screen.
Select Open Existing File by double clicking on the icon. The data for this
example is contained on your master program disk with the file name
Intex11.mdx. This file will be copied to the hard disk of your PC when you
install MicroDrainage.
The first time you open a design in QuOST it is classified with the current
(default) library. To change the library, select Network Classifications from
the Network menu. Click the Classifications button on the Network
Classifications toolbar.
Classifications
Click the Import icon and select the file Intex11.tokx. The classifications
library is now loaded; this will be saved within Intex11.mdx the next time
you save the file. Click the OK button.
A full breakdown of the job is immediately available; select Take Off Data
from the Results menu.
A Windows Explorer-style screen appears, showing a summary of the Take

Off data. A full take off of the job is presented to you.
The data can be viewed in a number of ways, either as a summation of totals
of pipe / manhole types or as an individual breakdown of each pipe run,
manholes and materials.
If you expand the Project icon in the tree (by clicking the small +), a series of
sub-menus (branches) appear. These give you a breakdown for the project,
enabling you to work with as much or as little detail as you require. Try
expanding different branches in the tree to see the different sets of data
available. Select an entry and the corresponding data is displayed on the right
of the screen.
The program has applied a classification from our library to each of the pipes
and manholes in the network based on a set of pre-defined rules. However it
is unlikely in a real job that the whole network will automatically be
classified correctly.
Network Classifications
To change any of the classifications, select Network Classifications from the
Network menu.
A Pipe Type and Manhole Type can be chosen for each pipe in the network.
Click on the small arrow to see a list of all the available entries. There is an
entry on the list for each item in the Classification library. Try changing the
Pipe Type for Pipe 1.000.
The entry turns red. This is similar to System 1 and denotes user
specification. If the program chooses a class it is displayed in blue. Move the
cursor to the second pipe. The Pipe Class for Pipe 1.000 is shown on a yellow
background. QuOST allows the user to choose any of the available classes
for any location in the network. However if this breaks one of the rules
defined in the library the entry is highlighted in yellow. We will look at
defining classification rules later in this example.
To return the pipe to its original class select Re-classify from the list.
Most specifications require ground level data at a given interval between the
manholes. QuOST can divide the total length by up to ten intervals, with the
facility to assign ground levels to the intermediate chainages. These values
are taken into account when the volumes of excavation and pipe lengths for
different depth bandings are calculated.
Sometimes a pipe or manhole cannot be classified under any of the available

options. In this case the spreadsheet will display Re-classify and the user
should select the pipe or manhole type they wish to use.
QuOST incorporates many of the graphic features of MicroDrainage,

including the Network Schematic and Longsections resources. These can be
accessed via the icons on the toolbar in the usual way, or from the Graphics
menu.
In this example we have based the taking off on Sewers For Adoption and
CESMM, as these dictate how the measurements are classified. The table can
be set up for any specification, and is split into seven different fields. These
are General Items, Pipes, Manholes, Depth bands, Miscellaneous, Storage
Structures and Flow Controls. (The last two are only available if Simulation
is available).
The Classification Library

Open the Classification Library by selecting the Classifications button from
the Network Classifications toolbar.
Classifications
General classifications
These settings cover the basic elements used in the construction of manholes
and pipelines. These include manhole cover types and the general materials
used, such as pipe surrounds and the concrete used for the construction of
manhole bases and the surrounds to the manhole rings.
As the table shows, in this example there are three different manhole covers
specified: heavy, medium and light. The description field allows a full
description of the cover to be entered for reference purposes. Each cover type
can be assigned to a different type of manhole classification.
The Material Types section allows the entry of all the different types of
materials that will be used. These may include the types of concrete and
granular surround for pipe bedding. Note that here we have specified all
concrete for the bases and manhole surrounds as Class C20 and that the pipe
bedding is either granular Type A or B.
To proceed, click on the Pipes tab.

Pipes
The classification of the pipes is based on the diameter and the proposed
depth of construction. Most pipes are made either from clay or concrete. Clay
is generally used for smaller diameter pipes: 100, 150, 225, 300, 375 and 400
mm. Above 400 mm, clay becomes expensive and less robust. Accordingly,
concrete is used for pipes of 400 mm or greater.
The depth at which the pipe will be laid is also important in determining the
pipe specification. The deeper the pipe, the greater the external loading it will
have to bear.
Within CESMM (Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement) there

are eight different classes of pipe, all of which are available in the pipe
classification list. You can scroll through these using the arrows at the bottom
of the page.
The Navigation Bar

The order of these groupings is critical for automatic classification. QuOST
tests each pipe in the network against each of the pipe classes, always
beginning with the first in the list. If this pipe does not match the
specification, it automatically moves to the next in the list. If no match is
found, the pipe will be deemed unclassified.
Controls are given to move records within the library, delete records or insert
copies. These are shown to the right of the navigation controls.
Record Controls
Since concrete pipes are the most common, concrete has been placed at the
beginning of the pipe Classification Table. The second classification is
conduit sections, since most conduits sections are also made of concrete. The
third is clay pipes, which are set for lower pipe diameters.
A general pipe thickness can be entered for each type of pipe. This value is
used when calculating the volume for the pipe surround, since the widths of
the trenches are based on a dimension taken from the internal diameter of the
pipe. The volume of the outer diameter of the pipe is subtracted from the
volume of the trench to give the correct volume fill.
Cost per Metre

This allows the entry of a cost per metre run of the pipe. A total including the
cost per metre of the surround material can also be included. Note that the
excavation costs and replacement costs are entered on the Depths and
Miscellaneous pages.
Bedding/Surround Depth
Pipes are usually laid on a bed of smooth material to minimise the occurrence
of high point loads that could damage the pipes. There is a minimum
requirement for the depth of this bedding and for the thickness of the material
surrounding the top of the pipe.
Entering these two factors enables QuOST to calculate the total volume of
surround required for each pipe. In most cases, the material will be a granular
compound, though other materials are sometimes used. In particular, pipes
that are to be laid close to ground level are often encased in concrete for
added robustness. This specification can be changed by selecting
Classifications button from the Network Classifications toolbar.
The list box shows all the materials entered under the General section; click
on the arrow to see the list. You can then simply click on the relevant
material for the pipe classification in question.
Surround Material
Trench widths
Naturally, trench widths vary according to the diameter of the pipe, although
minimum widths are usually specified. Most pipes are laid in trenches that
have vertical sides; i.e. the width at the bottom is the same as the width at the
top.
However, when pipes are laid very deep, the sides are usually sloped (or
'battered') to reduce the likelihood of collapsing. The last two fields can be
used to take account of this scenario.
Manholes
This classification has been set up for Sewers for Adoption. Within this, there
are six manhole classifications: A, B, C, D, E and F. The classifications are
based on the depth and diameter of each manhole. Sewers for Adoption also
shows the arrangement of each classification, for example the amount of
concrete to be used in the surrounds and the bases.
In our example, the first manhole shown is Type A. This should be used
when the depth of pipe (to the soffit) is between 3 and 6 metres. These
manholes are therefore quite large and in our table we have specified that any
manhole greater than 1050 mm in diameter, and with a depth greater than 3
metres, will automatically be classed as a Type A.
Each of the remaining types has been set in accordance with Sewers for
Adoption. However, we have also included another type, classified Make it
C! This is classification 3 - use the scroll arrows to find it.
Most manholes used in drainage are circular, and System 1 specifies circular
manholes by default. However if the manhole is between 1 metre and 1.45
metres deep, then Sewers for Adoption states it should be a Type C manhole,
which is rectangular.
The Make it C! classification enables QuOST to highlight the anomaly, so

that you can decide either to make the manhole deeper or change it to the
correct size. A full list of the manholes falling into this category is given in
the breakdown section of QuOST.
Note: If you are not working with Sewers for Adoption, you can enter your
own specifications for the classifications you require.
Depths
As a rule of thumb, the deeper you lay a pipe, the more expensive it gets.
Depths, therefore, are a critical consideration when costing a job.
Because the pipes are laid on a gradient, they will usually pass through a
series of depth bands. The method of specifying the length of pipe allowable
between different depth band increments varies according to the specification
you are working to. In this example, the increments are 0.5 metres below a
depth of 1.5 metres, which is in line with CESMM.
QuOST will automatically calculate the length of pipe within each band. If
you enter the excavation cost per cubic metre for each band, the program will
also work out the total cost for this aspect of the job.
Miscellaneous
Here we find all the additional variables that contribute to the costs and
quantities of the job. These fields enable you to enter values for Blinding
concrete, the replacement of excavated material and the cost of removing the
material displaced by the pipe and its surround material. The Reinstatement
costs cover general landscaping and the Bulking Factor allows you to cost the
percentage increase in the volume of the material to be removed.
Storage Structures (Simulation only)
QuOST allows storage structures to be included in the costing. Each type of

storage structure can be individually priced based on cost per m3. The
infiltration structures can only be priced if Source Control is available.
Flow Controls (Simulation only)
QuOST also allows flow controls to be included in the costing. Each type of
control can be priced individually.
Building a classification table

Now we will build our own classification table to a site-specific specification
(as set out below).
MD Pipe Specification
Pipe Type Strength Diameters Pipe Min Max

of Pipe (mm) Thickness Depth Depth
Clay Standard 100 - 375 50 0 1.200
Clay Super 100 – 375 75 1.200 2.000 *
Concrete Standard 375 – 1800 75 0 1.600
Concrete Super 375 - 1800 75 1.600 6.000
*Any pipe greater than 2 metres deep should be concrete
MD Manhole Specification
TYPE Cover Diameters Min Max

Type (mm) Depth Depth
1 Light 1050 – 1200 0 1.5
2 Medium 1200 + 1.0 2.0
3 Heavy 1350 – 1500 2.0 3.0
4 Heavy 1500 – 4000 2.0 4.0
All manhole bases shall be 300mm deep and have 75mm of blinding
concrete.
Trench Construction
Pipe Diameter Trench Width

