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Computing Fundamentals: Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

C is a free-form language, so code layout and whitespace do not affect the compiler. Comments are used to explain parts of the code to other programmers. The scanf function reads input from the user, allowing programs to accept user input. Key aspects of C include variables, data types, expressions using operators, control flow statements, and standard library functions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views35 pages

Computing Fundamentals: Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

C is a free-form language, so code layout and whitespace do not affect the compiler. Comments are used to explain parts of the code to other programmers. The scanf function reads input from the user, allowing programs to accept user input. Key aspects of C include variables, data types, expressions using operators, control flow statements, and standard library functions.

Uploaded by

ShujaAmjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


C doesn’t care about spaces
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
Both of these
int main ( ) int programs are
{ main
printf ("Hello World”); (
the same as far as
) your compiler is
return 0; { concerned.
} printf
(
"Hello World" We SHOULD lay
) out our C program
;
return
to make them look
0 nice.
;
}

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


C doesn’t care about spaces
In the most general sense, a statement is a part of
your program that can be executed.
a = 10;
An expression is a statement.
a = a+1;
A function call is also a statement.
printf("%d”, a);
Other statements ……
C is a free form language, so you may type the
statements in any style you feel comfortable:
a=
a+
1;
a = a + 1; a = 6;
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x;
x = 5;
printf(“%d\n", x);

x = x + 3;
printf(“%d\n", x);

printf(“%d\n", x*6);

printf(“%d\n", x);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x;
x = 5;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 5

x = x + 3;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 8

printf(“%d\n", x*6); // 48

printf(“%d\n", x); // 8
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Punctuation
Punctuations as semicolons, colons, commas,
apostrophes, quotation marks, braces,
brackets, and parentheses will also be used in
C code.
; : , ‘ “ [ ] { } ( )

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


C Statements
Some Suggestions
• DO: Use block braces on their own line. It is easy
to
find the beginning and end of a block.
– This makes the code easier to read.
{
printf ("Hello, ");
printf ("world");
}
• AVOID: spreading a single statement across
multiple lines if there is no need.
– Try to keep it on one line.
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Names of C Variables

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Names of C Variables
• A good name for your variables is important
• Variables in C can be given any name made from numbers,
letters and underscores which is not a keyword and does
not begin with a number.
• Names may contain letters, digits and underscores
• The first character must be a letter or an underscore.
• First 31 characters are significant
(too long name is as bad as too short).
• Are case sensitive:
– abc is different from ABC
• Must begin with a letter or underscore and the rest can be
letters, digits, and underscores.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Names of C Variables
present, hello, y2x3, r2d3, ... /* OK */
_1993_tar_return /* OK but not good */
Hello#there /* illegal */
int /* shouldn’t work */
2fartogo /* illegal */

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Names of C Variables

int a; int start_time;


int d; int no_students;
/* It is like
cryptic */ /* It is better */

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Names of C Variables
Suggestions regarding variable names
• DO: use variable names that are descriptive
• DO: adopt and stick to a standard naming convention
– sometimes it is useful to do this consistently for the entire
software development site

• AVOID: variable names starting with an underscore


– often used by the operating system and easy to miss
• AVOID: using uppercase only variable names
– generally these are pre-processor macros (later)

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Names of C Variables
• C keywords cannot be used as variable names.
• Sometimes called reserved words.
• Are defined as a part of the C language.
• Can not be used for anything else!
• Examples:
– int
– while
– for
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Keywords of C
• Flow control (6) – if, else, return, switch,
case, default

• Loops (5) – for, do, while, break, continue


• Common types (5) – int, float, double, char,
void

• Structures (3) – struct, typedef, union

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Comments

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Comments

• Can be used to write title of the program, author

details etc.

• To guide a programmer. To write a note for function,

operation, logic etc. in between a program.

• Non-executable statement.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Comments
Comments: /* This is a comment */
Use them!
Comments should explain:
• special cases
• the use of functions (parameters, return values, purpose)
• explain WHY your code does things the what it does.
• Can’t be nested.
e.g:- /* Hello /* abc */ Hi */ ERROR.
Comments

• Ideally, a comment with each variable name

helps people know what they do.

