Microwave Engineering and Antenna Measurement Lab Manual
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Measurement Lab Manual
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Measurement Lab Manual
LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
Vision
Mission
Provide high quality and effective education in Electronics and
Communication engineering.
Impart knowledge in advanced technologies like VLSI design,
Radar and signal processing, and robotics.
Foster innovation, incubation and entrepreneurship by
collaborating with industry and other R&D organizations.
Inculcate leadership qualities, societal and ethical
responsibilities.
Prepared by
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PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
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PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.
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Course Objective
microwave frequencies.
Course Outcomes
After successful completion of the course the student should be able to
CO1: Design, construct and test the various microwave devices and
components.
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 L H M L L L M L H M
CO2 M H L L L L M H M
CO3 H M L L L L M H M
CO4 H M L L L L M H L
CO5 H M L L L L L M H L
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART-A
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PART-B
I. Functional Block
A. Operation Modes
B. Software Control Mode
C. Panel Control Mode
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PART-A
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Experiment No: 1
Microwave Frequencies:
Relationship between the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) of an E.M.
wave is
λ f=c
Where c is velocity of electromagnetic radiation, usually called the speed of
light.
IEEE Microwave Frequency Band:
MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:
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SPECIFICATIONS
The klystron power supply also provides all the other D.C. Voltages
required for operation of reflex klystron tube such as beam, heater and
reflector voltage. The ranges of all these voltages are given in the
specification data sheet.
3. Klystron Tube
When they approach the anode, the electrons form bunches and the
bunches ultimately return towards the anode cavity after travelling a small
distance towards the reflector. The power is taken from the anode re-entrant
cavity.
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4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
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6. Variable attenuator
7. Fixed Attenuators
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SPECIFICATIONS
8. Tuneable Probe
Model 6055 Tuneable probe is designed for use with model 6051
slotted sections. These are meant for exploring the energy of the EF in a
suitably fabricated section of wave guide.
The depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by
the knob of the probe. The tip pick up the RF power from the line and this
power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then fed to the VSWR meter or
indicating instrument.
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A VSWR meter basically consists of a high gain; high ‘Q’ low noise
voltage amplifier normally tuned at a fixed frequency at which the
microwaves signal is modulated. The VSWR meter uses the detector signal
out of the microwave detector as its input, amplifies the same and provides
the output on the calibrated volt meter. The meter itself can be calibrated in
terms of VSWR.
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The Gunn Oscillator is stable and low noise microwave source. The
Gunn diode is mounted in waveguide cavity, and source frequency can be
tunable over the range 8.5 – 12.0 GHz by a micrometre controlled tuning
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other. Here, for a two hole directional coupler the two holes are at a distance
of λg/4.
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It is a four port device port one and port two are collinear arms port 3
is H-arm and port 4 is E-arm in this magic tee if any two ports are perfectly
match to the junction then the remaining two ports are automatically match
to the junction.
16. Circulators
There are T and Y types of three port circulators. These are precisely
machined and assembled to get the desired specifications. Circulators are
matched three port devices and these are meant for allowing Microwave
energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but almost no
transmission in the anti-clockwise direction.
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E - Plane tee are series type T - junction and consists of three section
of wave guide joined together in order to divide or compare power levels. The
signal entering the first port of this T - junction will be equally dividing at
second and third ports of the same magnitude but in opposite Phase.
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Experiment No: 2
Theory:
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Procedure:
I Carrier Wave Operation
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in the Fig 1.
2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum attenuation position.
3. Set the Mod-Switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam
voltage control knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector voltage
control knob to fully clock wise and the Meter Switch to ‘OFF’ position.
4. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter to one side fully.
5. First connect the D.C micro-ammeter with Detector.
6. Switch on the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling fan.
7. Switch on beam voltage and rotate the knob slowly clockwise up to
300 V. Observe beam current value. “The Beam Current should be
less than 30 mA”
8. Vary the reflector voltage slowly and watch ammeter. Set the voltage
for maximum deflection in the meter.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the maximum output.
10. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter slowly. At some particular
position there will be a dip in micro-ammeter. Note down the frequency
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Observations:
Beam Voltage =
Beam Current =
Result:
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Experiment No: 3
Theory:
Transferred Electron Devices (TED’s) are bulk devices that do not have
any junctions or gates. They are fabricated with the compounds like GaAs,
InP, CdTe. These operate on hot electrons. The Gunn diode is one such
example. This also exhibits property of –ve resistance. Gunn observed that
periodic fluctuations of current passing through n-type GaAs specimen,
when the applied voltage exceeded a certain critical value (2.4 kV/ cm).