(mm) (mm)
< 375 300 + pipe diameter
375 – 450 500 + pipe diameter
900 > 750 + pipe diameter
Depth Bands
Lengths of pipe will be classified in bands of 250mm below a depth of 1
metre.
Materials
All clay pipes will be bedded and covered with surround type Agg 1 and all
concrete pipes will have surround type Agg 2, to a depth of 300mm above
and below the pipe. The concrete for manhole surrounds shall be 150mm
thick type Con 1 and the concrete used in pipe surrounds shall be type Con 2.
General Classes
To start entering a new Classification Library click the New icon. If a prompt
appears asking you to Save click No.
New Classification
Click on the General tab and you are ready to begin. From the specification
shown below, enter all the data referring to the manhole covers, together with
the materials used in the construction of the manholes and pipe runs. To do
this, simply click in the relevant field and type in the entry.
In this example we will not be specifying any unit costs for the project. Once
the data has been entered we can move on to the pipe entries by selecting the
Pipes tab.
Pipe Classes
The specification has four types of pipes, but the trench width will vary
according to the pipe diameter. We will therefore specify six different entries
to accommodate the change in trench width for pipes over 900mm in
diameter.
For the first pipe, enter Clay - Standard Strength for diameters 100 – 375mm.
From the specification above, we can enter all the relevant data in the boxes
provided.
The entry for Surround Material is selected by using the drop down box.
Click on the arrow and the program will give you the range of materials you
specified in the General Items. For the first pipe class, choose Agg 1.
When the data entry is complete click the New Record button to save this
classification and move onto the next one.
New Record
Alternatively use the Copy button to produce an identical record to the one
you've just entered. This limits data entry if several classes share similar
characteristics.
Copy
Proceed to enter the data for the other 5 pipe classes as shown.
Note: We have used the postfix T1 and T2 to distinguish between the two
different trench widths. It is important to use different names so that we
can tell which classification has been used to generate the Taking Off
information.
Manhole Classes
The specification contains four types of manholes. QuOST will dynamically
change the type of manhole based on the diameter and depth of the pipe.
All the manholes on this project are circular, so we need only insert the data
for the minimum and maximum diameters, together with construction details
such as surround thickness, base depths and so on. Use the drop-down menus
to select the correct cover type and material type for each manhole.
As before, use the arrows to move to the next entries, or use Copy and amend
the data to suit each manhole type.
Depth Bands
QuOST will automatically calculate the length of each pipe run that falls
within each individual banding. The specification states that pipes at a depth
of less than 1 metre from ground level to the invert shall be classified in one
band. After 1 metre, the banding increments go up in steps of 250mm. Enter
the data as shown.
Miscellaneous Items, Storage Structures

and Flow Controls
Here we can specify costs for the excavated material. We cost the volume for
replacement and removal, but we also specify a reinstatement cost per square
metre. This function is useful for the reinstatement of roads or verges.
A price for blinding concrete can also be assigned, in addition to a bulking

factor, expressed as a percentage.
Costs for storage structures and flow controls can also be specified in the
respective tabs allowing the whole design to be priced.
We are not producing costings for this example so all the entries can be left
as 0.
Re-Classify
The classifications library can be saved and used on future projects by
clicking on Export and enter the file name as Intex11a.tokx.
Export
Then click OK to proceed.
The Storm file we loaded at the beginning of this example will still be open.
QuOST will have automatically applied the new library and produced new
Taking Off information.
When you open the Taking Off information you are presented with a
warning.
To see how the classifications have been applied and which pipes are
unclassified open the Network Classifications.
Network Classifications.
As you scroll through the network classifications sheet you will see that
QuOST has assigned the correct pipe type and manhole type for each pipe
run. You will also notice that there are a number of pipes that do not have a
pipe or a manhole assigned to them. Indeed, in two cases there is neither a
pipe classification nor a manhole type specified.
In these cases the pipes have fallen between the classifications. We can now
look into these cases in more depth and assign the classifications manually.
Unclassified Pipes
Pipes 4.002, 4.003, 4.004 and 5.004 have no pipe types assigned to them.
Pipes 4.002, 4.003, 4.004 and 5.004
These pipes are all 225mm diameter and have depths greater than 2m. In the
classification table, we have specified clay pipes to be assigned for depths
less than 2m. However, the maximum depth for these four pipes is 2.419m.
Click on the Classifications icon again.
Classifications
Click on the Pipes tab and use the cursor buttons to move to the second entry
(Clay – Super Strength). Change the maximum depth from 2.000m to
2.500m. Then click OK. The Network Classifications shows that all the
pipes have now been classified.
Unclassified Manholes
Manholes 24 and 25 are also unclassified. These two manholes do not fall
within a classification range and are both 1200mm in diameter. In the
manhole classification table, 1200mm manholes are classified as Type 2, but
the maximum depth has been set to 2m.
Accordingly, we will manually select Type 2 for these manholes by clicking

on Type 2 in the drop down box.
The manholes are highlighted in yellow to indicate that they do not fulfil the
specified rules. (It may be appropriate to return to System 1 and alter the
manhole diameters to 1350mm and use a Type 3 manhole).
All the pipes and manholes have now been assigned a type and the
classifications are satisfactory.
Taking Off
When you are satisfied that all the specifications and classifications are
correct, you can view the Taking Off data.
Select Take Off Data from the Results menu.
Take Off Data
This time there is no warning as all the pipes and manholes have been
classified. It is important that the Taking Off information is not used whilst
this warning is present. Totals for pipe lengths, excavation volumes etc. do
not take unclassified entries into account!
The data can be calculated by defining the lengths of pipe runs in two
different formats.
In the toolbar menu, use the pull down menu for Length Calc's based on to
switch between Centre-Centre and True Length. Centre-Centre is the length
calculated from the centre of one manhole to the centre of the other manhole.
True Length is the actual length of pipe, measured from the inside faces of
the manholes.
Project
The breakdown for the project gives an overview of the design as a whole,
with total numbers of pipes, total length and an overview of the volume of
the pipe capacity. A summation of manholes is also given, showing the
number, the accumulated depth and the total volume in the manholes.
Totals
The subheadings under the Totals listing give a complete summation for each
classification. Total lengths, numbers and volumes are all given. Click on the
Totals menu to view the totals for manholes and pipes.
Breakdown
Breakdown will give you a fully itemised bill of all the pipes, manholes and
material, broken down either by size or by class. It also gives locations,
lengths and depths. Open the Breakdown folder and have a look at the
entries.
Finally click on the Ground Works folder under Breakdown and select Depth
Bands. You will now be presented with a full breakdown for every pipe,
showing how much of that individual pipe falls within each depth band. This
is shown instantly, eliminating a costly and time-consuming manual task that
has been the scourge of engineers and technicians for years.
Drainage Software QuOST
Solution Quantities and Costings
Classification
Classification Example Specification

Currency Symbol £
Manhole Covers
Name Description
Light Light duty, residential only

Medium Medium duty, light traffic
Heavy Heavy duty, main road
Material Types
Name Cost (£/m³) Description
Con 1 0.00 Concrete for manholes

Con 2 0.00 Concreate for pipes
Agg 1 0.00 Surround for clay pipes
Agg 2 0.00 Surround for concrete pipes
Pipe Types
Name / Description Clay - Stadard strength

Design Diameter Min/Max (mm) 100 / 375
Cover Depth for Pipe Min/Max (m) 0 / 1.2
Pipe Thickness (mm) 50
Cost (£/m) 0
Bedding / Surround Depth below pipe (mm) 300
Bedding / Surround Depth above pipe (mm) 300
Surround Material Agg 1
Trench Width at base : D + mm 300
Trench Width at cover : D + mm 300
Trench Depth at Width change (m) 0
Working Surface : D + mm 300
Name / Description Clay - Super Strength

Cover Depth for Pipe Min/Max (m) 1.2 / 2
Cost (£/m) 0
Name / Description Concrete - Standard - T1

Cost (£/m) 0
Pipe Types
Name / Description Concreete - Standard - T2

Cost (£/m) 0
Name / Description Concrete - Super - T1

Cost (£/m) 0
Name / Description Concrete - Super - T2

Cost (£/m) 0
Manhole Types
Name / Description TYPE 1

Internal Diameter Min/Max (mm) 1050 / 1200
Internal Width Min/Max (mm) 0 / 0
Ring Depth Min/Max (m) 0 / 1.5
Cover Type Light
Cost (£/m deep) 0
Ring Thickness (mm) 150
Surround Material Con 1
Surround Thickness (mm) 150
Base Height (mm) 300
Base Material Con 1
Blinding Height (mm) 75
Additional Costs (£) 0

Ring Depth Min/Max (m) 1 / 2
Cover Type Medium
Cost (£/m deep) 0
Base Material Con 1
Manhole Types

Cover Type Heavy
Cost (£/m deep) 0
Base Material Con 1

Cover Type Heavy
Cost (£/m deep) 0
Base Material Con 1
Depth Bands
Depth <= (m) Excavation Cost (£/m³)
1.000 0.00
1.250 0.00
1.500 0.00
1.750 0.00
2.000 0.00
2.250 0.00
2.500 0.00
2.750 0.00
3.000 0.00
3.250 0.00
3.500 0.00
3.750 0.00
4.000 0.00
Miscellaneous
MH Blinding Cost (£/m³) 0.00

Replacement Cost (£/m³) 0.00
Removal Cost (£/m³) 0.00
Reinstatement Cost (£/m²) 0.00
Bulking Factor (%) 0.00
Storage Structure Costs
Name Cost (£/m³)
Pipe 0.00
Tank or Pond 0.00
Box Culvert 0.00
Double Pipe 0.00
Double Box Culvert 0.00
Lined Soakaway 0.00
House Soakaway 0.00
Infiltration Trench 0.00
Trench Soakaway 0.00
Swale 0.00
Infiltration Basin 0.00
Infiltration Blanket 0.00
Porous Car Park 0.00
Cellular Storage 0.00
Dry Swale 0.00
Filter Drain 0.00
Bio-Retention Area 0.00
Sand Filter 0.00
Deep Bore Soakaway 0.00
Flow Control Costs
Name Cost (£/unit)
Weir 0.00
Orifice 0.00
Gate 0.00
Depth/Flow Relationship 0.00
Pipe 0.00
V-Notch Weir 0.00
Pump 0.00
Hydro-Brake® 0.00
Crown Vortex Valve® 0.00
Filtration 0.00
Garastor 0.00
Level Controlled Pump 0.00
Siphon 0.00
Flap Valve 0.00
Non Return Valve 0.00
ACO Q-Brake 0.00
Hydroslide 0.00
Micro Drainage(SRM Test) Page 30
Network Classifications for Example11
PN USMH Pipe Min Cover Max Cover Pipe Type MH MH MH Ring MH Type
Name Dia Depth Depth Dia Width Depth
(mm) (m) (m) (mm) (mm) (m)
1.000 1 300 0.900 1.010 Concrete - Standard - T1 1050 0 0.900 TYPE 1

