Solutions for Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, 4/e (published by Wiley) © MPGroover 2010

08-18-08

21 CUTTING TOOL TECHNOLOGY

Review Questions
21.1 What are the two principal aspects of cutting-tool technology?
Answer. The two main aspects of cutting tool technology are (1) tool material and (2) tool
geometry.
21.2 Name the three modes of tool failure in machining.
Answer. The three tool failure modes are (1) fracture failure, (2) temperature failure, and (3)
gradual wear.
21.3 What are the two principal locations on a cutting tool where tool wear occurs?
Answer. Wear occurs on the top face of the cutting tool as crater wear and on the side or flank of
the tool, called flank wear. Portions of flank wear are often identified separately as notch wear,
corresponding to the surface of the work; and nose radius wear, corresponding to the tool point.
21.4 Identify the mechanisms by which cutting tools wear during machining.
Answer. The important tool wear mechanisms are (1) abrasion, (2) adhesion, (3) diffusion, and (4)
plastic deformation of the cutting edge.
21.5 What is the physical interpretation of the parameter C in the Taylor tool life equation?
Answer. The parameter C is the cutting speed corresponding to a one-minute tool life. C is the
speed-axis intercept on the log-log plot of the tool life data.
21.5 In addition to cutting speed, what other cutting variables are included in the expanded version of the
Taylor tool life equation?
Answer. The expanded version of the Taylor equation can include any of the following: feed, depth
of cut, and/or work material hardness.
21.6 What are some of the tool life criteria used in production machining operations?
Answer. As identified in the text, tool life criteria used in production include (1) complete failure of
the tool, (2) visual observation of flank or crater wear, (3) fingernail test to feel flank wear, (4)
sound of the tool, (5) chip disposal problems, (6) degradation of finish, (7) power increase, (8)
workpiece count, and (9) length of cutting time for the tool.
21.7 Identify three desirable properties of a cutting-tool material.
Answer. Three desirable properties are (1) toughness to resist fracture failure, (2) hot hardness to
resist temperature failure, and (3) wear resistance to prolong the life of the tool during gradual wear.
21.8 What are the principal alloying ingredients in high-speed steel?
Answer. Principal alloying ingredients in HSS are (1) either tungsten or a combination of tungsten
and molybdenum, (2) chromium, (3) vanadium, and (4) carbon. Some grades of HSS also contain
cobalt.
21.9 What is the difference in ingredients between steel cutting grades and nonsteel-cutting
grades of cemented carbides?
Answer. In general, non-steel cutting grades contain only WC and Co. Steel cutting grades contain
TiC and/or TaC in addition to WC-Co.

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21.10 Identify some of the common compounds that form the thin coatings on the surface of coated
carbide inserts.
Answer. The common coatings are: TiN, TiC, and Al2O3.
21.11 Name the seven elements of tool geometry for a single point cutting tool.
Answer. The seven elements of single-point tool geometry are (1) back rake angle, (2) side rake
angle, (3) end relief angle, (4) side relief angle, (5) end cutting edge angle, (6) side cutting edge
angle, and (7) nose radius.
21.12 Why are ceramic cutting tools generally designed with negative rake angles?
Answer. Ceramics possess low shear and tensile strength but good compressive strength. During
cutting, this combination of properties is best exploited by giving the tool a negative rake angle to
load the tool in compression.
21.13 Identify the alternative ways by which a cutting tool is held in place during machining.
Answer. There are three principal ways: (1) solid shank, in which the cutting edge is an integral
part of the tool shank, an example being high speed steel tooling; (2) brazed inserts, used for some
cemented carbides; and (3) mechanically clamped inserts, used for most hard tool materials
including cemented carbides, coated carbides, cermets, ceramics, SPD, and CBN.
21.14 Name the two main categories of cutting fluid according to function.
Answer. The two functional categories of cutting fluids are: (1) coolants and (2) lubricants.
21.15 Name the four categories of cutting fluid according to chemistry.
Answer. The four categories of cutting fluids according to chemistry are (1) cutting oils, (2)
emulsified oils, (3) chemical fluids, and (4) semi-chemical fluids.
21.16 What are the principal lubricating mechanisms by which cutting fluids work?
Answer. There are two lubricating mechanisms that are believed to be effective in metal cutting: (1)
boundary lubrication, which involves the formation of a thin fluid film to help separate and protect
the contacting surfaces; and (2) extreme pressure lubrication, in which a thin solid layer of a salt
such as iron sulfide is formed on the tool surface to provide lubrication.
21.17 What are the methods by which cutting fluids are applied in a machining operation?
Answer. The most common method of application is flooding, in which a steady stream of fluid is
direct at the operation. Other methods include mist application, fluid-hole delivery through the tool,
and manual application (e.g., using a paint brush).
21.18 Why are cutting fluid filter systems becoming more common and what are their advantages?
Answer. Cutting fluid filter systems are becoming more common due to the environmental
protection laws and the need to prolong the life of the fluid before disposal. Advantages of filter
systems include longer fluid life, reduced disposal costs, better hygiene, lower machine tool
maintenance, and longer cutting tool life.
21.19 Dry machining is being considered by machine shops because of certain problems inherent in the
use of cutting fluids. What are those problems associated with the use of cutting fluids?
Answer. Cutting fluids become contaminated over time with a variety of contaminants, including
tramp oil, garbage, small chips, molds, fungi, and bacteria. In addition to causing odors and health
hazards, contaminated cutting fluids do not perform their lubricating function as well as when they
are fresh and clean.
21.20 What are some of the new problems introduced by machining dry?
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Answer. Problems with dry machining include (1) overheating the tool, (2) operating at lower
cutting speeds and production rates to prolong tool life, and (3) absence of chip removal benefits
that are provided by cutting fluids in grinding and milling.
21.21 (Video) List the two principal categories of cutting tools.
Answer: The two principal categories of cutting tools are (1) single-point cutting tools (used on
lathes) and (2) multi point cutting tools (used on mills, drills, reamers, and taps).
21.22 (Video) According to the video clip, what is the objective in selection of cutting tools for a given
operation?
Answer: The objective when choosing a cutting tool is to safely machine a workpiece in the
shortest amount of time while meeting the part’s quality requirement. Furthermore, the tooling
should be the least costly and least complex to meet the production demands.
21.23 (Video) What are the factors a machinist should know in order to select the proper tooling? List
at least five.
Answer: The factors a machinist must know in order to select the proper tooling are (1) workpiece
starting and finished shape, (2) workpiece hardness, (3) workpiece tensile strength, (4) material
abrasiveness, (5) whether the material breaks into short chips or long stringy chips, (6)
workholding setup, and (6) power and speed capacity of the machine tool.
21.24 (Video) List five characteristics of a good tool material.
Answer: The characteristics of a good tool material are the following, as indicated in the video:
(1) it is harder than the workpiece, (2) it retains hardness at high temperatures, (3) it resists wear
and thermal shock, (4) it has impact resistant, and (5) it is chemically inert.
Multiple Choice Quiz
There are 19 correct answers in the following multiple-choice questions (some questions have multiple
answers that are correct). To attain a perfect score on the quiz, all correct answers must be given. Each
correct answer is worth 1 point. Each omitted answer or wrong answer reduces the score by 1 point, and
each additional answer beyond the correct number of answers reduces the score by 1 point. Percentage score
on the quiz is based on the total number of correct answers.
21.1 Of the following cutting conditions, which one has the greatest effect on tool wear: (a)
cutting speed, (b) depth of cut, or (c) feed?
Answer. (a).
21.2 As an alloying ingredient in high-speed steel, tungsten serves which of the following
functions (two best answers): (a) forms hard carbides to resist abrasion, (b) improves strength and
hardness, (c) increases corrosion resistance, (d) increases hot hardness, and (e) increases toughness?
Answer. (a) and (d).
21.3 Cast cobalt alloys typically contain which of the following main ingredients (three best
answers): (a) aluminum, (b) cobalt, (c) chromium, (d) iron, (e) nickel, (f) steel, and (g) tungsten?
Answer. (b), (c), and (g).
21.4 Which of the following is not a common ingredient in cemented carbide cutting tools (two
correct answers): (a) Al2O3, (b) Co, (c) CrC, (d) TiC, and (e) WC?
Answer. (a) and (c).