Basic mechanism involved in the operation of bulk n-type GaAs devices is
the transfer electrons from low conduction valley to upper subsidiary valley
the u-valley. The current increases till a certain value and falls off after
crossing a certain voltage level and increases further linearly.
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Block Diagram:
Precautions:
i. Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at the threshold position for more
than 10-15 seconds.
iii. Care should be taken such that the bias voltage should not exceed above
10V.
Procedure:
6. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph and compare with
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expected graph.
Model Graph:
Observations:
Current( IMAX) =
Result:
The V-I characteristics of Gunn diode has been observed. The
threshold voltage is _______.
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Experiment No: 4
Theory:
Microwave frequency can be measured by either electronic or mechanic
techniques.
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λg = 2(d2 – d1) cm
𝝀𝒐
λg = 𝝀
√𝟏−( 𝝀𝒐 )𝟐
𝒄
1 1
Frequency (f) = C √ 2 +
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆𝑐 2
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
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iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
Block Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
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Observations:
Beam Beam Repeller
Frequency λ0
Voltage Current Voltage d1(cm) d2(cm)
(GHz) (cm)
(V) (mA) (V)
Calculations:
Result:
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Experiment No: 5
Theory:
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two more walls exist, between which there may also be half-waves of
intensity, some system must be established to ensure a universally
understood description of any given propagation mode.
Procedure:
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5. Remove the test wave guide and record the reading of the VSWR
meter. Let it be P2.Then the insertion loss of wave guide will be P 2-
P1dB.
6. Replace the detector mount with movable short, VSWR meter is
connected to slotted section.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minima.
Observations:
P1= dB
P2= dB
d1= cm
d2= cm
Waveguide length= 15 cm
Result:
The waveguide parameters i.e., attenuation constant and the phase constant
are measured.
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Experiment No: 6
Objective:
Theory:
The electromagnetic field at any point of line may be considered as
sum of travelling waves, the incident wave which propagates from source to
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𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
VSWR (S) =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑆−1
Reflection coefficient (ρ) = 𝑆+1
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Block Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
1. Move probe along slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
2. Adjust meter gain control knob until meter gain control indicates 1.0
normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep all control knob as it is, move probe to next minimum position, read
VSWR on scale.
4. Repeat above step for change S.S.Tuner probe depth record
corresponding VSWR.
5. If VSWR between 3.2 to 10 change range dB switch to next higher
position and read VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
6. Compute same for open and matched termination.
obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on slotted line. Let it
be d1.
5. Repeat step 3 and move probe right along slotted line until deflection is 6
dB or 0 dB obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on
slotted line. Let it be d2.
6. Repeat step 3 and move probe right along slotted line until deflection is 6
dB or 0 dB obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on
slotted line. Let it be d3.
7. Replace S.S.Tuner and termination by short.
8. Measure distance (d) between two successive minima positions of people
twice this distance guide wavelength λg.
9. Compute VSWR for the following equation
𝜆𝑔
VSWR =
𝜋(𝑑2−𝑑1)
Observations:
VSWR= (low), ρ=
VSWR= (medium), ρ=
VSWR= (High), ρ=
Result:
Standing wave ration and reflection coefficient are measured.
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Experiment No: 7
Attenuation Measurement
Objective:
To study the characteristics of fixed attenuator, viz., to determine
insertion Loss.
Components & Equipment Required:
Theory:
The attenuator is a two port bi-directional device which attenuates some
power when inserted into the transmission line.
𝑃1
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log
𝑃2
or
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𝑉1
Attenuation A (dB) = 20 log
𝑉2
Or
𝐼1
Attenuation A (dB) = 20 log
𝐼2
Where P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Block Diagram:
Procedure:
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Observations:
Using 5 dB attenuator:
P1= dB
P2= dB
Attenuation = P1 -P2= dB
Result:
Experiment No: 8
Theory:
For dominant TE 10 mode in rectangular wave guide free space wave length
λ0, guide wave length λg, and cutoff wavelength λc are related as below.
1 1 1
= 𝜆2 + 𝜆2
𝜆20 𝑔 𝑐
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Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Block Diagram:
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d1= cm
dx= cm
dx~d1= cm
𝜼 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝜫
Z0 = =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏−(𝒇𝒄 ) √𝟏−( 𝒇𝒄 )
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝟎
Result:
The unknown impedance of horn antenna is measured.