1.002 3 375 1.046 1.646 Clay - Super Strength 1350 0 1.046 TYPE 2
1.004 8 450 1.531 1.667 Concrete - Super - T1 1350 0 1.667 TYPE 2
4.003 24 225 2.018 2.174 Clay - Stadard strength 1200 0 2.018 TYPE 2

Example 12 – DrawNet(CAD)
Working within AutoCAD®
Introduction
In this example we will cover the key elements of working with
DrawNet(CAD) from setting up a network through to hydraulic analysis of
the network using MicroDrainage software.
In creating this example we have assumed that you have a basic working
knowledge of AutoCAD, as well as the System 1 and Simulation modules
within MicroDrainage. All the co-ordinates quoted are approximate; it is not
essential for you to be millimetre-perfect in your selections. This example has
been created using AutoCAD 2014 within Windows 7; there may be some
variation between your screen and those featured here.
Loading DrawNet(CAD)
Open DrawNet(CAD) using your preferred Windows option. DrawNet(CAD)
automatically loads within an AutoCAD profile specified during installation,
with the familiar AutoCAD welcome screen followed by a new, unnamed
document. From AutoCAD’s File menu, choose Open and choose
Example.dwg from the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory.
The drawing below will be displayed.

One we made earlier

Now enlarge the top left-hand corner of the drawing (co-ordinates 55,370 to
the bottom left and 200,500 to the top right) by using AutoCAD's Zoom
command.
Note the blue dotted line within the highway, which shows where the pipe
network is to be placed. It has been put there to make it easier for you as you
familiarise yourself with the functions of DrawNet(CAD).
We will be following the line to create the network. The line has been drawn
with 3D co-ordinates (i.e. the 'z' co-ordinates) at the start and endpoints of
each section.
Remember that ordinary OS plans are not usually created in 3D, although the
'z' co-ordinate can be added in DrawNet(CAD), if it is known.
Other sources of drawings, such as surveys, highway layouts, architects'

layouts and others, are quite often in 3D, which is very helpful in developing
the drainage network.
Creating the network

We want to draw a Storm network over the AutoCAD drawing which
indicates the locations of pipes and manholes.
Select Load from the Site menu, as this is the first time a DrawNet(CAD)
command has been run within this drawing you will be presented with the
DrawNet(CAD) Open box.
Select New Storm and enter the Design Criteria for your Storm network as
below in the same way as you would in System1 by choosing the IDF Editor
button next to the IDF box and load Trump1.idfx. Enter the Design Criteria
as shown below and click OK.
You can now start designing your Storm network. To setup a Foul or Existing
network(s) you can follow the same procedure as previously and select the
required Network type (please note that Existing Network(s) do not require
Design Criteria)
To change Network Type or Name you can load up the Network Manager in
the Site menu. You can add/remove Networks and edit a number of options
by using the Network Manager. The current Network will be highlighted in
light blue.
In this example we have used the (unoriginal) name Storm. Tick the Ask for
levels and accept the other settings by closing the form.
Creating a Network
Once your Design Criteria has been entered and you have closed the Network
Manager you are ready to start designing your network. Click on Define Pipe
in the Create/Edit menu.
You are prompted to enter the Upstream Manhole (USMH) position. Move
the crosshairs to the beginning of the blue line in the top left hand corner of
the screen.
'Pick' the end of the line by clicking as near to the end as you can with the left
hand mouse button – you can use the same Object Snap options as you have
loaded into AutoCAD to snap to Endpoint/Midpoint etc..
Cover Levels will be read from the drawing and you can press the Enter key
to apply this level. Note that you can enter a cover level if the automatic
value is different. DrawNet(CAD) now prompts you for the next manhole
location. Each time a manhole is positioned, accept the default cover level by
pressing the Enter key.
Follow the blue lines to the Outfall location to the South and to complete the
network click the right hand mouse button and select the Close option from
the menu to end the network building session. This will result in 4 pipes,
1.000 – 1.003, as shown below.
You will see that DrawNet(CAD) draws the Network to match the Display
Settings in the Graphics menu. The pipes and manholes are numbered
automatically starting at the head of the line and working downstream to the
outfall. For drawing clarity you can reduce the pipe/manhole text size on the
Network Settings Tab. To do this change the Text Height to 2m and click
Apply.
Entering a new branch

As before use the Define Pipe command and pick the location using the
crosshairs and the left hand mouse button. It is, of course, at the end of the
branch running down the 'cul de sac' of the road south west of the
downstream end of pipe 1.000 (co-ordinates approximately 75,430).
Note: You may find it quicker to define the main run of your Network
and then choose “New” once you have reached your Outfall and continue
to define any Branch Lines.
At the Enter Downstream End command, click once more on the intersection
at the downstream end of pipe 1.000 and the new branch is created for you.
The new pipe is shown, together with its manhole. DrawNet (CAD)'s
automatic numbering system designates the pipe number 2.000.
Amend Network
We shall demonstrate the error correction facilities within DrawNet(CAD) by
removing and then replacing pipe 1.003.
Deleting a pipe
To remove a pipe from your network just click on the pipe and hit the
“Delete” button. If you have a large network you can use the Goto Pipe
under the Site menu and select the network and pipe number from the drop
down lists provided to find the Pipe.
Select Pipe 1.003 by left-clicking on mouse and hit the Delete button.
Pipe 1.003 is deleted from the network and DrawNet(CAD) automatically

renumbers the network for you.
Re-inserting a pipe
To re-insert pipe 1.003, select Define Pipe from the Create/Edit menu. At the
command for Enter the USMH position click at the downstream end of 1.002.
Then click at the fork as before and accept the cover level suggested.
Again, right click the drawing and select the Close option from the menu.
DrawNet(CAD) will automatically renumber the new pipe 1.003.
Inserting a manhole
We require another manhole halfway along pipe 1.001, this can easily be
achieved by selecting the Insert Manhole option from the Create/Edit menu.
Once again the crosshairs disappear and your cursor becomes a small box.
DrawNet(CAD) prompts you to Select pipe to insert a Manhole half way
along its length. Select Pipe 1.001 and watch as DrawNet(CAD) inserts a
new pipe and manhole then renumbers the network.
Move Manhole
It is possible to move manholes within your network simply by clicking on
them and dragging them to a new location. However for ease there is also a
Move Manhole command located in the Create/Edit menu. First of all Select
Manhole S3, at the US end of 1.003, and delete it by pressing the Delete key
with it selected. This will have the effect of deleting pipe 1.002 updating the
network as shown below.
Use the Move Manhole command to select the downstream manhole of pipe
1.001. This, of course, is connected to pipe 1.002 as well. It may be necessary
to use AutoCAD's zoom facility to get closer to the manhole in order to select
it.
When you have selected the manhole, you are prompted to pick a new
location for the manhole. Pick the intersection of the three blue dotted lines
where manhole S3 was deleted from and DrawNet(CAD) moves the manhole
to the new position and updates the connecting pipes.
Examining the network

The next stage is to look at some of the pipelines in more detail. To do this,
select Display DrawNet Properties from the Create/Edit menu. Alternatively
you can call up DrawNet Properties by right-clicking the mouse when a
DrawNet(CAD) entity is selected.
Once the DrawNet Properties box has been loaded up you are able to view a
variety of details relating to the selected DrawNet(CAD) entity. The
Properties box is re-sizeable and can be set to auto-hide by pushing the pin
button on/off in the top right corner
You can view the properties on different entities by hitting Esc and selecting
another entity.
In the Properties box you choose additional annotation information to be

displayed against a Pipe or Manhole. Simply tick/un-tick any additional
information you want to display in the left hand column.
You can also edit details directly without the need to go back to the Network
Details. As per System1 any changes made to the network will result in the
Storm/Foul networks being redesigned accordingly.
Defining areas
There are two ways of defining a contributing area to a pipe. They can be
drawn out and assigned to a pipe or a known figure can be entered directly
via the Network Details or DrawNet Properties box against the pipe.
Storm and Existing Networks use Impermeable area rather than contributing
area as used by Foul networks. To this end when graphically defining areas
for Storm/Existing networks they will have a Percentage Impermeable
(PIMP) associated with them. i.e. 50% impermeable. When an Area is
defined you will be presented with three options for defining the PIMP:
• User - A user specified PIMP value can be entered
• Classification – PIMP value is obtained from a PIMP Classification.
• As Zoned – PIMP value is determined from intersections with the
PIMP Zones that have been specified.
For the purposes of this example we will use the User and PIMP
Classifications approaches. Further information on the PIMP Zones approach
can be found in the Help.
Setting the PIMP Classifications

To define the PIMP Classifications, go to the Site menu and from it select
PIMP Classifications. DrawNet(CAD) will display the PIMP Classifications
dialog box.
For this example we will define three additional PIMP Classifications: Roof,
Road and Grass.
Click the Add PIMP Classification button.
Add PIMP Classification
In the PIMP Name box enter Roof and a value of 90 in the PIMP (%) box.
Press the Add PIMP Classification button again enter Road and a value of 80.
Finally enter Grass and a value of 25 for the third paved area factor.
Finally setup the PIMP Classification colours to match below by clicking on

the Area Colour and selecting a colour. To change the Area Hatch Pattern
click on the “…” button and select a new hatch pattern. The PIMP
Classifications should be as shown below.
Click OK to close the PIMP Classifications dialogue box.
Marking out an area