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21.5 An increase in cobalt content has which of the following effects on WC-Co cemented
carbides (two best answers): (a) decreases hardness, (b) decreases transverse rupture strength, (c)
increases hardness, (d) increases toughness, and (e) increases wear resistance?
Answer. (a) and (d).
21.6 Steel-cutting grades of cemented carbide are typically characterized by which of the
following ingredients (three correct answers): (a) Co, (b) Fe, (c) Mo, (d) Ni, (e) TiC, and (f) WC?
Answer. (a), (e), and (f).
21.7 If you had to select a cemented carbide for an application involving finish turning of steel, which
C-grade would you select (one best answer): (a) C1, (b) C3, (c) C5, or (d) C7?
Answer. (d).
21.8 Which of the following processes are used to provide the thin coatings on the surface of
coated carbide inserts (two best answers): (a) chemical vapor deposition, (b) electroplating, (c)
physical vapor deposition, (d) pressing and sintering, and (e) spray painting?
Answer. (a) and (c).
21.9 Which one of the following materials has the highest hardness: (a) aluminum oxide, (b) cubic
boron nitride, (c) high-speed steel, (d) titanium carbide, or (e) tungsten carbide?
Answer. (b).
21.10 Which of the following are the two main functions of a cutting fluid in machining (two best
answers): (a) improve surface finish on the workpiece, (b) reduce forces and power, (c) reduce friction
at the tool-chip interface, (d) remove heat from the process, and (e) wash away chips?
Answer. (c) and (d).
Problems
Tool Life and the Taylor Equation
21.1 Flank wear data were collected in a series of turning tests using a coated carbide tool on
hardened alloy steel at a feed of 0.30 mm/rev and a depth of 4.0 mm. At a speed of 125 m/min, flank
wear = 0.12 mm at 1 min, 0.27 mm at 5 min, 0.45 mm at 11 min, 0.58 mm at 15 min, 0.73 at 20 min,
and 0.97 mm at 25 min. At a speed of 165 m/min, flank wear = 0.22 mm at 1 min, 0.47 mm at 5 min,
0.70 mm at 9 min, 0.80 mm at 11 min, and 0.99 mm at 13 min. The last value in each case is when final
tool failure occurred. (a) On a single piece of linear graph paper, plot flank wear as a function of time
for both speeds. Using 0.75 mm of flank wear as the criterion of tool failure, determine the tool lives for
the two
cutting speeds. (b) On a piece of natural log-log paper, plot your results determined in the previous part.
From the plot, determine the values of n and C in the Taylor Tool Life Equation. (c) As a comparison,
calculate the values of n and C in the Taylor equation solving simultaneous equations. Are the resulting
n and C values the same?
Solution: (a) and (b) Student exercises. For part (a), at v1 = 125 m/min, T1 = 20.4 min using
criterion FW = 0.75 mm, and at v2 = 165 m/min, T2 = 10.0 min using criterion FW = 0.75 mm. In
part (b), values of C and n may vary due to variations in the plots. The values should be
approximately the same as those obtained in part (c) below.
(c) Two equations: (1) 125(20.4)n = C, and (2) 165(10.0)n = C
(1) and (2) 125(20.4)n = 165(10.0)n
ln 125 + n ln 20.4 = ln 165 + n ln 10.0
4.8283 + 3.0155 n = 5.1059 + 2.3026 n
0.7129 n = 0.2776 n = 0.3894
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(1) C = 125(20.4)0.3894 = 404.46
(2) C = 165(10.0)0.3894 = 404.46 C = 404.46
21.2 Solve Problem 21.1 except that the tool life criterion is 0.50 mm of flank land wear rather
than 0.75 mm.
Solution: (a) and (b) Student exercises. For part (a), at v1 = 125 m/min, T1 = 13.0 min using
criterion FW = 0.50 mm, and at v2 = 165 m/min, T2 = 5.6 min using criterion FW = 0.50 mm. In
part (b), values of C and n may vary due to variations in the plots. The values should be
approximately the same as those obtained in part (c) below.
(c) Two equations: (1) 125(13.0)n = C, and (2) 165(5.6)n = C
(1) and (2) 125(13.0)n = 165(5.6)n
ln 125 + n ln 13.0 = ln 165 + n ln 5.6
4.8283 + 2.5649 n = 5.1059 + 1.7228 n
0.8421 n = 0.2776 n = 0.3296
(1) C = 125(13.0)0.3894 = 291.14
(2) C = 165(5.6)0.3894 = 291.15 C = 291.15
21.3 A series of turning tests were conducted using a cemented carbide tool, and flank wear
data were collected. The feed was 0.025 cm/rev and the depth was 0.3125 cm. At a speed of 105
m/min, flank
wear = 0.0125 cm at 1 min, 0.02 cm at 5 min, 0.03 cm at 11 min, 0.07 cm at 15 min, 0.05 cm at 20 min,
and 0.1 cm at 25 min. At a speed of 135 m/min, flank wear = 0.017 cm at 1 min, 0.04 cm at 5 min,
0.067 cm at 9 min, 0.08 cm at 11 min, and 0.01 cm at 13 min. The last value in each case is when final
tool failure occurred. (a) On a single piece of linear graph paper, plot flank wear as a function of time.
Using 0.05 cm of flank wear as the criterion of tool failure, determine the tool lives for the two cutting
speeds. (b) On a piece of natural log-log paper, plot your results determined in the previous part. From
the plot, determine the values of n and C in the Taylor Tool Life Equation. (c) As a comparison,
calculate the values of n and C in the Taylor equation solving simultaneous equations. Are the resulting
n and C values the same?
Solution: (a)