• In Lab work, I like to see well chosen variable

names and comments on variables.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


More on Comments
For a single line comments, you may use //
For a single line or multiple lines comments, /* comments */ is
used.
A few examples of comments
/* This program calculates area of a rectangle
This program is developed by Mr. XYZ */
length = 5; // in km
width = 3; // in km

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{ //Our First C Program
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;

printf(“%d", z);

getchar();
return 0;
}

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


scanf()

Takes input from user

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;

scanf ( "%d", &x);

scanf ( "%d", &y);

z = x + y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);
getchar();
getchar(); return 0;
} Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
printf("This program adds two integer values\n");

printf ("Enter 1st Integer Value: ");


scanf ( "%d", &x);

printf ("Enter 2nd Integer Value:");


scanf ( "%d", &y);

z = x + y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);
getchar();
getchar(); return 0;
} Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int num, result_square;
printf ("Enter an integer value please: ");
scanf ( "%d", &num);
result_square = num*num;
printf ("Square of your entered number is %d\n",
result_square);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Reading Numeric Data with scanf
• Reading input from keyboard
• scanf can be used like printf but to read instead of write.
• The scanf function is the input equivalent of printf
– A C library function in the <stdio.h> library
– Takes a format string and parameters, much like printf
– The format string specifiers are nearly the same as those used in
printf
• Examples:
scanf ("%d", &x); /* reads a decimal integer */
• The ampersand (&) is used to get the “address” of the
variable (Later)
– If we use scanf("%d",x) instead, the value of x is passed. As a
result, scanf will not know where to put the number it reads.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Reading Numeric Data with scanf
• Reading more than one variable at a time:
– For example:
int n1, n2, n3;
scanf("%d%d%d",&n1,&n2,&n3);
– Use white spaces to separate numbers when input (or enter each value one
by one; both are OK)
5 10 22
• In the format string:
– You can use other characters to separate the numbers
int no_students, no_chairs;
scanf(“%d%d", &no_students, &no_chairs);

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int value1, value2, sum, product ;
printf("Enter two integer values: ") ;
scanf("%d %d", &value1, &value2) ;
sum = value1 + value2 ;
product = value1 * value2 ;
printf("Sum is = %d \n\nProduct = %d\n", sum, product) ;
getchar();
getchar();
return 0 ;
}
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
The scanf statement
int number, check;
scanf ("%d",&number);
check= number;
//Correct

int number, check;


check= scanf ("%d",&number);
/*The program may run without error.
However, on printing the value of check, it
would not be same as number */

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


The scanf statement
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int x, y, z;
x = scanf("%d %d", &y, &z);
printf("%d", x);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Ans: 2
// x will tell how many values scanned.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Expressions and Operators

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Expressions and Operators
• In the most general sense, a statement is a part of your
program that can be executed.
• An expression is a statement.
• Examples:
x = 4;
x = x + 1;
printf("%d",x);

• The expressions are formed by data and operators


• An expression in C usually has a value
– except for the function call that returns void. (later)

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


Arithmetic Operators
Operator Symbol Action

Addition + Adds operands x+y


Subtraction - Subtracts from first x-y
Negation - Negates operand -x
Multiplication * Multiplies operands x*y
Division / Divides first by second x/y
(integer quotient)
Modulus % Remainder of divide op x%y

• (x % y) gives the remainder when x is divided by y


• remainder= x%y; (ints only)
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
The Use of Modulus
• int x;
• // Various cases
• x = 6%2 // x =
• x = 7%2 // x =
• Suppose num is any even number then
• x = num%2 // x =
• Suppose num is any odd number then
• x = num%2 // x =
• // Some other examples
• x = 63%10 // x =
• x = 100 %7 // x =

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


The Use of Modulus
• int x;
• // Various cases
• x = 6%2 // x = 0
• x = 7%2 // x = 1
• Suppose num is any even number then
• x = num%2 // x = 0
• Suppose num is any odd number then
• x = num%2 // x = 1
• // Some other examples
• x = 63%10 // x = 3
• x = 100 %7 // x = 2

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza


The Use of Modulus
include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num=12;
int digit1,digit2;
digit1=num%10; // digit1 = 2
digit2=num/10; // digit2 = 1
printf(“First digit is = %d ”,digit1);
printf(“\nSecond digit is =%d”,digit2);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

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