Select Define Areas from the Create/Edit menu. The crosshairs disappear and
are replaced by the pick box, while you are prompted to select a pipe or
upstream manhole.
Move the box over any part of pipe 1.000 and click with the left hand mouse
button.
DrawNet(CAD) prompts you to Enter PIMP Type for Area with the default
value being “User”. Accept this by pressing Return and you are invited to
trace the outline of the area for pipe 1.000.
Move the crosshairs to location 15,495 and click with the left hand mouse
button. Next, click location 130,495. DrawNet(CAD) draws a line between
the two points chosen.
Now move to 50,460 and click there. Click the right hand mouse button and
select the Close option from the menu to close the polygon.
DrawNet(CAD) defines the area with a green line, but also calculates
automatically the gross area enclosed by the polygon and applies the PIMP %
(100) to calculate the Impermeable Area. The PIMP value can then be
changed via the DrawNet Properties box with the Area selected.
Note: Although it is important to put the start and endpoints of each

pipeline in the correct place, it is not important to trace the area to a high
level of accuracy. This is because the area will be divided by 10,000 to
convert it into hectares. Therefore, an accuracy of less than 10m2 is
insignificant when it comes to calculating the pipe diameters.
Repeat the Define Areas command and select pipe 1.001 but this time select
Classification as the PIMP Type. You can now select the Roof Classification
by click on it or entering ‘1’ at the command prompt.
Trace the roof area using the following co-ordinates:
95.450 , 478.950
100.150 , 484.800
117.450 , 470.800
112.750 , 465.000
After defining the last co-ordinate, select New from the right hand mouse
button menu. The default PIMP Type value will now be Classification,
accept this and then choose the Road Classification.
We are now going to trace the road area near the houses that we have just
traced. Trace the driveways of these houses using the following co-ordinates:
95.450 , 478.950
113.000 , 465.000
105.000 , 455.000
90.000 , 470.000
After defining the last co-ordinate, select New from the right hand mouse
button menu, accept Classification once more and select the Grass
Classification.
Finally trace out the grassed area behind the houses at the following co-
ordinates:
100.150 , 485.800
115.000 , 500.000
135.000 , 480.000
120.000 , 470.000
After clicking on the last co-ordinate, select Close from the right hand mouse
button menu. You will see that each of the areas now follows the colour
selected for the PIMP Classification. If you do not see the hatches these can
be turned on via the Display Settings.
Click on the Area Summary button in the Results menu and DrawNet(CAD)
will display a summary of all the areas defined.
To complete this process, define a single User area for pipe 2.000, using the
following co-ordinates:
50.000 , 460.000
110.000 , 420.000
70.000 , 390.000
40.000 , 410.000
After clicking on the last co-ordinate, select Close from the right hand mouse
button menu.
Amending and editing data
A major benefit of DrawNet(CAD) is the speed and ease with which the
network design can be altered. The following exercises demonstrate these
procedures.
Renumbering pipes
DrawNet(CAD) has its own automatic renumbering facility. This allows it to
renumber the entire network by interrogating the database.
To demonstrate this function select the Renumber Network option from the
Network menu.
DrawNet(CAD) will automatically renumber the network starting at the

indicated Main Line number with the Value set as below
The network is renumbered as shown below.

The renumbering process is a very important facility as it provides a
continuity check on the upstream and downstream ends of every pipe in the
system.
In a real project, before you end the drawing, or attempt to enter

MicroDrainage from the drawing, it is essential that you use DrawNet(CAD)
to carry out a successful renumber.
Repeat the renumber, choosing pipe 56.000 as the starting pipe and enter 1 as
the starting pipe number.
Outfall Details
Open the Outfall Details from the Network menu. The Outfall IL is currently
very deep in the ground. We will solve this when we have examined the
Network Details. Enter the outfall name and manhole diameter as shown
below then click OK.
Network Details
To view the Network Details select the Network Details commands from the
Network Menu. This will display the same Network Details form as you may
be familiar with from System1.
Examination of the spreadsheet will give you a series of warnings about

cover levels, culminating with the warning that the cover to the preceding
pipe is greater than 2.4. You can ignore all of these warnings, since Optimise
will take care of the cover to the system. However, take a look at the
Longsection to see the nature of the problem.
To complete the design of the system, click on the Optimise button and say
Yes to the Optimise message that appears. Storm automatically re-designs the
system.
Optimise
Clicking the Longsection button will show you the re-designed system.
Switching to MicroDrainage
DrawNet(CAD) provides an automatic link to MicroDrainage to enable you
to analyse the network. In this example we have assumed that MicroDrainage
is running on the same machine as DrawNet(CAD), or that you have access
to it via a network.
Note: If you do not have MicroDrainage installed, you will need to take the
Storm.mdx file and transfer it to the machine, which MicroDrainage is
running on.
Writing to MicroDrainage
From the DrawNet(CAD) menu, select Save from the Site menu option. This
will display the Save File dialogue. You need to specify a File name and a
location to save the file. In this example we have used the filename
Storm.mdx.
Running Simulation
We will now launch to Network to perform a hydrographic analysis of the
file with the Simulation module. To do this open the Module Selector from
the Help/About menu, click on the Network icon and the software will be
opened as a new window.
Note: If you are not familiar with switching modules please see How Do I
Use the Module Selector for more information.
At Open Dialog locate and load in the Storm.mdx file we saved previously.
Then open Simulation Criteria from the Site menu, and set the variables as
shown below.
Define rainfall
For our rainfall file we can use the Trump30.redx, 30 year storm created in
Example 8. This was a storm of 30 minutes' duration.
Click the Edit button to call in the file from the directory in which it was
stored.
Accept the remaining default values by clicking OK to the Rainfall Profile

and Simulation Criteria forms.
Online Controls
Before proceeding to analyse the network, set the on-line control. To do this,
select Online Controls from the Network menu or click on the Online
Controls icon.
Online Controls
Enter the control as shown below:

You will need to enter the value of 0.125 for the orifice diameter. Click OK
to close the form.
Analysis
Now run the analysis At Fine time step and save the data. Your data will be
similar to those shown here.
Reading from MicroDrainage

To complete the tasks within MicroDrainage, select Save from the File menu.
Then exit Network and return to AutoCAD.
Opening the Network file

Choose Load Drainage Design option from the Site menu. The Open File
dialogue box will appear. Simply select the Storm.mdx file and select Open
to load your network file into AutoCAD. You will be warned that the
Drawing already contains DrawNet(CAD) data, please say Yes to the
message to overwrite the old data.
Results of the analysis can be viewed in DrawNet(CAD) by opening the

Simulation Summary from the Results menu.
Simulation Flags
You will see DrawNet(CAD) redraw the network, however at this stage no
changes will be apparent as we did not make any changes to the layout in
Network. However we can now turn on Simulation Flags to indicate the
result within the Drawing.
To do this open the Display Settings from the Graphics menu and toggle the
Show Sim Flags option on in the Network Settings tab.
The colour coding follows the colours on the Status tab of the Display
Settings, but by default they are coloured as:
Cyan OK
Red Surcharged
Magenta Flood Risk
Blue Flood
Viewing Simulation Data

Return to the DrawNet(CAD) menu and choose Display DrawNet Properties
from the Create/Edit menu. You can click on a Pipe or Manhole DrawNet
entity, select the Simulation Data tab to view the Simulation attributes for the
chosen pipe. The sample here shows the Simulation Data for pipe S1.001.
Longsections
From the Graphics menu we will next choose the Plot Longsection option.
DrawNet(CAD) will display the Plot dialogue box .
The Plot Designer can be used to display different variables on the

Longsection to suit the job requirements.
For this example, use the pick buttons to select the starting pipe 1.000 and the
last length to be pipe 1.003.
Enter the Horizontal / Vertical Scale as shown. In a real project, you could
select whichever value is appropriate.
You can now plot this longsection by clicking OK.
To return to the network close the current drawing by selecting Close from
AutoCAD’s File menu.
You have now completed this part of the example. If you simply quit from
AutoCAD, you should ensure that the example file is saved in its original
format. If you want to save your work without altering the original, use the
Save As command and enter the name of your choice.
Redesigning the display

DrawNet(CAD) allows you to present the display in a variety of forms. This
exercise will introduce you to the controls so that in future you can tailor the
presentation of the drawings to suit your own preferences.
Select the Display Settings options from the Graphics menu and the
DrawNet(CAD) Display Settings dialogue box appears. Change the Pipe Text
Colour to Blue and click the Apply button to update the screen display.
The Pipe Prefix can be changed to PN on the Network Manager form in the
Site menu.
Trial and error with the variables will help you to find your preferred
combination of options.
Pipe Crossing and Conflict Detection

DrawNet(CAD) enables you to identify instances where network designs
conflict with one another. To experiment with this facility, we must first load
the Foul file that contains the network that clashes with the existing Storm
network.
From the Site menu open the Network Manager and select the Import button.
Select the file Foul.mdx file to load and import the network as New Network
when prompted.
In the Network Manager the Storm and Foul networks are listed with the
Foul network highlighted light blue to indicate it is the current network.
The Storm and Foul networks cross at Pipes 1.000 and Pipe 2.000.
To examine this more closely choose Crossings and Conflicts from the Site
menu.
Networks can be included or supressed in Crossing and Conflict detection by

selecting or de-selecting from the Crossing and Conflict Filter. Separation
values for determining crossings and conflicts can also be specified.