Flan k Wear v s T ime

0.045
0.040
0.035
Flan k Wear (in )

0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010 Flank v = 350 ft/min
0.005 Flank v = 450 ft/min
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Using the graph, at 105 m/min the tool last about 6.2 min; at 135 m/min, it lasts 19.0 min.
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08-18-08(b) The points are graphed in Excel and the line connecting the two points is extended to the axis.

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T aylor T ool Life

1000
Cutting Speed (ft/min)

100

10
1 10 100
Tool Life (min)

C is read from the Y-intercept and is approximately 204 m/min. The slope, n, can be determined by
taking the ln of the x and y coordinates of any 2 points and determining ∆Y/∆X. It is positive
because the Taylor tool life equation is derived assuming the slope is negative. Using the points
(1,680) and (19,350) the slope is about 0.226.
(c) Depending on the values of tool life read from the flank wear graph, the values of n and C will
vary. Two equations: (1) 105(19.0)n = C, and (2) 135(6.2)n = C
(1) and (2) 105(19.0)n = 135(6.2)n
ln 105 + n ln 19.0 = ln 135 + n ln 6.2
4.6540 + 2.9444 n = 4.9053 + 1.8245 n
1.1199 n = 0.2513 n = 0.224
0.224
(1) C = 105(19.0) = 203
(2) C = 135(6.2)0.224 = 203 C = 203
21.4 Solve problem 21.3 except the tool life wear criterion is 0.037 cm of flank wear. What cutting
speed should be used to get 20 minutes of tool life?
Solution: Reading the time of tool failure on the Flank Wear vs Time plot yields the following data
points. Note the values of n and C will change based on the estimates for time of failure. v1 = 105
m/min, T1 = 15 min and v2 = 135 m/min, T2 = 4.2 min
Two equations: (1) 105(15.0)n = C, and (2) 135(4.2)n = C
(1) and (2) 105(15.0)n = 135(4.2)n
ln 105 + n ln 15.0 = ln 135 + n ln 4.2
4.6539 + 2.7081 n = 4.9053 + 1.4351 n
1.2730 n = 0.2514 n = 0.197
(1) C = 105(15.0)0.197 = 179
(2) C = 135(4.2)0.197 = 179 C = 179

To achieve 20 min of tool life: v = C/Tn = 179/200.197 = 179/1.8065 = 99 m/min

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21.5 Tool life tests on a lathe have resulted in the following data: (1) at a cutting speed of 112
m/min, the tool life was 5.5 min; (2) at a cutting speed of 82 m/min, the tool life was 53 min. (a)
Determine the parameters n and C in the Taylor tool life equation. (b) Based on the n and C values, what
is the likely tool material used in this operation? (c) Using your equation, compute the tool life that
corresponds to a cutting speed of 90 m/min. (d) Compute the cutting speed that corresponds to a tool life
T = 10 min.
Solution: (a) VTn = C; Two equations: (1) 112(5.5)n = C and (2) 82(53)n = C
112(5.5)n = 82(53)n
112/82 = (53/5.5)n
1.366 = (9.636)n
ln 1.366 = n ln 9.636
0.3119 = 2.2655 n n = 0.137
C = 112(5.5)0.137 = 112(1.2629) C = 141
Check: C = 82(53)0.137 = 82(1.7221) = 141
(b) Comparing these values of n and C with those in Table 21.2, the likely tool material is high
speed steel.
(c) At v = 90 m/min, T = (C/v)1/n = (141/90)1/0.137 = (1.567)7.305 = 26.6 min
(d) For T = 10 min, v = C/Tn = 141/100.137 = 141/1.371 = 103 m/min
21.6 Tool life tests in turning yield the following data: (1) when cutting speed is 100 m/min, tool life is
10 min; (2) when cutting speed is 75 m/min, tool life is 30 min. (a) Determine the n and C values in the
Taylor tool life equation. Based on your equation, compute (b) the tool life for a speed of 110 m/min,
and (c) the speed corresponding to a tool life of 15 min.
Solution: (a) Two equations: (1) 120(7)n = C and (2) 80(28)n = C.
120(7)n = 80(28)n
ln 120 + n ln 7 = ln 80 + n ln 28
4.7875 + 1.9459 n = 4.3820 + 3.3322 n
4.7875 - 4.3820 = (3.3322 – 1.9459) n
0.4055 = 1.3863 n n = 0.2925
C = 120(7)0.2925 = 120(1.7668) C = 212.0
Check: C = 80(28)0.2925 = 80(2.6503) = 212.0
(b) 110 T0.2925 = 212.0
T0.2925 = 212.0/110 = 1.927
T = 1.9271/0.2925 = 1.9273.419 = 9.42 min
(c) v (15)0.2925 = 212.0
v = 212.0/(15)0.2925 = 212.0/2.2080 = 96.0 m/min
21.7 Turning tests have resulted in 1-min tool life at a cutting speed = 4.0 m/s and a 20-min tool
life at a speed = 2.0 m/s. (a) Find the n and C values in the Taylor tool life equation. (b) Project how
long the tool would last at a speed of 1.0 m/s.
Solution: (a) For data (1) T = 1.0 min, then C = 4.0 m/s = 240 m/min
For data (2) v = 2 m/s = 120 m/min
120(20)n = 240
20n = 240/120 = 2.0
n ln 20 = ln 2.0
2.9957 n = 0.6931 n = 0.2314
(b) At v = 1.0 m/s = 60 m/min
60(T)0.2314 = 240
(T)0.2314 = 240/60 = 4.0
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T = (4.0)1/0.2314 = (4)4.3215 = 400 min
21.8 A 37.5 cm by 5 cm workpart is machined in a face milling operation using a 6.25 cm
diameter fly cutter with a single carbide insert. The machine is set for a feed of 0.025 cm/tooth and a
depth of 0.5 cm. If a cutting speed of 120 m/min is used, the tool lasts for 3 pieces. If a cutting speed of
60 m/min is used, the tool lasts for 12 parts. Determine the Taylor tool life equation.