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Experiment No: 9
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Theory:
A directional coupler is a useful hybrid waveguide joint, which couples
power in an auxiliary waveguide arm in one direction. It is a four-port device
but one of the ports is terminated into a matched load.
i) If power is fed into port (1) the power is coupled in ports (2) and (3) i.e.,
power flows in the forward direction of the auxiliary arm port (3) but no
power couples in port (4) i.e., in backward direction similarly power fed in (2)
couples into ports (1) and (4) and not in (3).
ii) All the four ports are matched, i.e. if three of them are terminated in
matched loads, the fourth is automatically terminated in a matched load.
iii) If power couples in reverse direction, power fed in (1) appears in ports (2)
and (4) and nothing in (3), then such type of coupler is known as backward
directional coupler. The conclusion is that in the auxiliary section the power
is coupled in only one direction.
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Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Block Diagram:
Procedure:
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR AND INSERTION LOSS:
3. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector
mount to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum
output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of
variable attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down
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meter.
6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2
13. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be YD.
Observations:
X= dB
Y= dB
Z= dB
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YD = dB
Directivity: Y-YD= dB
Result:
Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity are measured for the
given directional coupler.
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Experiment No: 10
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Theory:
Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to the other
ports. This is depicted in figure. Circulator can have any number of ports.
Circulator is a multi-port junction. A wave incident in port 1 is coupled to
port 2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Following is the basic parameters of isolator and circulator.
Insertion Loss:
Isolation:
Figure 1: Circulator
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
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iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
Block Diagram:
Procedure:
A. INPUT VSWR MEASURMENT:
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in Fig. 2 with input
port of isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on
other ports of it.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
3. With the help of slotted line probe and VSWR meter find out SWR of
the circulator.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports.
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Observations:
VSWR =s = (at port 1)
P1 = dB
P2 = dB
P3= dB
Insertion loss, P2 -P 1= dB
Isolation loss, P3 -P 1= dB
ρ = (1-s)/(1+s) =
S11=
S22=
Result:
Thus, the circulator has been studied. The scattering matrix has been
founded.
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Experiment No: 10
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Theory:
H Plane Tee
Fig 1(a) shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch
that an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow
wall of a main guide, thus it is a three port device in which axis of the
auxiliary or side arm is parallel to the planes of the magnic field of the main
of the main guide and the coupling from the main guide to the branch guide
is by means of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also known as H plane tee.
The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two arms
are in shunt to the input and hence it is also called as shunt tee. Because of
symmetry of the tee; equivalent circuit of H plane, when power enters the
auxiliary arm, and the two main arms 1 and 2 are terminated in identical
loads, the power supplied to each load is equal and in phase with one
another.
If two signals of equal amplitude and in same phase are fed into two
main arms1 and 2, they will be added together in the side arm. Thus H
plane tee is an `adder’.
E Plane Tee
Figure 1(b) and respectively show the sketch of the E plane tee. It is
clear from the sketch of the E plane tee that an auxiliary waveguide arm is
fastened to the broader wall of the main guide. Thus it is also a three port
device in which the auxiliary arm axis in parallel to the plane of the electric
fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main guide to the
auxiliary guide is by means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E
plane tee. It is clear that it causes load connected to its branches to appear
in series. So it is often referred to as a series tee.
As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with
respect to the auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary
arm, it is equally distributed in the two arms 1 and 2 when they are
terminated in equal loads. However as depicted in the field configuration,
the power flowing out in arm 1 is 180 out of phase to the one in arm 2. As
such this tee is known as `subtracter’ or `differencer’.
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Magic Tee
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The name `magic Tee’ is derived from the manner in which power
divides among various arms. If power is fed into arm3, the electric field
divides equally between arms 1 and 2 and the fields are in phase. Because
of symmetry of the T junction, no net electric field parallel to the narrow
dimension of the waveguide is excited in arm 4. Thus no power is coupled in
port 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 if power is fed in 4.
Another property that results from the symmetry of the junction is, if
power is fed in E or H arm, it is equally divided between arms 1 and 2.
A simple E-H tee has disadvantage of not being matched when seen
from E and H arms when side arms are terminated in matched loads. The
VSWR being > 2 the most commonly used method to reduce VSWR is to
introduce discontinuity such as port iris in or near T junction to cancel out
reflections occurring there in.
The basic parameters to be measured for magic tee are defined below.
a) Isolation
𝑉4
20 log 10
𝑉3
Generator to port i
Detector mount to port j (Vj)
b) Coupling coefficient
𝑃𝑖
Thus α = 10 log
𝑃𝑗
Or
𝑉𝑖
20 log 10
𝑉𝑗
c) Input VSWR
There three values of input VSWR associated with a tee, one for each
arm. The VSWR of any arm of a tee is the voltage standing wave ratio
existing on a transmission line terminated by that arm of the tee when the
other two arm of the tee are terminated in matched loads.