Example 13 - DrawNet
Graphical Model Build
Introduction
DrawNet allows multiple networks to be defined through a fully interactive
graphical interface. It allows Storm, Foul and, with A.P.T., Existing networks
to be designed on a single drawing. Storm and Existing networks may be
exported to the Simulation module for full hydraulic testing. The following
example represents a typical process of using DrawNet to produce drawings
and design networks.
Select the Start button and open the Innovyze menu from within the
Programs menu and select Network.
Once Network has loaded, the program will prompt the following:
Click on New Storm.
You will now be presented with the Design Criteria screen. Enter the data as
shown opposite and click OK.
Terrain Modelling
As the design is carried out graphically in DrawNet the Plan view will
automatically be loaded.
A DXF or DWG drawing file can be loaded onto the drawing. Click the Load
DXF button to load in a CAD file.
Load DXF
Click the Load button on the Import CAD Drawing form and open the
Example13.dxf file from the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory.
DrawNet supports two full terrain models. Proposed represents design or

built levels; these are the same as the cover levels normally entered in System
1. Existing levels are those on-site before development commences.
When APT is present DrawNet can extract cover level data from AutoCAD
DXF and DWG files to generate either of the two terrain models. The
example can still be completed if APT is not present as manual entry of cover
levels is explained later.
The CAD file and data will be loaded into the form. Tick the box to include
Site Survey Data as Proposed and Existing but not Image, set it to Simple
Cover and click OK.
The CAD file will be loaded onto the Plan view with the correct co-ordinates
and the ground data contained within the DXF will automatically be
triangulated. Turn off the TIN from the View Options dropdown.
The file also contains a proposed road layout for the site, which will be used
to design the preliminary drainage layout. Click the 3D WorldView button to
view the ground profile in 3D.
3D WorldView
A full 3D ground profile is generated. Make sure the Ground Overlay On

Ground option is ticked under the View tab and the Show TIN Ground option
is ticked under the Model tab. Under the Model tab increase the Overlay
Detail to 1024 and reduce the Horizontal Compression to 5:1.
Close the 3D to return to the Plan view. To make the road layout clearer to
work with, turn off GIS Ground options from the View Options dropdown
toolbar.
Draw Network
From the toolbar click on the Toolbox button to load the drawing Toolbox.
Toolbox
Right click anywhere on the Plan view and select the Band Zoom option
from the pop-up menu.
Left click with the mouse just to the top left of the drawing and drag a
window over the drawing as shown.
From the Toolbox select the Define Straight Pipes option.
Define Straight Pipes
Move the mouse over the drawing and a hand with a cross hair will appear.
Before drawing the network turn on the DXF Snap (top toolbar) and
Optimise (bottom toolbar) options.
DXF Snap
Optimise On
In this example manhole positions are included in the CAD drawing and
should be retained, although manholes can be positioned freehand if required.
Move the hand over the proposed manhole position at the bottom left of the
drawing and a blue square appears as the mouse snaps to the manhole
location. Left click with the mouse to start drawing the network.
Proceed down the road to the next proposed manhole position and the square
will appear again. Left click with the mouse to draw the first pipe.
Continue down the road clicking on each manhole location and turn left to
the outfall at the end of the road. Right click with the mouse to end the main
run.
From the Toolbox click the Select button and a cross hair will appear.
Select
Move the cross hair over the last pipe until the Pipe S1.012 pop-up appears
and left click on it so it is highlighted red.
Open the Longsections from the Graphics menu. Optimise has automatically
designed the pipes to the ground profile.
Return to the Plan view.

To add a branch line to the network select the Band Zoom option as before
and draw a window as shown.
Select Define Straight Pipes from the Toolbox and move the hand to the top
manhole. Draw the pipes for the branch line and left click on Manhole S8 to
join it to the main line.
Note: Manholes can be renumbered using the Renumber Manholes button

on the bottom toolbar.
Click the Extents button to view the whole network.
Extents
Adding Areas
To add contributing areas to each manhole select the Define Areas button
from the Toolbox. Move the mouse over the drawing and a bullseye will
appear.
Define Areas
Move the bullseye over Manhole S1 and left click.

The hand and cross hair will appear. Move the hand to the far left of the area
contributing as shown and left click with the mouse.
Trace around the area in an anti-clockwise direction to the point shown

below.
Right click to close the area. Left click anywhere on the screen and the area
will be shown in green.
Click the Select button on the Toolbox and Left click on the area so it turns
red. Then Right click on the area and choose Properties.
Properties
The Properties form will appear showing all the details for the selected
area.
Set the Transparency (%) to 100.

Note: A Paved Area Factor can also be specified at this point, which will be
applied to each area as it is added.
Draw around the area contributing to the branch line in the same way as
before adding it to Manhole S8 (upstream of pipe S2.000) and set the
Transparency (%) to 100.
As the areas are added the network is recalculated and updated pipe sizes are
shown on the longsection.
Return to the Plan view.
Flow Controls
From the Toolbox click the Select button and left click on pipe S1.012 (so it
is highlighted red). Then right click and select Properties to show all the
information for pipe S1.012.
Scroll down to the bottom of the Properties. The flow for pipe S1.012 is
115.1 l/s, which is too high as there is a discharge consent of 20 l/s off site.
DrawNet allows a flow control to be specified. This facility will reduce the
flow to the required discharge and allow System 1 to reduce pipes
downstream.
Enter 20 l/s in the Design Flow (l/s) cell and press the Enter key on the
keyboard.
Note: Specifying a flow control is only available if APT present.
Although the flow for pipe S1.012 has been overruled the program will not
specify a pipe diameter smaller than the pipe immediately upstream. To
downsize the pipe, the diameter must be specified manually.
Note: The control must be specified in detail in Simulation as a constant

flow specification is not sufficient for a full analysis.
Network Details
The network can still be viewed in spreadsheet format if required. Select
Network Details from the Network menu. Specify a diameter of 150mm for
pipe 1.012. It is displayed in red to show it is user specified.
If the Design Flow (l/s) column is not present it can be turned on by

selecting Preferences from the Network Details toolbar.
If APT is not present, cover levels can be entered on the Network Details
spreadsheet or on the Manhole Properties form.
Click the Plan button to return to the graphical view.
Plan
Reopen the toolbox and select Define Ancillaries Annotation.

Define Ancillaries Annotation
Select Manhole S13 with the bullseye and a box will appear with the Design
Flow information.
Choose the Select button from the toolbox. Right click on the Design Flow
box and select Properties and untick the Locked option and close the
Properties window. You may now drag the Design Flow box to a more
suitable location.
Multiple Networks
Multiple networks can be designed in DrawNet. To add an additional
network to the drawing click the Network Manager button.
Network Manager
The Network Manager form allows additional Storm, Foul and Existing
networks to be added to the drawing.
Click the New Network drop down arrow and select New Foul - Main
Network to add a foul network. The Design Criteria will appear for Foul -
Main.
New Network
Enter the data as shown and click OK.
Right click anywhere on the plan and select the Band Zoom option. Band a
window around the top end of the site as shown and turn off the DXF Snap
option.
Open the Toolbox by clicking the Toolbox icon and select the Define Straight
Pipes option. Draw the Foul network freehand outside the verge line and
right click at the end to finish. The main line of the Foul network will be
designed.
Add a branch line to the foul network crossing the road.

DrawNet will identify any crossings that occur between networks. Select
Crossings and Clashes from the Site menu and a red circle denotes pipe
crossings along with the Crossings / Clashes form, giving pipe and level
information.
Open the 3D World View to see the crossings visually.
Landscape Features
Close the 3D to return to the drawing and turn the DXF Snap back on. Select
the Define Landscape Features button on the Toolbox, which allows houses
and other elements to be added to the drawing. Set the Quick Data value to
7.5. This will be applied to the height of each house as it is defined.
The house locations are already on the drawing. To define a house click on 3
of the corner points. The house will be drawn over the original layout on the
drawing.
Note: Landscaping Features are only available if APT present.
Add the three other houses to the drawing in the same way and open the 3D
World View to see the houses in 3D.
Modifying the Drawing

Additional manholes can be inserted anywhere in the network. Close the 3D
view to return to the drawing and click the Extents button.
Select the Insert Manhole option on the Toolbox.
Insert Manhole
Move the bullseye to midway along pipe S2.002 and left click with the
mouse.
An additional manhole will be added and the network renumbers

automatically.
Open the Display Settings form by clicking the button on the toolbar.
Display Settings
The Display Settings allows each layer to be locked (to stop selection or
inadvertent modification) or the default drawing colour to be specified. All
applies the selected colour to all existing layer entities and Del deletes the
layer. Change the Annotation colour to red (so it is visible on print outs).
Set up the Display Settings as shown opposite to allow selection and

movement of the outfall manhole (see Outfall opposite).
The outfall manhole can now be moved to any position on the drawing. Click
the Select button on the Toolbox and position the cross hair over the outfall
manhole and Left click. Drag the manhole to a new position on the drawing.
Before continuing move the outfall manhole back to its correct position.
Close the Display Settings form and click the Annotation Settings icon.
Annotation Settings
By default the drawing displays Pipe Numbers and Manhole Names only.
Additional data can be added to the drawing by modifying the Annotation

Settings.
Right clicking anywhere on the drawing displays a pop-up menu, which
allows any of the forms to be opened instead of selecting them from the
toolbar.
There is also the Pan option, which allows panning by clicking the central
scroll button on your mouse and zooming by scrolling the button.
A second terrain model

The preliminary design for the Road drainage is now complete. True ground
levels for the road and verges are available in a digital terrain model which
can be imported over the top of the original DXF file. To do this select GIS
Data from the Site menu.
Note: Importing a Terrain model is only available if APT present.
On the GIS Data form select the Surfaces Tab and then Proposed from the
drop down. Select the Import button from the toolbar. At the Open File
prompt change the file type to .pwf, select the Example13.pwf file and say
Yes to the warnings. Select OK to the GIS data form and say Yes to the
warning.
The new digital terrain data will be loaded, replacing the existing
information. The longsection automatically updates to show the new ground /
road levels and the system is automatically optimised.
View the 3D (making sure the Show TIN Ground option is turned on under
the Model tab) to see the site with the true levels. Again you can switch
between existing and proposed ground levels using the dropdown.
Plotting
Close the 3D and click the Print Preview button.
Print Preview
Turn off the TIN and GIS Ground from under the View Options dropdown
toolbar.
From the File menu select Page Setup, change the Orientation to Landscape
and click OK. From the View Options menu make sure Graphics is turned
on.
Right click on the drawing and select Set Print Scale.
Enter a Print Scale (1:X) of 1500 and select OK.
Close the properties form and right click on the drawing and select Pan. A
Hand will appear allowing the drawing to be dragged into position. Drag the
drawing into the centre of the print preview.
To use standard SFA5 colours and line styles select the SFA option from the
Pipe Colours and Manhole Colours dropdown.
Clicking the Plot Image button will send the final layout to a printer or
plotter.
Plot Image
The final drawing may be output and merged with the original DXF drawing
for export to CAD facilities by clicking the Save DXF button.
Save DXF
This provides a seamless integration with CAD systems.
All items that have a level associated with them will have this represented as
an elevation(s) associated with the 2D entity. i.e. Invert Levels on Manholes
and US and DS IL for Pipes. Levels will also be appended to TIN Data and
FloodFlow results if present.
To assist with Building Information Modelling (BIM) a switch is in place that

allows 3D Network entities to be exported with the DrawNet module. When
this option is selected the following will occur:
• Pipes - Exported as Cylinder for standard pipe based on diameter or

as a series of faces to represent Conduits and Section Types
• Manholes - Exported as a Cylinder for circular manholes or a Box for
Square manholes, both based on dimension and drawn from Cover
Level down to manhole base.