Solution: N1 =v/πD = 120(100)/6.25π = 611 rev/min

fr = Nfnt = 611(0.025)(1) = 15.275 cm/min
From Eq. (21.18) in the previous chapter, A = 0.5(6.25 – (6.252 – 52)0.5) = 1.25 cm
Tm = (L+A)/fr = (37.5 + 1.25))/15.275 = 2.537 min
T1 = 3Tm = 3(2.537) = 7.61 min when v1 = 121 m/min
N2 = 60(100)/6.25π = 306 rev/min
fr = Nfnt = 306(0.025)(1) = 7.65 cm/min
Tm = (37.5 + 1.25))/7.65 = 5.065 min
T2 = 12Tm = 12(5.065) = 60.78 min when v2 = 60 m/min
n = ln (v1/v2)/ln(T2/T1) = ln (120/60)/ln (60.78/7.61) = 0.3336
C = vTn = 120(7.61 )0.3336 = 236.2
21.9 In a production turning operation, the workpart is 125 mm in diameter and 300 mm long. A feed of
0.225 mm/rev is used in the operation. If cutting speed = 3.0 m/s, the tool must be changed every 5
workparts; but if cutting speed = 2.0 m/s, the tool can be used to produce 25 pieces between tool
changes. Determine the Taylor tool life equation for this job.
Solution: (1) Tm = π(125 mm)(0.3 m)/(3.0 m/s)(0.225 mm) = 174.53 s = 2.909 min
T = 5(2.909) = 14.54 min
(2) Tm = π(125 mm)(0.3 m)/(2.0 m/s)(0.225 mm) = 261.80s = 4.363 min
T = 25(4.363) = 109.08 min
(1) v = 3 m/s = 180 m/min
(2) v = 2 m/s = 120 m/min
(1) 180(14.54)n = C
(2) 120(109.08)n = C
180(14.54)n = 120(109.08)n
ln 180 + n ln(14.54) = ln 120 + n ln(109.08)
5.1929 + 2.677 n = 4.7875 + 4.692 n
5.1929 - 4.7875 = (4.692 - 2.677) n
0.4054 = 2.0151 n n = 0.2012
C = 180 (14.54)0.2012 C = 308.43
21.10 For the tool life plot of Figure 21.5, show that the middle data point (v = 130 m/min, T = 12 min) is
consistent with the Taylor equation determined in Example Problem 21.1.
Solution: Taylor equation calculated in Example 21.1 is: vT0.223 = 229. Consistency would be
demonstrated by using the values from the middle data point (T = 12 min at v = 130 ft/min) in the
equation and obtaining the same value of C as above (C = 229).
130(12)0.223 = 130(1.7404) = 226.3
This represents a difference of less than 1.2%, which is close enough and well within expected
random variation in typical tool life data.
21.11 In the tool wear plots of Figure 21.4, complete failure of the cutting tool is indicated by the end of
each wear curve. Using complete failure as the criterion of tool life instead of 0.50 mm flank wear, the
resulting data are: (1) v = 160 m/min, T = 5.75 min; (2) v = 130 m/min, T = 14.25 min; and (3) v = 100
m/min, T = 47 min. Determine the parameters n and C in the Taylor tool life equation for this data.

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Solution: Let us use the two extreme data points to calculate the values of n and C, then check the
resulting equation against the middle data point.
(1) 160(5.75)n = C and (3) 100(47)n = C
160(5.75)n = 100(47)n
ln 160 + n ln 5.75 = ln 100 + n ln 47
5.0752 + 1.7492 n = 4.6052 + 3.8501 n
0.4700 = 2.1009 n n = 0.224
(1) C = 160(5.75)0.224 = 236.7
(3) C = 100(47)0.224 = 236.9 use average: C = 236.8
Check against data set (2): 130(14.25)0.224 = 235.7. This represents a difference of less than 0.5%,
which would be considered good agreement for experimental data. Better results on determining the
Taylor equation would be obtained by using regression analysis on all three data sets to smooth the
variations in the tool life data. Note that the n value is very close to the value obtained in Example
21.1 (n = 0.224 here vs. n = 0.223 in Example 21.1), and that the C value is higher here (C = 236.8
here vs. C = 229 in Example 21.1). The higher C value here reflects the higher wear level used to
define tool life (complete failure of cutting edge here vs. a flank wear level of 0.50 mm in Example
21.1).
21.12 The Taylor equation for a certain set of test conditions is vT.25 = 1000, where the U.S. customary
units are used: ft/min for v and min for T. Convert this equation to the equivalent Taylor equation in the
International System of units (metric), where v is in m/sec and T is in seconds. Validate the metric equation
using a tool life = 16 min. That is, compute the corresponding cutting speeds in ft/min and m/sec using the
two equations.
Solution: vT0.25 = 1000(Tref)0.25
C = 1000 ft/min for a 1.0 min tool life; ft/min converts to m/s as (1000 ft/min)(0.3048m/ft)(1
min/60 s) = 5.08 m/s
Tref = 1 min = 60 s.
(Tref)0.25 = (60)0.25 = 2.78316
The converted value of C = 5.08(2.78316) = 14.14
The converted equation is: vT0.25 = 14.14, where v = m/s and T = s.
Check both equations at T = 16 min = 960 s.
USCU: v = 1000/160.25 = 1000/2 = 500 ft/min
SI: v = 14.14/9600.25 = 14.14/5.566 = 2.54 m/s
Check: (500 ft/min)( 0.3048m/ft)(1 min/60 s) = 2.54 m/s Q.E.D.
21.13 A series of turning tests are performed to determine the parameters n, m, and K in the expanded
version of the Taylor equation, Eq. (21.4). The following data were obtained during the tests: (1) cutting
speed = 1.9 m/s, feed = 0.22 mm/rev, tool life = 10 min; (2) cutting speed = 1.3 m/s, feed = 0.22 mm/rev,
tool life = 47 min; and (3) cutting speed = 1.9 m/s, feed = 0.32 mm/rev, tool life = 8 min. (a) Determine n,
m, and K. (b) Using your equation, compute the tool life when the cutting speed is 1.5 m/s and the feed is
0.28 mm/rev.
Solution: Three equations to be solved simultaneously:
(1) (1.9 x 60)(10)n(0.22)m = K
(2) (1.3 x 60)(47)n(0.22)m = K
(3) (1.9 x 60)(8)n(0.32)m = K
(1) and (2): ln 114 + n ln 10 + m ln 0.22 = ln 78 + n ln 47 + m ln 0.22
ln 114 + n ln 10 = ln 78 + n ln 47
4.7362 + 2.3026 n = 4.3567 + 3.8501 n
0.3795 = 1.548 n n = 0.245

