EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

SEMESTER 2 SCHEDULE

• Weeks 1-3 Hydraulics (Open Channel Flow and Structures)

• Weeks 4-6 Soil Mechanics
• Weeks 7-8 Hydraulics (Pumps and Turbines)
• Week 9 Reading week
• Week 10 Hydraulics (Modelling)
• Week 11 Soil Mechanics
• Week 12 Revision

EXAM REVIEW
Attendance Average mark
0-25% 41%
• Grade 1st > 70% > 2i > 60% > 2ii > 50% > 3rd > 40% > Fail 25-50% 46%
50-75% 52%
• Students 17 24 31 23 26 75-100% 58%
• Mark 93% … Average 53%… 13% To achieve the average mark
Q1. Momentum equation proof: Lecture 1, slide 17 needed 80% attendance?

Q2. Flow round a cylinder, golf balls: Lecture 2, slides 17-18

Q3. Pipe flow (a) Moody approximation and (b) LHS/RHS C-W equation: Lecture 3, slide 25; (c)
Moody diagram: lecture 3, slide 24; (d) HR Wallingford: Lecture 4, slides 9-10; (e) comment…?

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 1

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

LECTURE 5. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (PART A)

<4. Hydrostatics, Pressure, Buoyancy

4. Fluids in motion

5. Flow measurement

6. Flow through pipelines Variables

7. Flow under a varying head Discharge equations
Complicated channels
8. Flow in open channels Specific energy and critical depth
Calculations of critical flow
9. Hydraulic structures
Flow transitions
10. Dimensional analysis Standard step method
11. Turbines and pumps

>11. Hydrology, SuDS

3

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CLASSIFICATION

© Massey 2006

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 2

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

EGL FOR UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM FLOWS

EGL, water surface and S0 ?

(rare in nature) (prevalent in nature)

5

CHANNEL TYPES AND VARIABLES

BS BS BS BS

d
D 1 D D
S q D

B B (q in radians)
Area (m2)

wetted perimeter (m)

Rectangular Trapezoidal Pipe – part full Parabolic

𝑑 2𝐵 𝐷
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐷 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝑆𝐷 𝐷 𝐴 = 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝐴=
8 3

⁄ 𝜃𝑑 8𝐷
𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐷 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐷 1 + 𝑆 𝑃= 𝑃=𝐵 +
2 3𝐵

𝜃 3𝐴
𝐵 =𝐵 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 2𝑆𝐷 𝐵 = 𝑑 sin 𝐵 =
2 2𝐷

surface width (m)

hydraulic radius, R = A / P (m) hydraulic mean depth, DM = A / BS (m)

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 3

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

NORMAL DEPTH, N (m)

• Depth of uniform flow in a long channel of constant cross section
• Occurs when force producing motion equals friction force resisting motion
general expression for total frictional
W sin S0 = K AP V N resistance on a plane surface
• W = weight
• S0 = bed slope
• K = coefficient of roughness
• AP = wetted area [= wetted perimeter P x length L ]
• V = mean velocity
• N = exponent [= 2 for turbulent flow]
7

DERIVATION OF THE CHEZY EQUATION

(a) (b)

K AP VN = K P L V2 if S0 small
= r g A L S0
⁄
Equating: r g A L S0 = K P L V2  𝑉 = 𝑆
Hence: V = C (R S0) 1/2 where Chezy roughness coefficient, C = (r g / K)1/2

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 4

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

DISCHARGE EQUATIONS

• Chezy equation: V = C (R S0)1/2  Seine River

C = Chezy coefficient (m1/2/s) which depends on Reynolds number and

boundary roughness [1769]

• Manning’s equation: Q = A R 2/3 S01/2 / n  artificially roughened pipes

n = manning coefficient (s/m1/3) which equals R1/6 / C [1889]

Empirical = based on what is experienced or seen

MANNING: 2/3
0
1/2

n = 0.014 s/m1/3 n = s/m

n = 0.028 0.028
1/3
Chow (1959)

n = s/m
n = 0.040 0.040
1/3 n = s/m
n = 0.150 0.150
1/3

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 5

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

MANNING: Q = A R2/3 S01/2 / N

NORMAL DEPTH – EXAMPLE

Rectangular channel:
B = 4.6 m, S0 = 1 / 400, n = 0.040 s/m1/3
BS

D
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐷 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐷
B

a) Find Q when DN = 0.729 m

b) Find DN when Q = 2.83 m3/s

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 6

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

NORMAL DEPTH

a) To find Q given depth DN = 0.729 m ?

Area, A = B D = 4.6 x 0.729 = 3.353 m2
Wetted perimeter, P = B + 2 D
= 4.6 + 2 x 0.729
= 6.058 m
Hydraulic radius, R = A / P = 3.353 / 6.058 = 0.5535 m
Flow-rate, Q = A R2/3 S01/2 / n
= 3.353 x 0.55352/3 x 0.00251/2 / 0.040
= 2.83 m3/s

NORMAL DEPTH

b) To find depth DN given Q = 2.83 m3/s ?