Basic Precautions:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.
iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.
vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V (i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.
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Block Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig. 2a, with arm
1 to slotted section line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of arm 1 as described in measurement of SWR for
low and medium value
4. Connect arm 2 to slotted line and terminate the other ports with
matched termination. Measure the VSWR as above.
5. Repeat the procedure for ports 3 and 4.
1. Remove the tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and
connect the detector mount to slotted line as shown in Fig 2.b.
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Observations:
Isolation loss:
P1= dB
P2= dB
C34 =
Result:
PART-B
Antenna Measurements
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Experiment 1:
Motivation
Only the most fundamental antennas were chosen for this lab assignment.
This allows us to see visually how the most common types of real-world
antenna designs function.
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I. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK:
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1. RF OUT
2. RF IN
3. LCD
This is a TFT LCD Display, used to display the MENU options as well
as most of the selections done by the user i.e. frequency, rotation
angle, received power in dBm, instructions and message is displayed.
4. KEYBOARD
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2. Check the sprit level; adjust the height of the supporter until the sprit
bubbles comes in the center.
3. Press fit the conical mount to base plate. To reduce the friction the
bearing is present.
5. Fit the horizontal mount to solid rod, rotate the mount clockwise so
threads are fit with solid rod.
2. Check the sprit level, adjust the height of the supporter until the sprit
bubbles comes in the center.
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3. Press fit the conical mount to base plate. To reduce the friction the
bearing is present.
5. Fit the vertical mount to solid rod, rotate the mount clockwise so
threads are fit with solid rod.
7. Adjust the solid rod in such a way that scale is readable wile
measurement, Initially do not provide height to solid rod
vertical rod, stepper motor ,universal mount. Antenna assembly can fit in
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ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION:
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RF Source
Source types PLL Synthesized based integrated with VCO
Frequency Range 100MHz to 3GHz
Frequency Resolution 100KHz
Dynamic range of
85 dBm
transmitter
Transmitted power min -4dBm (103dBuV)
Transmitted power
+5dBm (112dBuV)
max
Output-frequency
10ns
switching time
Tuning range 4.4GHz
Phase noise -90dBc/Hz
Normalized Phase -220Dbc/Hz
Noise Floor
Spurious Signals Due to
80 dBc
PFD Frequency
RF Detector
Detector type Logarithmic Detector
Frequency Range 1 MHz to 8 GHz
Resolution 0.1 Db
Dynamic range 85dB
Response time 6 ns/8 ns (fall time/rise time)
Stability over
±0.5 dB (−40oC to +85oC)
temperature
Noise level <-120dbm
Impedance 50ohm
20 character X 4 Line with backlit
LCD Display
Interface Cables
Connection Cable Type
1.Trainer board to
RG317 SMA to SMA Male
TX antenna
2. Trainer board to
RX antenna RG317 SMA to SMA male
3. Antenna trainer
USB to USB cable
module to PC
4.Trainer supply Standard power supply cable 230v
Software
Radiation pattern plotting and analysis software
suitable for windows environment
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A. LIST OF ANTENNA:
Sr. No
Type of Name of Antenna Quantity
Antenna
1 Wire Dipole 2
2 Helix 1
3 Yagi-Uda 5 element 1
Wire Type
4 Rectangular Loop 1
5 Vee Dipole 1
6 Folded dipole 1
7 Monopole 1
8 Open ended 1
Aperture
waveguide
Type
9 E-Horn 1
10 RMSA 1
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11 TMSA 1
12 CMSA 1
13 Annular ring 1
Planner
14 Type 2x1 Patch 1
15 Circular-polarize 1
MSA
16 Chip 1
17 Monopole 1
18 Planner Dipole 1
19 Collinear array 1
Arra
y
20 Broadside array 1
Corner Reflector with
21 1
Reflector feeder & adapter
Type Parabolic Reflector
22 1
with feeder,
adapter
B.AMS-A Deliverables:
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Accessories:
1 Power Cord 1
2 USB A male To USB A male cable 1
3 SMA male to SMA male 2m cable 1
4 SMA male to SMA male 1m cable 1
5 9 pin D type male to female cable 1
6 RFL-AMS-A Expt Manual 1
7 Software CD 1
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b) Then select the directory where you want to install the setup, then
click on Next.
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A. OPERATION MODES
Select File: Select Control: PANEL for hardware control/panel mode .
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Experiment
Click on START.
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7. Plot will be plotted. You can save Plot image (.PNG format) and
Readings (.CSV format which can be viewed in MS EXCEL) from
Menu-
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8. You can Open the Readings from Menu - File: Open: Polar Plot
Readings.