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(1) and (3): ln 114 + 0.245 ln 10 + m ln 0.22 = ln 114 + 0.245 ln 8 + m ln 0.32
0.5646 + m (-1.5141) = 0.5099 + m (-1.1394)
-0.3747 m = -0.0547 m = 0.146
(1) K = 114(10)0..245(0.22)0.146 =114(1.7588)(0.8016) = K = 160.7
(b) v = 1.5 m/s, f = 0.28 mm/rev
(1.5 x 60)(T)0.245(0.28)0.146 = 160.7
90(T)0.245(0.8304) = 160.7
(T)0.245 = 2.151
T = 2.1511/0.245 = 22.7 min
21.14 Eq. (21.4) in the text relates tool life to speed and feed. In a series of turning tests conducted to
determine the parameters n, m, and K, the following data were collected: (1) v = 120 m/min, f = 0.025 m/rev,
T = 10 min; (2) v = 90 m/min, f = 0.025 cm/rev, T = 35 min; and (3) v = 120 m/min, f = 0.0375 cm/rev, T =
8 min. Determine n, m, and K. What is the physical interpretation of the constant K?
Solution: Three equations to be solved simultaneously:
(1) 120(10)n(0.025)m = K
(2) 90(35)n(0.025)m = K
(3) 120(8)n(0.037)m = K
(1) and (2): ln 120 + n ln 10 + m ln 0.025 = ln 90 + n ln 35 + m ln 0.025
ln 120 + n ln 10 = ln 90 + n ln 35
4.7875 + 2.3026 n = 4.4998 + 3.5553 n
0.2877 = 1.2527 n n = 0.2297
(1) and (3): ln 120 + n ln 10 + m ln 0.025 = ln 120 + n ln 8 + m ln 0.0375
n ln 10 + m ln 0.025 = n ln 8 + m ln 0.0375
0.2297(2.3026) + m (–3.6889) = 0.2297(2.0794) + m (–3.2834)
0.2297(2.3026 - 2.0794) = m(–3.2834 + 3.6889)
0.05127 = 0.4055 m m = 0.1264
(1) K = 120(10)0.2297(0.025)0.1264 = 120(1.6971)(0.6273) = 127.8
(2) K = 90(35)0.2297(0.025)0.1264 = 90(2.2629)(0.6273) = 127.8
(3) K = 120(8)0.2297(0.0375)0.1264 = 120(1.6123)(0.6603) = 127.8 K = 127.8
The constant K represents the cutting speed (m/min) for a 1.0 minute tool life at a feed rate of 2.5
cm/rev. This feed is of course an extrapolation and not a real possible feed value.
21.15 The n and C values in Table 21.2 are based on a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and a depth of cut = 2.5
mm. Determine how many cubic mm of steel would be removed for each of the following tool materials, if
a 10-min tool life were required in each case: (a) plain carbon steel, (b) high speed steel, (c) cemented
carbide, and (d) ceramic. Use of a spreadsheet calculator is recommended.
Solution: (a) Plain carbon steel: n = 0.10, C = 20 m/min
v = 20/100.1 = 20/1.259 = 15.886 m/min
RMR = 15.886(103)(0.25)(2.50) = 9.9288(103) m3/min
For 10 min, metal removed = 10(9.9288)(103) = 99.288(103) mm3
(b) HSS: n = 0.125, C = 70 m/min
v = 70/100.125 = 70/1.333 = 52.513 m/min
RMR = 52.513(103)(0.25)(2.50) = 32.821(103) mm3/min
For 10 min, metal removed = 10(32.821(103)) = 328.21(103) mm3
(c) Cemented carbide: n = 0.25, C = 500 m/min
v = 500/100.25 = 500/1.778 = 281.215 m/min