Example 14 – FloodFlow
Overland Flow Path Analysis
Introduction
The terms “Exceedence” and “Risk” have become more common in
engineering specifications in recent years. While engineers have been
concentrating on the underground (minor) system for many years, we must
also assess the performance of the above ground (major) system. The major
system can take many forms, including the careful design of landscaping to
ensure that the risks to property and life are reduced.
FloodFlow is a 2D analysis engine that can generate overland flood flow

paths. When used in conjunction with Simulation APT it provides minute-
by-minute flood depths, directions and velocities. This allows a full
assessment of the risk associated with the flooding generated during extreme
events. Dynamic FloodFlow Analysis can link the major and minor systems
together in one analysis run, providing fully integrated 1D and 2D analysis
for the first time.
When used with DrawNet APT the FloodFlow methods provide a powerful
design aid. The geometric analysis tools allow sink points and ridgelines to
be identified on the ground surface at the click of a button. This makes
planning the location of terminal gullies and overland flow corridors a simple
task. A FloodFlow analysis can also be carried out using a constant water
depth across the entire site. The main overland flow routes can then be
identified at the very start of the design process.
Using Simulation and FloodFlow Analysis engines, it is possible to apply

rainfall directly to the terrain model removing the need to identify catchment
areas for specific manholes as the rainfall will find its own way into the 1D
model. In combination with DrawNet the terrain model can be zoned, with
each zone allowing rural and urban areas to be distinguished, each with its
own runoff coefficient.
The following example takes the design from Example 13 and demonstrates
the use of FloodFlow to identify the risks associated with overland flows.
FloodFlow within DrawNet APT

Open Network using your preferred method. At the Open screen select Open
Existing File. Locate the .mdx file saved at the end of Example 13.
Alternatively, load Intex14.mdx from the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data
directory.
Note: If required you can load the attached rainfall file, UK1.idf, from
the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data directory.
This should then automatically present you with the Plan. Select the Proposed
view using the drop down in the bottom left hand corner.
The ability to perform a FloodFlow analysis at an early design stage helps to

prevent the need for major modifications to the drainage network and/or
landscaping at a later time. We can now FloodFlow to identify sink points,
ridgelines and likely overland flow routes.
Right click on the Drawing background and select Band Zoom. Left Click
and Drag a box around the houses and cul-de-sac at the southern end of the
site.
Click on the View Options drop down menu and Select TIN Analysis.
View Options TIN Analysis

Each triangle in the DTM will now display an arrow, or red cross, to show
the direction of steepest ground slope. These arrows are colour coded to
represent the gradient. The display settings gives a key of the colours and
symbols used.
Ridgelines are identified where the surrounding triangles are sloping away
from the line. These are marked with a thick black and white line, and can be
seen along the centre line of the road, as well as along the kerb lines.
A sink point is identified where a vertex is lower than all of the surrounding
vertices. Sink points are marked on the drawing by a black cross inside a
solid red circle. The engineer would need to ensure that additional gullies are
considered for these locations, to prevent ponding of surface water.
The TIN Analysis can also be viewed in 3D; the same arrows and symbols
are overlaid on the terrain surface.
Click the 3D World View button and turn on the TIN Analysis from the View
Options menu.
Close the 3D World View to return to the drawing. Open the View Options
menu and turn off the TIN Analysis. A full FloodFlow analysis can be
carried out in DrawNet by applying a starting water depth to the whole
drawing.
Click the FloodFlow Analysis icon on the lower toolbar and the FloodFlow
Analysis Options are displayed. Check the Grid Size is 2m and click OK to
accept the rest of the default values. This will apply a starting water depth of
50 mm and run the analysis for 60 minutes.
FloodFlow Analysis
Note: In DrawNet the FloodFlow analysis is only performed on the section

of the Drawing that is currently displayed.
DrawNet now displays the peak flood depths and Velocity-Depths for each
grid square. The colour coding is the same as FloodFlow in Simulation. The
results are used to validate the TIN Analysis.
To view the results of the FloodFlow analysis, turn on FloodFlow Depth and
FloodFlow Velocity from the View Options menu.
FloodFlow Depth FloodFlow Velocity
To user define the graphical results open the Display Settings and select
FloodFlow Colours.
Display Settings
By default squares are transparent until the water is 10mm deep. 10 to

100mm is coloured blue. 100mm to 300mm is coloured red. 300mm to
600mm is coloured yellow. Above 600mm the squares are white.
Each of the colours becomes lighter as the depth approaches the upper end of
the range. Click on any colour and the Colour Picker is displayed.
Each square in the terrain grid containing more than the minimum depth of
water displays an arrow showing the direction of flow. The arrow is coloured
depending on the product of velocity and depth. By default 0-0.1 (m2/s) is
blue. 0.1-0.2 is red and 0.2 to 0.3 is gold. Above 0.3 the arrow is grey.
Again each of these can be edited.
The exact values of the Flood Depth and the Velocity-Depth are shown at the
bottom right of the Plan. Hover the cursor over a flooded grid square to view
these values.
Select the FloodFlow Settings tab.

Semi-transparent depth on Plan enables an aerial photograph or other
background image to be seen behind the FloodFlow depth squares. As we
will not be using a background image deselect the option.
We will leave Show continuous surface ticked on. This will apply the grid
level at the centre of each grid square and the level linearly interpolated in
between rather than show each square individually. If working with a model
with sharp details (i.e. break lines) you may want to deselect this option.
You can also specify maximum number of grid squares that will be displayed
along either of the axis for the Plan/3D Level of Detail (LOD). The value
should be set to gives a suitable performance level on your PC.
Close the Display Settings and view the Plan, the outline of the maximum
flood levels is displayed.
FloodFlow within Simulation APT

A rainfall event must be loaded, to do this open the Simulation Criteria from
the Site menu. Select the Edit button and the Rainfall Profile form is opened.
Select Import load in Intex14.redx from the \MicroDrainage 2018\Data
directory. Click OK to Rainfall Profile form. Set a Cv value of 0.84 which
will replicate winter conditions and add 30% Additional Flow. The Run
Time (mins) should be set to 120 and the Output Interval (mins) should be 1.
Note: See Appendix ii for how to create rainfall events.
Note: To identify the storms that produce flooding, the Rainfall Wizard
should be run.
Click OK to the Simulation Criteria and run the analysis by clicking the Go
button.
Run Analysis
The Summary of Results show that this event causes flooding at three nodes
in the network. FloodFlow can now be used to identify the flow pathways
that this flooding will follow.
Click on the Analyse menu and select the FloodFlow Analysis option.
The FloodFlow Analysis Options are displayed.
The Analysis Method can be set to either Explicit or ADI (Alternate

Direction Implicit). For this example we will leave it set to ADI and we will
leave the Analysis Speed set to Medium. For more information on Analysis
Methods, click on the Help button.
The Grid Size defaults to 4m. In this case we are looking at flooding on a
road that is around 5.5m wide. Change the Grid Size to 2m and set the
Surface as Urban.
There are three FloodFlow Analysis Type choices that can be selected from
the dropdown option. The first, FloodFlow Static Analysis, uses the results
of our Simulation analysis to generate the overland flow routes. This method
retains all floodwater above ground.
The second method, FloodFlow Dynamic Analysis, links the minor and
major systems, allowing floodwater to re-enter the underground drainage
network if spare capacity is available. In this case our pipe network is below
a road, so it is likely that flood water will be able to re-enter the network.
The third method, Apply Rainfall, applies the rainfall directly to the terrain
model. The water is then free to find its own way into the underground
drainage network. Cv values can be defined for different surface zones. This
method will eliminate the need to specify catchment areas for each manhole.
Select Dynamic Analysis and leave the 1D Timestep as Fine and click OK to
start the analysis.
Once the analysis has finished click Save and the Summary of Results is
displayed.
The Summary shows that additional pipes are now showing a Flood warning.
This is because the Dynamic Analysis has fed some of the floodwater back
into the underground system, causing additional flooding downstream.
Click on the Plan icon to view this graphically.
Plan
The Plan shows the triangulated Digital Terrain Model and the locations of
the houses added in DrawNet. If these are not shown, ensure that the TIN
and GIS Features options are turned on under the View Options menu.
To view the results of the FloodFlow analysis, turn on FloodFlow Depth and
FloodFlow Velocity from the View Options menu.
Zoom in on the housing area to see the impact of the flooding.
To view minute-by-minute flood levels, click on the Play button on the Video
Controller.
In this example it can be seen that all depths are less than 300 mm and that
the Velocity Depth vector never exceeds 0.1 m2/s. However, the proximity
of the flooding to one of the houses may be a problem; we should look at
altering the site layout or levels to mitigate this risk.
The nature of the risk is more apparent when viewed in 3D. Click on the 3D
World View icon and select the Play button to animate the flooding.
Apply Rainfall
FloodFlow allows the engineers to escape the confines of defining areas for
each manhole node. Instead you can apply rainfall directly to terrain model
and allow it to find its own way into the 1D model (all contributing areas are
ignored). The DTM can be zoned to apply specific runoff (CV) rates for
different surface types. Furthermore, areas that fall outside of the site you are
interested in analysing can be excluded to increase analysis speed.
To zone your site, select the Plan view and open the Toolbox from the
toolbar.
Toolbox
Select the Misc. tab and click the FloodFlow Zone button (only available
with the DrawNet module).
FloodFlow Zone
The hand and cross hair will appear. Trace freehand around the impermeable
area by left clicking with the mouse at each point.
Click the Select button on the Toolbox and left click on the area so it turns
red. Then Right click on the area and choose Properties.
The Properties form allows you to select Surface Type, set it to Urban.
Note: FloodFlow modelling using the Apply Rainfall Analysis type

requires the DrawNet module to zone your site.
Click the FloodFlow Exclude Zone button.
FloodFlow Exclude
Exclude the section of the site that has no effect on the housing and roads by
drawing around it using the same method as before. No runoff will contribute
from the excluded zone.
Select FloodFlow Analysis from the Analyse menu.
Set the Analysis Type as Apply Rainfall and all the other variables as shown
above. Here note that the Cv value used is a combination of the Volumetric
Runoff Coefficient and the percentage impervious for the zoned area. Make
sure Apply Exclusions option is selected and click OK to run the analysis.
The results further corroborate the initial TIN Analysis by identifying the
same sink points and ridgelines.
Open the Display Settings and select FloodFlow Colours.