Q = A R2/3 S01/2 / n  but A, P and hence R are functions of DN …
→ ‘wide rectangular channel’ i.e. assume R = D
→ Trial and error
→ Graphical method
→ ‘Goal seek’ in MS excel

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 7

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

NORMAL DEPTH
Q = A R 2/3 S01/2 / n
→ ‘wide rectangular channel’ hence R = D
0.75,
2.83 = 4.6 D x D2/3 x 0.00251/2 / 0.040 = 5.75 D 5/3 0.5129
D = (2.83 / 5.75)3/5 = 0.654 m 0.4922
0.70,
→ Trial and error 0.4623
0.730
2.83 = 4.6 D [4.6 D / (4.6 + 2 D)]2/3 0.00251/2 / 0.040
0.4922 = D (4.6D / (4.6 + 2D))2/3 0.4922 − 0.4623
𝐷 = 0.7 + × 0.75 − 0.70
Try D = 0.654  RHS = 0.4170 0.5129 − 0.4623
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟎 m
Try D = 0.70  RHS = 0.4623
Interpolation?
Try D = 0.75  RHS = 0.5129

NORMAL DEPTH CURVES

DN / B

S = 0.5
side slope, S = 0

S=1
∴ DN = 0.16 x 4.6 S=2
0.16
= 0.74 m
S=3
S=4
Q n / B 8/3 S01/2
0.039
2.83 x 0.040/ (4.68/3 x 0.00251/2) = 0.039

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 8

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

B10

MS EXCEL 2.83
B11

→DATA TAB, WHAT-IF ANALYSIS, GOAL SEEK…

A B C
1 RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
2 Data:
3 Width B = 4.6 m
4 Slope S0 = 0.0025 m/m
5 Manning’s n = 0.040 s/m1/3
6 Calculations:
7 Area A = =B11*B3 m2
8 Wetted perimeter P = =2*B11+B3 m
9 Hydraulic radius R = =B7/B8 m
10 Q=A R2/3 S0 1/2 /n= =B7*B9^(2/3)*B4^(1/2)/B5 m3/s
11 Normal depth DN = 0.729690354986076 m

OPTIMUM CHANNELS
• Design for maximum Q ?
• Minimise excavation
• Minimise resistance force
• Minimising wetted perimeter
• Pipe flowing 95% full

• Environmentally acceptable?
• Meandering compound channels
 wider habitat
18

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 9

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

COMPOUND CHANNELS
If S0 = 1 in 600, determine Q

19

COMPOUND CHANNELS
A1 = 1.5 x 15 = 22.5 m2, P1 = 1.5 + 15 = 16.5 m,
1 Hence R1 = 22.5 / 16.5 = 1.364 m and
Q1 = A1 R12/3 S01/2 / n1 = 22.5 x 1.3642/3 x (1 / 600)1/2 / 0.035 = 32.3 m3/s

A2 = 4.0 x 10 = 40.0 m2, P2 = 2.5 + 10 + 1.7 = 14.2 m,

2 Hence R2 = 40.0 / 14.2 = 2.817 m and
Q2 = A2 R22/3 S01/2 / n2 = 40.0 x 2.8172/3 x (1 / 600)1/2 / 0.035 = 93.1 m3/s QT = 179 m3/s

A3 = 2.3 x 20 = 46.0 m2, P3 = 2.3 + 20 = 22.3 m,

3 Hence R3 = 46.0 / 22.3 = 2.063 m and
Q3 = A3 R32/3 S01/2 / n3 = 46.0 x 2.0632/3 x (1 / 600)1/2 / 0.057 = 53.4 m3/s 20

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 10

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

COMPOSITE
MANNING’S n
⁄ ⁄
∑ 𝑃𝑛 0.2607
𝑛 = =
𝑃 61.246
= 0.065 s/m /
/
…and use in: 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑅 / 𝑆 /𝑛

21

FROUDE NUMBER,

• Froude number, F (dimensionless parameter) 𝑉

𝐹= ⁄
• Represents ratio of inertia force to gravity force (𝑔𝐷 )

• F < 1 subcritical flow (deep and slow… common)

• F = 1 critical flow (transitional)
• F > 1 supercritical flow (shallow and fast)

22

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 11

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

D-E curve for table

SPECIFIC ENERGY AND
CRITICAL DEPTH
Bernoulli: D=P/rg
alternate
Z + V 2/2g + D = constant depths!
Specific energy (relative to bed):
E = V 2/2g + D
D A V V2 / 2 g E F
m m2 m/s m m -
5 5 0.2 0.002 5.002 0.029
4 4 0.25 0.003 4.003 0.040
3 3 0.333 0.006 3.006 0.061
2 2 0.5 0.013 2.013 0.113
1 1 1 0.051 1.051 0.319 minimum E at DC
0.467 0.467 2.141 0.234 0.701 1.000 where F = 1 and
0.253 0.253 3.957 0.798 1.051 2.513
V 2/2g = DC /2
0.166 0.166 6.018 1.846 2.012 4.714
0.133 0.133 7.506 2.873 3.006 6.567 23
0.115 0.115 8.733 3.889 4.003 8.242
0.102 0.102 9.804 4.900 5.002 9.802
Variation of E and F with D (rectangular channel: Q = 1 m3/s, B =1 m)

Small change in E  fluctuations in D

And large V  erosion

24

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 12

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

HYDRAULIC JUMPS AND

25

SPECIFIC ENERGY AND CRITICAL DEPTH

non-uniform channel causes E to vary, increasing at the steeper gradient

26

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 13

EN2314 Hydraulics Lecture 5

and summary
SUMMARY

• Variables
• Discharge equations Read pages 225-257
• Complicated channels Revision questions 8.1 to 8.5

• Specific energy and critical depth

27

Dr J D Millington, Cardiff University 14