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RMR = 281.215(103)(0.25)(2.50) = 175.759(103) mm3/min
For 10 min, metal removed = 10(175.759(103)) = 1,757.59(103)) mm3
(d) Ceramic: n = 0.60, C = 3000 m/min
v = 3000/100.6 = 3000/3.981 = 753.58 m/min
RMR = 753.58 (103)(0.25)(2.50) = 470.987(103) mm3/min
For 10 min, metal removed = 10(470.987 (103)) = 4,709.87(103) mm3
21.16 A drilling operation is performed in which 1.25 cm diameter holes are drilled through cast iron
plates that are 2.5 cm thick. Sample holes have been drilled to determine the tool life at two cutting speeds.
At 24 surface m/min, the tool lasted for exactly 50 holes. At 36 surface m/min, the tool lasted for exactly 5
holes. The feed of the drill was 0.0075 cm/rev. (Ignore effects of drill entrance and exit from the hole.
Consider the depth of cut to be exactly 2.5 cm, corresponding to the plate thickness.) Determine the values
of n and C in the Taylor tool life equation for the above sample data, where cutting speed v is expressed in
m/min, and tool life T is expressed in min.
Solution: (1) v = 24 m/min, N = (24)/(1.25π/100) = 611 rev/min
feed rate fr = (0.0075)(611) = 4.5825 cm/min
time per hole Tm = 2.5 cm/(4.58253 cm/min) = 0.545 min
for 50 holes, T = 50(0.545 min) = 27.25 min
Formulating the data as vTn = C, we have: 24(27.25)n = C
(2) v = 36 cm/min, N = (36)/(1.25π/100) = 917 rev/min
feed rate fr = (0.0075)(917) = 6.88 cm/min
time per hole Tm = 2.5 cm/(6.88 cm/min) = 0.364 min
for 5 holes, T = 5(0.364 min) = 1.82 min
Formulating the data as vTn = C, we have: 36(1.82)n = C
Setting (1) = (2): 24(27.25)n = 36(1.82)n
ln 24 + n ln 27.25 = ln 36 + n ln 1.82
3.178 + 3.3051 n = 3.5835 + 0.5978 n
2.7073 n = 0.4055 n = 0.15
C = 80(27.25)0.15 = 24(1.6417) = 39.4
C = 120(1.82)0.15 = 36(1.094) = 39.4 C = 39.4
21.17 The outside diameter of a cylinder made of titanium alloy is to be turned. The starting diameter is
400 mm and the length is 1100 mm. The feed is 0.35 mm/rev and the depth of cut is 2.5 mm. The cut will be
made with a cemented carbide cutting tool whose Taylor tool life parameters are: n = 0.24 and C = 450.
Units for the Taylor equation are min for tool life and m/min for cutting speed. Compute the cutting speed
that will allow the tool life to be just equal to the cutting time for this part.
Solution: In this problem we want Tm = T, where Tm = machining time per piece and T = tool life.
Both of these times must be expressed in terms of cutting speed.
Tm = πDL/fv and T = (C/v)1/n
Tm = π(400)(1100)(10-6)/0.35(10-3)v = 3949/v = 3949 (v)-1
T = (450/v)1/.24 = (450/v)4.1667 = 4504.1667(v)-4.1667 = 1135(108)(v)-4.1667
Setting Tm = T: 3949 v-1 = 1135(108)(v)-4.1667
v3.1667 = 0.2874(108)
v = {0.2874(108)}1/3.1667 = {0.2874(108)}0.3158 = 226.6 m/min
Check: Tm = 3949 (226.6)-1 = 17.4 min
T = (450/226.6)1/.24 = (450/226.6)4.1667 = 17.4 min