Set the first depth increment to 20. Water depths less then 20mm will now
not be drawn.
To further aid detailed result analysis and visualisation process. It is possible

to generate a cross-section of the result through drawing a polyline for
analysing specific flooding locations. Select the FloodFlow Profile option
from the Toolbox.
FloodFlow Profile
More detail is required on the road outside the houses. Left click with the
mouse to drag the polyline across the road, then left click again and then
immediately right click to display the result.
The results are can been seen as both graphical and tabular. This allows the
engineer to closely inspect specific hazardous locations in you flooded area.
Click the 3D World View icon and use the Compass to view the results in the
3D View.
Appendix
Appendix i Page i.1

Appendix i
Hydraulic Conduits
Page i.2 Appendix i
Introduction
MicroDrainage is supplied with a library comprising 65 hydraulic conduits
that are embedded within it.
You also have the facility to create your own conduit libraries of up to 999
sections. MicroDrainage enables you to select sections from the internal
library or your own libraries from within appropriate modules.
The standard conduits include box culverts, trapezoidal channels, dual

pipelines, triple pipelines, and egg shaped sewers. In addition,
MicroDrainage allows you to create your own section designs when you are
building a library.
Sections can be chosen in the System 1 module by specifying their conduit

number in lieu of a diameter. Full details of the conduits used in any design
are displayed on the hard copy.
Example 2 in this manual incorporates the practical application of the

resources described here.
Specifying sections within System 1

The default hydraulic sections library is automatically loaded every time you
open or create a Storm or Foul network. However, you can have both the
default library and your own hydraulic sections library available
simultaneously. This gives you the choice of specifying sections either from
the default library or your own range, simply by entering the section number.
To do this, simply move the cursor to the pipe diameter field for the pipe you
wish to specify as a conduit. Then click the Conduits button.
Conduits Button
System 1 presents you with the Conduit Picker, featuring the pre-defined
system conduits under the System tab.
Appendix i Page i.3
Creating your own conduit Library

To create your own conduit library, select the User tab from the Conduit
Picker.
Then click the Edit button and you will be presented with the Conduit
Designer spreadsheet.
Page i.4 Appendix i
Entering data
Proceed to enter the data set out below, which includes examples of each
kind of section. Start by entering the values shown for the height and
connection height, beginning with 600mm for Section 1.
MicroDrainage gives you a variety of standard shapes to specify for your

section. The toolbar at the left of the spreadsheet provides you with a graphic
representation of the shapes.
Appendix i Page i.5
Click on each of the labels in turn to see the shapes available.

Then, to apply a rectangular shape with no splay, highlight and
specify the relevant section under Capped and simply click on
the shape button.
The symbol representing the shape you have chosen will appear in the
symbol field of the spreadsheet.
Follow the same process for each different section, observing the points at
which data in addition to the height and connection height are required. You
will note, for instance, that the quadruple pipe section and the egg-shaped
section require no other data to be entered.
MicroDrainage will also make the calculations required by the analysis

modules - such as System 1 or Simulation - for which this library may be
required. Full bore capacities, velocities, volumes and proportional velocities,
capacities and volumes can also be calculated (see below and Example 2).
The physical dimensions entered here must also include connection points
and enough detail for the Simulation module to analyse backwater and
routing though the conduits.
When you have entered all the necessary data the Export button allows you to
save the library so it can be opened for another project.
Save the library as SAMPLE, as shown here.
Page i.6 Appendix i
Similarly the Import button can be used to load existing .sec or .secx files.
Simply click OK to the Conduit Designer and the Conduit Picker window
will now display the User conduits.
The Conduit Picker window will automatically calculate the flow capacity for
your chosen section, using the data from the project on which you are
currently working. Thus you can check that the section has sufficient capacity
before introducing it into the network.
Note: When creating your own .secx file, you may choose to group similar
sections together, leaving gaps in the spreadsheet. However, when Conduit
Picker loads your library it will omit any gaps. Nevertheless, the section
numbers will remain the same.
Appendix i Page i.7
Entering individual sections
To specify a particular section, you can simply enter the section number in
the Pipe Diameter field of the network spreadsheet. MicroDrainage will not
accept pipe diameters of 65mm or less, so any figure you enter between 1 and
65 will automatically be interpreted as a section from the conduit library.
However, your own library will hold up to 999 sections. To avoid confusion,
with either the conduit library or with a pipe diameter value, you should enter
the section number followed by a minus sign. This instructs the module you
are working in to take the appropriate section from your own library. The
number is shown with the minus sign in the Network Details spreadsheet.
You can also enter sections by highlighting the Pipe Diameter field of your
chosen pipe and clicking the Conduits button. When the Conduit Picker
appears, select the System or User tab and highlight the section you require
and click OK. The section will be entered with the section number shown in
place of a pipe diameter; again, the number will be shown as a negative if
you have chosen a section from the User tab.
A full list of the default conduit library supplied is given later in this
appendix. Descriptive details for the hard copy are also available.
Defining your own sections

You may need to specify a section, which does not conform to the standard
dimensions and patterns supplied. MicroDrainage gives you the resources to
do so.
Begin by highlighting the section number you require for your design. From
the conduit spreadsheet, choose Create from the toolbar of shape options.
Page i.8 Appendix i
Then click Define.

Appendix i Page i.9
As an example, we will design a benched trapezoidal section.
Enter the coordinates shown in the usual way. Note how the section shape
appears as each line is drawn.
Note also that the dimensions are entered to the nearest millimetre.
Succeeding values cannot be identical for the X (m) coordinates; hence the
need to enter 0.999 and 1.000 for rows 7 and 8 in the Base spreadsheet, even
though it is intended that this side wall should be precisely vertical. For a real
project, you will probably find it helpful to draw a sketch of your section first
and define the coordinates for each point.
With your drawing complete, simply click OK and the section is entered in
the field selected.
Page i.10 Appendix i
Rectangular sections - standard culverts
Section b h 4*m Corner A
No. (m) (m) (m) Splay (m2)
1 1200 600 0.833 125x125 0.69

2 1500 600 0.891 125x125 0.87
3 1800 600 0.928 175x175 1.02
4 1200 800 1.002 125x125 0.93
5 1500 800 1.086 125x125 1.17
6 1800 800 1.152 175x175 1.38
7 2100 800 1.201 175x175 1.62
8 1200 1000 1.139 125x125 1.17
9 1500 1000 1.248 125x125 1.47
10 1800 1000 1.340 175x175 1.74
11 2100 1000 1.409 175x175 2.04
12 2400 1000 1.464 175x175 2.34
13 1800 1200 1.502 175x175 2.10
14 2100 1200 1.589 175x175 2.46
15 2400 1200 1.661 175x175 2.82
16 2700 1200 1.726 225x225 3.14
17 1800 1500 1.705 175x175 2.64
18 2100 1500 1.820 175x175 3.09
19 2400 1500 1.916 175x175 3.54
20 2700 1500 2.006 225x225 3.95
21 2100 1800 2.013 175x175 3.72
22 2400 1800 2.132 175x175 4.26
23 2700 1800 2.247 225x225 4.76
24 3000 1800 2.336 225x225 5.30
25 3000 2100 2.563 225x225 6.20
m = hydraulic radius; b = width of culvert section; h = height of culvert section

Appendix i Page i.11
Trapezoidal sections
A=bh+h2 For maximum efficiency b=0.8284h
Section b h m 4*m A
No. (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2)
26 0.300 0.362 0.181 0.725 0.240

27 0.375 0.453 0.2265 0.906 0.375
28 0.450 0.543 0.2715 1.086 0.539
29 0.600 0.724 0.362 1.449 0.959
30 0.800 0.966 0.483 1.932 1.706
31 1.000 1.207 0.6035 2.414 2.664
A=bh+1.5h2 For maximum efficiency b=0.6056h
Section b h m 4*m A
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2)
32 0.300 0.495 0.2475 0.989 0.512

33 0.375 0.619 0.3095 1.236 0.800
34 0.450 0.743 0.3715 1.484 1.153
35 0.600 0.991 0.4955 1.980 2.051
36 0.800 1.321 0.6605 2.638 3.644
Trapezoidal sections - continued
A=bh+2h2 For maximum efficiency b+0.472h

Section b h m 4*m A
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2)
37 0.300 0.636 0.318 1.270 0.985

38 0.375 0.794 0.387 1.585 1.535
39 0.450 0.953 0.4765 1.903 2.211
40 0.600 1.271 0.6355 2.538 3.933
Dual Pipelines
Section diameter 4*m Area

No (mm) (mm) (m2)
41 2 x 300 299 0.141

42 2x 375 375 0.221
43 2 x 450 450 0.318
44 2 x 525 525 0.433
45 2 x 600 599 0.565
Triple Pipelines
Section diameter 4*m Area

No. (mm) (mm) (m2)
46 3 x 375 375 0.331

47 3 x 450 450 0.477
48 3 x 525 525 0.649
49 3 x 600 600 0.848
50 3 x 675 675 1.074
m=hydraulic radius
Egg Shaped Pipes
A=H*H/1.96 B=.667*H 4*m+.7721*H
Section H B 4*m A
No. (m) (m) (m) (m2)
51 .533 .356 .412 .145

52 .61 .406 .471 .190
53 .686 .457 .529 .240
54 .762 .508 .588 .296
55 .838 .559 .646 .358
56 .914 .61 .705 .426
57 .991 .66 .765 .501
58 1.067 .711 .824 .581
59 1.143 .762 .883 .667
60 1.219 .813 .941 .758
61 1.372 .914 1.058 .960
62 1.524 1.016 1.176 1.185
63 1.676 1.118 1.294 1.433
64 1.829 1.219 1.412 1.707
65 2.137 1.422 1.650 2.330
Appendix ii Page ii.1

