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Orography Factor

orography factor from eurocode

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Jorge Rodriguez
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327 views5 pages

Orography Factor

orography factor from eurocode

Uploaded by

Jorge Rodriguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-4-4-2005+44:2010 (E) 3 Numerical calculation of orography coefficients (1) At isolated hills and ridges or clifs and escarpments different wind velocities occur dependent on the upstream slope © =HIL, in the wind direction, where the height H and the length L, are defined in Figure A 4 v:mean wind velocity at height z above terrain vis mean wind velocity above at train a= as ~— + Figure A.1 — Illustration of increase of wind velocities over orography (2) The largest increase of the wind velocities occurs near the top of the slope and is determined from the orography factor c,, see Figure A. The slope has no significant effect on the standard deviation of the turbulence defined in 4.4 (1) NOTE Tho turbulence intensity wil decrease with increasing wind velocity and equal value for the standard deviation (3) The orography factor, ¢,(2)=v9/Vqr accounts for the inorease of mean wind speed over isolated hills and escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions). It is related to the wind velocity at the base of the hill or escarpment, The effects of oragraphy should be taken into account in the following situations: 2) For sites on upwind slopes of hills and ridges: — where 0,08 < 0,3 and fx] 0,3 and x <5 H 95 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E) Itie defined by cont for at2-s0 for en 4068's for where. s «0,05 (aay 0,08 < 0<0,3 (a2) o> 03 (a3) is the orographic location factor, to be oblained from Figure A.2 or Figure A.3 scaled to the length of the effective upwind slope length, L. @ isthe upwind slope HIL, in the wind direction (see Figure A.2 and Figure A.3) L, _ isthe effective length of the upwind slope, defined in Table A.2 fe is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction Ly 8 the actual length of ine downwand siope in the wind direction H is the effective height of the feature is the horizontal distance of the site from the top of the crest, 2 isthe vertical distance from the ground level ofthe site Table A.2 — Values of the effective length L,. Type of slope (= HIL,) Shatlow (0,05 < @<0,3) Steep (> 0,3) Get = HI0.3 NOTE The calculated graphs in Figures A2 and A2 exceed the area of application as defined above. “The consideration of orographic effects beyond these boundaries is optional (4) In valleys, cz) may be set to 1,0 if no speed up due to funnelling effects is to be expected. For ‘structures situated within, or for bridges spanning steep-sided valleys care should be taken to account for any increase of wind spend raised by tunnelling 96 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E) ‘downwind slope < 0,05 Wind eos Se [he RZ me] pm Figure A.2— Factor s for cliffs and escarpments downwind stope < 03 45-13-41 08 07 8 03 01/01 03 08 OF 09 44 13 18 AT 48 wit, *f> Xikg Figure A.3 — Factor s for hills and ridges (5) Expressions A.4 to A.7 and A.11 may be used to compute the value of orographic location factor, 5. As those expressions are empirical, itis most important that values of the parameters used must be restricted to the stated ranges, otherwise invalid values will be generated. 97 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E) 1a) upwind section for all orography (Figures A.2 and A.3} For the ranges ) 1000 (zy 10115 (2 }ssor2e and rr {#26488 s=0 b) downwind section for cliffs and escarpments (Figure A.2): For the ranges 01s %.<35 and 01 take: and 98 (Aa) (a5) (a6) (AT) (a8) (as) BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2040 (E) (a0) cso] om For the range Xe os% sor, interpolate between values for x (¢= Ain Expression AS) and ‘ ri ana 7 when: Z < 0,1 use the values for 7 = 0. og = when: > 35 oF 7» 20 tak te valve ¢) downwind section for hills and ridges (Figure A.3): For the ranges osAcap and os £20 a take: e (ea) \ an where: cons (2) ss ( anonsse.( 2 srss-[ 2] -t0124 (a2) and 93056. 7) +10212| 2 |-17637 (a13) a) eee (i) wnen X20 or 2320 NOTE Expressions AS and A.12 are identical, 99

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