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21.18 The outside diameter of a roll for a steel rolling mill is to be turned. In the final pass, the starting
diameter = 65.625 cm and the length = 120 cm. The cutting conditions will be: feed = 0.03125 cm/rev, and
depth of cut = 0.3125 cm. A cemented carbide cutting tool is to be used and the parameters of the Taylor
tool life equation for this setup are: n = 0.25 and C = 390. Units for the Taylor equation are min for tool life
and m/min for cutting speed. It is desirable to operate at a cutting speed so that the tool will not need to be
changed during the cut. Determine the cutting speed that will make the tool life equal to the time required to
complete the turning operation.
Solution: In this problem we want Tm = T, where Tm = machining time per piece and T = tool life.
Both of these times must be expressed in terms of cutting speed.
Tm = πDL/12fv and T = (C/v)1/n
Tm = π(65.625)(120)/100(0.03125)v = 7916.81/v = 7916.81(v)–1
T = (390/v)1/.25 = (390/v)4.0 = 3904.0(v)-4.0 = 2.3134(1010)(v)-4.0
Setting Tm = T: 7916.81(v)–1= 2.3134(1012)(v)-4.0
v3.0 = 2.92214(108)
v = {2.92214(106)}1/3 = {2.92214(106)}0.3333 = 142.9 m/min
Check: Tm = 7916.81 (142.9)–1= 55.4 min
T = (390/142.9)1/.25 = (390/142.9)4.0 = 55.4 min
21.19 The workpart in a turning operation is 88 mm in diameter and 400 mm long. A feed of 0.25 mm/rev
is used in the operation. If cutting speed = 3.5 m/s, the tool must be changed every 3 workparts; but if
cutting speed = 2.5 m/s, the tool can be used to produce 20 pieces between tool changes. Determine the
cutting speed that will allow the tool to be used for 50 parts between tool changes.
Solution: (1) v = 3.5 m/s = 210 m/min
Tm = π(0.088 m)(0.4 m)/(210 m/min)(0.00025 m) = 2.106 min
T = 3(2.106) = 6.32 min
(2) v = 2.5 m/s = 150 m/min
Tm = π(0.088 m)(0.4 m)/(150 m/min)(0.00025 mm) = 2.949 min
T = 20(2.949) = 58.98 min
(1) 210(6.32)n = C
(2) 150(58.98)n = C
210(6.32)n = 150(58.98)n
ln 210 + n ln(6.32) = ln 150 + n ln(58.98)
5.347 + 1.844 n = 5.011 + 4.077 n
5.347 – 5.011 = (4.077 – 1.844) n
0.336 = 2.233 n n = 0.150
C = 210 (6.32)0.150 C = 277.15
Check: 150(58.98)0.150 = 277.03 ) Close enough. use C = 277.1
Set T = 50 Tm
vT0.15 = 277.1, T0.15 = 277.1/v, T = (277.1/v)1/0.15 = (277.1/v)6.646 = 1.711415(10)16/v6.646
Tm = π(0.088)(0.4)/0.00025 v = 442.34/v
1.711415(10)16/v6.646 = 50(442.34/v) = 22116.8/v
1.711415(10)16/v5.646 = 22116.8
v5.646 = 1.711415(10)16/22116.8= 7.738075(10)11 = 773,807,500,000
v = (773,807,500,000)1/5.646 = (773,807,500,000)0.177122 = 127.57 m/min
Check: Tm = 442.34/127.57 = 3.468 min, 50 Tm = 173.4 min
T = (277.1/127.57)6.646 = (2.172)6.646 = 173.3 min (Close enough!)
21.20 In a production turning operation, the steel workpart has a 11.25 cm diameter and is 43.75 cm long.
A feed of 0.03 cm/rev is used in the operation. If cutting speed = 120 m/min, the tool must be changed every
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four workparts; but if cutting speed = 80 m/min, the tool can be used to produce 15 pieces between tool
changes. A new order for 25 pieces has been received but the dimensions of the workpart have been
changed. The new diameter is 8.75 cm, and the new length is 37.5 cm. The work material and tooling
remain the same, and the feed and depth are also unchanged, so the Taylor tool life equation determined for
the previous workparts is valid for the new parts. Determine the cutting speed that will allow one cutting
tool to be used for the new order.
Solution: (1) v = 120 m/min
Tm = π(11.25 cm)(43.75 cm)/(120 x 100 cm/min)(0.03 cm) = 4.295 min
T = 4(4.295) = 17.18 min
(2) v = 80 m/min
Tm = π(11.25 cm)(43.75 cm)/(80 x 100 cm/min)(0.03 cm) = 6.247 min
T = 15(6.247) = 93.71 min
(1) 120(17.18)n = C
(2) 80(93.71)n = C
120(17.18)n = 80(93.71)n
ln 120 + n ln(17.18) = ln 80 + n ln(93.71)
4.787 + 2.844 n = 4.382 + 4.540 n
4.787 - 4.382 = (4.540 - 2.844) n
0.405 = 1.696 n n = 0.2388
C = 120 (17.18)0.2388 C = 236.65 (m/min)
Check: 80(93.71)0.2388 = 236.57, use C = 236.61
Set T = 25 Tm
vT0.2388 = 236.61, T0.2205 = 236.61/v, T = (236.61/v)1/0.2388 = (236.61/v)4.188
T = 8.7589(10)9/v4.188
For the new part dimensions, Tm = π(8.75 cm)(37.5 cm)/(100 v cm/min)(0.03 cm) = 343.61/v
8.7589(10)9/v4.188 = 25(343.61/v) = 8590.25/v
8.7589(10)9/v3.188 = 8590.25
v3.188 = 8.7589(10)9/8590.25= 1019632.7
v = (1019632.7)1/3.188 = (1019632.7)0.3137 = 76.709 m/min
Check: Tm = 343.61/76.709 = 4.479 min, 25 Tm = 111.9 min
T = (236.61/76.709)4.188 = (3.085)4.188 = 111.9 min
21.21 The outside diameter of a cylinder made of a steel alloy is to be turned. The starting diameter is 300
mm and the length is 625 mm. The feed is 0.35 mm/rev and the depth of cut is 2.5 mm. The cut will be
made with a cemented carbide cutting tool whose Taylor tool life parameters are: n = 0.24 and C = 450.
Units for the Taylor equation are min for tool life and m/min for cutting speed. Compute the cutting speed
that will allow the tool life to be just equal to the cutting time for three of these parts.
Solution: In this problem we want 3Tm = T, where Tm = machining time per piece and T = tool life.
Both of these times must be expressed in terms of cutting speed.
Tm = πDL/fv and T = (C/v)1/n
Tm = π(300)(625)(10-6)/0.35(10-3)v = 1683/v = 1683 (v)-1
3Tm = 3(1683 (v)-1) = 5049(v)-1
T = (450/v)1/.24 = (450/v)4.1667 = 4504.1667(v)-4.1667 = 1135(108)(v)-4.1667
Setting 3Tm = T: 5049v-1 = 1135(108)(v)-4.1667
v3.1667 = 0.2248(108)
v = {0.2248(108)}1/3.1667 = {0.2248(108)}0.3158 = 209.747 m/min
Check: 3Tm = 5049 (209.747)-1 = 24.07 min
T = (450/209.747)1/.24 = (450/209.747)4.1667 = 24.06 min (close enough)
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Tooling Applications
21.22 Specify the ANSI C-grade or grades (C1 through C8 in Table 21.5) of cemented carbide for each of
the following situations: (a) turning the diameter of a high carbon steel shaft from 10.5 cm to 8.75 cm, (b)
making a final face milling pass using a shallow depth of cut and feed on a titanium part, (c) boring out the
cylinders of an alloy steel automobile engine block prior to honing, and (d) cutting the threads on the inlet
and outlet of a large brass valve.
Solution: (a) High carbon steel limits choice to grades C5-C8. A large amount of material is being
removed so it is a roughing cut. C5 or C6 could be used, depending on the finish required after the
process is complete.
(b) Titanium limits the choice of grades to C1-C4. Small feed and depth of cut indicate a finish
pass. Depending on the finish requirements, C3 or C4 would be selected.
(c) Alloy steel limits the choice of grades to C5-C8. Boring cylinders requires precision finishing.
Choose either C7 or C8
(d) Brass limits the choice of grades to C1-C4. This is a finishing operation that could use C3 or C4.
21.23 A certain machine shop uses four cemented carbide grades in its operations. The chemical
composition of these grades are as follows: Grade 1 contains 95% WC and 5% Co; Grade 2 contains 82%
WC, 4% Co, and 14% TiC; Grade 3 contains 80% WC, 10% Co, and 10% TiC; and Grade 4 contains 89%
WC and 11% Co. (a) Which grade should be used for finish turning of unhardened steel? (b) Which grade
should be used for rough milling of aluminum? (c) Which grade should be used for finish turning of brass?
(d) Which of the grades listed would be suitable for machining cast iron? For each case, explain your
recommendation.
Solution: (a) Finish turning of unhardened steel. Specify a steel-cutting grade suitable for finishing.
This is a grade with TiC and low cobalt. Choose grade 2.
(b) Rough milling of aluminum. Specify a non-steel roughing grade. This is a grade with no TiC
and high cobalt. Choose grade 4.
(c) Finish turning of brass. Specify a non-steel finishing grade. This is a grade with no TiC and low
cobalt. Choose grade 1.
(d) Machining cast iron. Cast iron is included with the non-steel grades. Specify grade 1 for
finishing and grade 4 for roughing.
21.24 List the ISO R513-1975(E) group (letter and color in Table 21.6) and whether the number would be
toward the lower or higher end of the ranges for each of the following situations: (a) milling the head gasket
surface of an aluminum cylinder head of an automobile (cylinder head has a hole for each cylinder and must
be very flat and smooth to mate up with the block), (b) rough turning a hardened steel shaft, (c) milling a
fiber-reinforced polymer composite that requires a precise finish, and (d) milling the rough shape in a die
made of steel before it is hardened.
Solution: (a) Aluminum would be the K (red) group. Milling the surface with large holes in it will
create shock loading on the tool. This will require higher toughness. Because it is a finish cut, it will
require higher hardness. A mid-range number will provide both. Move towards the low numbers for
higher hardness if possible.
(b) Hardened steel shaft would indicate group P (blue). Rough cut would require higher toughness
so choose a higher number
(c) Composite is a nonmetallic and would use group K (red). Precise machining would require a
high hardness (lower number).