Appendix ii
IDF, CRP and Hyetograph
Page ii.2 Appendix ii
IDF
The Rational Method (and its variants) bases its calculations on rainfall data
in the form of Intensity, Duration and Frequency (IDF) data.
IDF libraries are created on the principle that for a given return period (or
frequency) and a set duration, a storm will have a known average intensity.
For example, a storm near Seattle in the USA with a return period of five
years (the frequency) and a duration of 20 minutes, has an average intensity
of 17.5 mm/hr.
The IDF library represents a single frequency and is a sequential list of

average intensities for different durations of storm. In the Rational Method,
each pipe is designed for the average intensity of a storm of a duration equal
to its time of concentration. It could be said, therefore, that each pipe or
channel in a network is designed for a different storm, as each pipe has a
unique time of concentration.
The Rational Method is therefore not suitable for backwater analysis, or any
analysis that involves the effect of one continuous storm, as no two pipes are
designed using the same storm. A Simulation program should be used to
determine the real hydraulic grade lines, which will vary minute by minute
throughout a storm.
Entering IDF data

From within the System 1 module, select Design Criteria from the Network
menu. You will see the option to open the IDF editor, click the Editor button.
The IDF library spreadsheet appears:
Enter the data in the usual way. Where a value is repeated, for instance
towards the end of the storm, simply highlight the value and click Repeat; the
value will automatically be entered into all remaining cells on the
spreadsheet.
Note: Storms of 1, 2 or 5 minute increments (100 entries) are usually used

with Rational Methods, while the IDF series provides sufficient durations
for hydrograph methods.
If you wish to save the IDF library for use with another file, click the Export
icon and you are invited to save the file. Enter a suitable name and the file
can be saved with the extension .idfx or .idf.
Click the Import icon and the Open IDF File window appears which allows
you to load .idfx or .idf files.
The example here shows some of the .idfx files supplied as standard with
your MicroDrainage software. Where you have created your own .idfx file,
the name will be shown and you can open it in the usual way.
Click Cancel and when you have entered the data on the previous page, click
OK to use the IDF library with the current design.
The CRP and the hyetograph

To verify the real hydraulic performance of any system during a rainfall
event, a hydrograph method (including Simulation and Source Control) need
more information than the average intensity of a storm and the IDF library is
generally not sufficient for this purpose.
However, if IDF information is all you have, then MicroDrainage provides a

method for producing a storm profile based on this information.
With a Hydrograph method, individual storms are run from start to finish.
The Seattle storm of 17.5 mm/hr average intensity is very unlikely to rain at
exactly 17.5 mm/hr for the whole of the 20 minutes. Most precipitation starts
slowly, peaks near the mid-point of its duration and tails off again. It would
not be unusual for a storm to have a peak intensity 4 times the average
intensity.
To get a realistic result from a Hydrograph method it is necessary to add a

shape, or profile, to the storm which is characteristic of the geographical
location. These shapes are usually expressed as a Cumulative Rainfall Profile
(CRP). If you combine an average intensity read from IDF data with a CRP,
the result is a storm profile (hyetograph) which shows the variation of rainfall
throughout the whole storm.
Generating a rainfall profile

If you have good IDF and CRP data then you can fully utilise the
sophisticated hydrograph methods contained in MicroDrainage. In the UK,
for example, all this data exists and is built into the software. But while CRP
data is not always available elsewhere, it is still possible to obtain a profile
from IDF data for engineering purposes.
The two most important variables for engineering drainage networks are
intensity and volume.
For Source Control, the most important data is contained in the IDF library,
which is usually widely available. The volume of a storm does not vary with
the CRP profile. The engineer knows the average intensity from the IDF data
and he therefore knows the volume of the storm.
The Simulation program needs good volume data and good peak precipitation
data. Pipe flow, and hence local flooding, is greatly affected by peak
discharge, so it is necessary to know both the volume of a storm (average
intensity) and the peak intensity.
Peak practice
A clue to the peak intensity of a long storm can be found in the average
intensity of a short duration storm of the same frequency and location. So if a
100 minute storm in Seattle has an average intensity of 7.5 mm/hr, and a 10
minute storm in the same location has an average intensity of 30 mm/hr, it
would not be unreasonable to construct a rainfall profile that lasts for 100
minutes, has a peak intensity of 30 mm/hr and an average intensity of 7.5
mm/hr.
This profile combines the peak intensity of a short duration storm and the
volume of the longer storm. It will therefore provide a satisfactory engineered
profile for design.
Note: CRP data is available in the USA for SCS methods, so the engineer
has a choice.
Brewing up a storm
MicroDrainage can generate several typical storms from IDF data. In
practice, however, a 2 hour storm that has a peak similar to a 5 minute
duration storm, and a 24 hour storm that peaks similar to the average 30
minute intensity are sufficient to cover a whole spectrum of characteristics.
These two storms provide both ends of the spectrum - a long storm which
delivers a large volume and a shorter storm that has a significant peak
rainfall. A design that satisfies both these criteria in the Source Control or
Simulation programs will be a satisfactory design.
The profiles produced by MicroDrainage from IDF data use several storms to
produce the hyetograph. The 2 hour storm uses the intensities of the 120, 60,
30, 15 and 5 minute durations to construct a profile, so that the average
intensity measured each side of the centre of the storm equates to the average
intensities for these durations. This single 2 hour storm combines the effects
of storms of 5 different durations. The 24 hour storm combines the intensities
of the 24, 12, 6, 2, 1 and half-hour durations.
In rare cases a storm longer than one day will be critical for the calculation of
storage volume. In particular, when the allowable discharge from the network
is very low, a storm of low average intensity may still cause the system to fill
to the point of flooding.
Such storms are usually only critical when a storage structure has been
designed to restrict the flow to very low levels. Running these longer storms
at their average intensity throughout will demonstrate whether or not the
system can accommodate the accumulated volume.
MicroDrainage incorporates the facility to create your own IDF and Rainfall
Files. You can therefore model storms on the basis of any global rainfall
pattern. Profiles can be built either by applying an appropriate cumulative
profile to a your own custom-made IDF File, generating a file from IDF data
alone - using the MicroDrainage Rainfall Generator - or by keying data
directly into a Rainfall Profile spreadsheet to create a hyetograph.
CRP and Hyetograph

You also have the facility to enter cumulative rainfall profile (CRP) data,
which can be combined with IDF data to create a Hyetograph.
IDF data only

To generate a file from IDF data, select the Rainfall Profile option from the
Simulation Criteria form in Simulation or from Global Variables Inflow
options in Source Control.
Click the Edit button to open the Rainfall Profile form.

Now select the Generate Profile data button to open the Generate Rainfall
form.
Generate Profile data
The unique Generate Rainfall form appears:
Ensure the IDF/CRP Data tab is selected, click the Edit button next to the
IDF File graph and open the Trump25.idfx file. Select a duration of 120
minutes for the storm, then hit Generate.
The Rainfall Generator creates a curve for the storm:

Save the file as Trump25a.redx by clicking the Export button.

Now select 1440 minutes as the storm duration and hit Generate again. Save
this new curve as Trump25b.redx.
You now have hyetographs for a 2 hour and a 24 hour storm which can be
used for analysis.
Combining IDF and CRP data

If you have CRP data as well as IDF data, you can use the rainfall generator
to combine them in a curve. Re-open the Generate Rainfall form and open
Trump25.idfx as before.
Before you hit Generate, however, click on the Edit button next to the CRP
File graph box. Select UK50.crpx and the file and its key data appear within
the generator. Select a 2 hour storm. Now select Generate and the curve is
created.
Notice that the figure for the average intensity has been re-calculated to take
account of the IDF data.
In addition, if you have rainfall profile data, you can create a hyetograph
immediately, using the Rainfall Profile form. Use the same procedure as you
used for the IDF spreadsheet both to open, save and to enter data into the
CRP and rainfall profile spreadsheets.
[email protected]
www.innovyze.com
Tel: +44 (0) 1635 582555

EMEA SALES & OPERATIONS, MICRODRAINAGE
Howbery Park, Wallingford
OXON OX10 8BA
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0) 1635 582 555
www.innovyze.com
MicroDrainage is a trademark of Innovyze. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
Innovyze reserves the right to change any of the MicroDrainage suite of programs without prior notice.

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DETAILED DRAINAGE DESIGN SOFTWARE

Revision 0 February 2019 MicroDrainage® International 2019

Working with MicroDrainage®

Click Next to proceed through the Installation wizard.

Installing a Network copy

The topic entitled Read Me contains late breaking information. It is

Working with MicroDrainage®

However, it is the range of user options including menus, toolbars and

When you have finished entering the data, click OK to proceed.

Creating the network - Network Details

Click OK and the changes are applied to the Network Details.

The known data for the network are as follows:

1.000 100 1.000 0.25 5 10 0.012 100 R R

1.001 50 R 100 0.5 R R

2.000 20 0.25 0.01 R R R 100 R R

3.000 35.5 R 125 0.02 R R R 100 R R

1.002 25 R R 1.52 R 356

1.003 78.9 0.175 5.7 R 2

1.004 100 R 500 R R 1500

Note: Here, R denotes Return. Where no entry is shown, System 1 will

Completing the spreadsheet

1.000 100 1.000 0.25 5 10 0.012 100 R R

Note: If you do not specify a pipe number or length, System 1

1.001 50 R 100 0.5 R R

Pipes 2.000 and 3.000

2.000 20 0.25 0.01 R R R 100 R R

3.000 35.5 R 125 0.02 R R R 100 R R

1.002 25 R R 1.52 R 356

1.003 78.9 0.175 5.7 R 2

1.004 100 R 500 R R 1500

Saving your work and opening new projects

Saves your file

Editing an existing line

The Delete Pipe dialogue box now appears.

The number of the pipe highlighted is automatically shown. However, you

Re-inserting the deleted pipe – Revision Manager

The Revision Manager will be operating if Save Undo Information is

Previous pipes displayed

Branches can be turned on by depressing the Include branch lines option:

Include branch lines

Managing windows in System 1

Switching between windows

Note: A quick way to switch between windows using the keyboard is to

Entry of cover levels

Pipe number US/CL [m]

Show pipe bounds

The Optimise dialogue box now appears:

System 1 re-calculates to produce the optimum design depth at 1.2m

Obstructions underground - how to avoid them

This demonstrates System 1's capacity to optimise an entire system around

Click the Optimise On icon in the toolbar:

Now key in the following pipe details:

1.005 50 R R 0.25 96.000 R

1.006 50 R 250 0.25 95.500 R

Choose Longsection again and note how System 1 has automatically

Designing to a Required Outfall

Enter 94 in the Min IL (m) box and then click OK.