9. You can switch over the Polar Plot to Cartesian Graph from MENU:
Plot: Cartesian Graph and can save the graph trough File:
Save:
Cartesian Graph.
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11. You can RESET the AMS trainer Kit for changing the control mode
trough MENU option Reset AMS. Then close the software and re-
open to change the control mode.
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10. It will then plot the graph on Software screen PULLING UP the
Experiment details and Antenna selected, as shown in fig.
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11. After completion of the readings it will ask to Save the Readings,
press ENTER to save the readings. Enter Roll number where the
readings will be saved (Roll no. Limit is 60).
12. To Open the Readings, Select PANEL control from AMS Trainer
kit and Select RECALL READINGS from experiment.
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16. Select View Readings to see the readings present at that roll no.
17. Select Plot Graph to see the graph over AMS Software.
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19. At Software part (Hardware control), again the Save Readings, Save
Image, Open Readings, Plot Selection (Polar, Cartesian) &
Measurements selection is same as the Software Control mode
discussed earlier.
Proof of Theorems
Reciprocity
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Experiment 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
6. A Pop-Up window will appear asking user to Keep the Distance between
TX and RX as 10cm then click on NEXT button.
7. After completion of one reading again a popup window will appear asking
to Increase the TX and RX distance by 10cm.
9. After that it will plot the radiation pattern in inverse square law graph
(i.e. Distance in cm V/S power in dBm).
10. While taking the readings, ensure that no scattering objects are in the
vicinity of the antenna, this could reradiate and distort the field pattern
and consequently the readings. Avoid any movement of persons while
taking the readings.
11. Plot these readings manually on graph paper with distance between
antennas on X axis and signal level in dB at Y-axis.
12. Use the graph template provided below for plotting your graph.
13. Now take the readings and observe the plots for different types of
antenna.
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Result:
Thus measured the variation of field strength of radiated wave, with
distance from transmitting antenna.
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Experiment 3:
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of
an antenna are equal and hence confirm the reciprocity theorem of
antennas.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
RECIPROCITY THEOREM.
8. Now interchange the antenna and again take the next reading.
9. Compare both the plots they must be same, hence reciprocity theorem is
proved.
NOTE:
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Result:
Hence, proved the Reciprocity Theorem of an antenna.
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Experiment 4:
To plot the Radiation pattern of all WIRED antenna and observe its
parameters.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
7. Now repeat procedure for other wire antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 3:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 4:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 5:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 6:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 7:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of all Wired Antennas.
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Experiment 5:
OBJECTIVE:
To plot the radiation pattern of all APERTURE antenna and observe its
parameters.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Aperture Antenna.
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Experiment 6:
To plot the radiation pattern of all REFLECTOR antenna and observe its
parameters.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Reflector Antenna.
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Experiment 7:
To plot the radiation pattern of all ARRAY antenna and observe its
parameters.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
7. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Array Antennas.
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Experiment 8:
OBJECTIVE:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
CO-POLARIZATION:
VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.
5. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
CROSS POLARIZATION:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Experiment 9:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
9. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, Measured of Circularly polarized antennas and observe its
parameters.
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Experiment 10:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 3:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 4:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 5:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, plotted the radiation pattern of all PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) antenna
and observe its parameters.
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Experiment 11:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. So from the plots one can find hat which antenna is more directive.
9. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, designed and studied of basic PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) shapes
antenna and its configurations.
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Experiment 12:
OBJECTIVE
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above connect using Co-
axial feed.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe files; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
RADIATION PATTERN:
Result:
Hence, the effect of different feeding techniques in PLANAR (Microstrip)
antenna are studied.
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Experiment 13:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
Result:
Hence, Resistive & Impedance Stub loading characterization in Planar
(Microstrip) Antenna.
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Experiment 14:
OBJECTIVE:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
6. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
Result:
Hence, Studied of Multilayer Stacked Multi-Resonator.
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Experiment 15:
OBJECTIVE:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
a. Do not attach heavy antenna (recommended weight less than 850 gram)
PROCEDURE:
The below procedure is applicable for user designed & fabricated
antenna. AMS-A Version 4.1 consist of antenna library, thus
software will take care of all necessary settings.
1. Turn on the AMS system press Menu (on panel) select pc mode (on
panel) press enter button(on panel)
Panel shows below message
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Result:
Hence, observed the user defined antennas parameters.
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Experiment 16:
OBJECTIVE:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:
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PROCEDURE:
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on
6. Placed λ/2 dipole Antenna at Transmitter (TX) side and 3λ/2 dipole
Antenna at
10. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.
Result:
Hence, plotting radiation pattern of 3λ/2 dipole antenna.
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