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(d) Steel would indicate the P (blue) group. Rough milling would indicate a higher toughness and
thus a high number.
21.25 A turning operation is performed on a steel shaft with diameter = 12.5 cm and length = 80 cm. A
slot or keyway has been milled along its entire length. The turning operation reduces the shaft diameter. For
each of the following tool materials, indicate whether it is a reasonable candidate to use in the operation: (a)
plain carbon steel, (b) high-speed steel, (c) cemented carbide, (d) ceramic, and (e) sintered polycrystalline
diamond. For each material that is not a good candidate, give the reason why it is not.
Solution: The lengthwise slot results in an interrupted cut, so toughness is important in the tool
material.
(a) Plain carbon steel: not economical because of low cutting speeds.
(b) HSS: this is a reasonable candidate; it has good toughness for the interrupted cut.
(c) Cemented carbide: this is a reasonable candidate; it must be a steel cutting grade with high
toughness (high cobalt content).
(d) Ceramic: this is not a good candidate because of its low toughness; it is likely to fracture during
interrupted cutting.
(e) Sintered polycrystalline diamond: SPD is not suitable for cutting steel.
Cutting Fluids
21.26 In a milling operation with no coolant, a cutting speed of 150 m/min is used. The current cutting
conditions (dry) yield Taylor tool life equation parameters of n = 0.25 and C = 390 (m/min). When a coolant
is used in the operation, the cutting speed can be increased by 20% and still maintain the same tool life.
Assuming n does not change with the addition of coolant, what is the resulting change in the value of C?
Solution: Find the present tool life T
vTn = C; T = (C/v)(1/n)
T = (390/150)(1/0.25) = (2.60)4.0 = 45.7 min
After coolant, the new cutting speed would be 150(1+0.20) = 180 m/min
If the tool life stays the same, C = vTn = 180(45.7).25 = 468
% increase in C = (468–390)/390 = 20%
Note: When viewing the log-log plot of the Taylor tool life curve, it is a straight line. Since n, the
slope, is not affected by the coolant, the coolant effectively raises the line on the graph. Raising the
curve so that it increases the value of v by a certain percentage will increase C by the same
percentage. This is true independent of the values of n and C.
21.27 In a turning operation using high-speed steel tooling, cutting speed = 110 m/min. The Taylor tool
life equation has parameters n = 0.140 and C = 150 (m/min) when the operation is conducted dry. When a
coolant is used in the operation, the value of C is increased by 15%. Determine the percent increase in tool
life that results if the cutting speed is maintained at 110 m/min.
Solution: Dry: 110(T)0.14 = 150
T = (150/110)1/.14 = (1.364)7.143 = 9.18 min
With coolant: 110(T)0.14 = 150(1 + 15%) = 150(1.15) = 172.5
T = (172.5/110)1/.14 = (1.568)7.143 = 24.85 min
Increase = (24.85 – 9.18)/9.18 = 1.71 = 171%
21.28 A production turning operation on a steel workpiece normally operates at a cutting speed of 125
ft/min using high-speed steel tooling with no cutting fluid. The appropriate n and C values in the Taylor
equation are given in Table 23.2 in the text. It has been found that the use of a coolant type cutting fluid will
allow an increase of 25 ft/min in the speed without any effect on tool life. If it can be assumed that the effect

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Solutions for Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, 4/e (published by Wiley) © MPGroover 2010
08-18-08
of the cutting fluid is simply to increase the constant C by 25, what would be the increase in tool life if the
original cutting speed of 125 ft/min were used in the operation?
Solution: From Table 23.2, n = 0.125 and C = 200 for dry cutting.
With cutting fluid, C = 200 + 25 = 225.
Dry: at v = 125 ft/min, T = (200/125)1/.125 = (1.6)8 = 42.95 min
With cutting fluid: at v = 125 ft/min, T = (225/125)1/.125 = (1.8)8 = 110.2 min
Increase = (110.2 - 42.95) = 67.25 min = 156.6%
21.29 A high speed steel 6.0 mm twist drill is being used in a production drilling operation on mild steel. A
cutting oil is applied by the operator by brushing the lubricant onto the drill point and flutes prior to each
hole. The cutting conditions are: speed = 25 m/min, and feed = 0.10 mm/rev, and hole depth = 40 mm. The
foreman says that the "speed and feed are right out of the handbook" for this work material. Nevertheless, he
says, "the chips are clogging in the flutes, resulting in friction heat, and the drill bit is failing prematurely
due to overheating." What's the problem? What do you recommend to solve it?
Solution: There are several problems here. First, the depth-to-diameter ratio is 1.75:0.25 = 7:1,
which is greater than the 4:1 which is usually recommended. As a consequence the chips produced
in the hole are having difficulty exiting, thus causing overheating of the drill. Second, the manual
method of applying the cutting oil may not be particularly effective. Third, with overheating as a
problem, the cutting oil may not be removing heat from the operation effectively.
Recommendation: The 7:1 depth-to-diameter ratio is a given, a requirement of the drilling
operation, and we assume it cannot be changed. The twist drill might be operated in a peck-drilling
mode to solve the chip clogging problem. Peck-drilling means drilling for a distance approximately
equal to one drill diameter, then retract the drill, then drill some more, etc. A twist drill with a fluid
hole could be used to more effectively deliver the cutting fluid to the drill point to help extract the
chips. Finally, an emulsified oil might be tried in the operation, one with good lubricating qualities,
as a substitute for the cutting oil. Since overheating is a problem, it makes sense to try a coolant.

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17