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CE8301 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS I

L T PC
3 0 0 3
UNIT I STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
Simple Stresses and strains – Elastic constants - Relationship between elastic constants – Stress
Strain Diagram – Ultimate Stress – Yield Stress – Deformation of axially loaded member -
Composite Bars - Thermal Stresses – State of Stress in two dimensions – Stresses on inclined
planes – Principal Stresses and Principal Planes – Maximum shear stress - Mohr's circle method.
UNIT II TRANSFER OF LOADS AND STRESSES IN BEAMS
Types of loads, supports, beams – concept of shearing force and bending moment - Relationship
between intensity of load, Shear Force and Bending moment - Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams for Cantilever, simply supported and overhanging beams with concentrated
load, uniformly distributed load, uniformly varying load and concentrated moment. Theory of
Simple Bending – Stress Distribution due to bending moment and shearing force - Flitched
Beams - Leaf Springs.
UNIT III DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Elastic curve – Governing differential equation - Double integration method - Macaulay's
method - Area moment method - conjugate beam method for computation of slope and
deflection of determinant beams.
UNIT IV TORSION
Theory of Torsion – Stresses and Deformations in Solid and Hollow Circular Shafts – combined
bending moment and torsion of shafts - Power transmitted to shaft – Shaft in series and parallel
– Closed and Open Coiled helical springs – springs in series and parallel – Design of buffer
springs.
UNIT V ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Determinate and indeterminate trusses - Analysis of pin jointed plane determinate trusses by
method of joints, method of sections and tension coefficient – Analysis of Space trusses by
tension coefficient method.
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TEXTBOOKS:
1. Rajput.R.K. “Strength of Materials”, S.Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Punmia.B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, SMTS –I Strength of materials, Laxmi
publications. New Delhi, 2015
3. Rattan . S. S, “Strength of Materials”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi,
2012
4. Bansal. R.K. “Strength of Materials”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2010

REFERENCES :
1. Timoshenko.S.B. and Gere.J.M, “Mechanics of Materials”, Van Nos Reinbhold, New Delhi
1999.
2. Vazirani.V.N and Ratwani.M.M, “Analysis of Structures”, Vol I Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi,1995.
3. Junnarkar.S.B. and Shah.H.J, “Mechanics of Structures”, Vol I, Charotar Publishing House,
New Delhi 2016.
4. Singh. D.K., “ Strength of Materials”, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2016
5. Basavarajaiah, B.S. and Mahadevappa, P., Strength of Materials, Universities Press,
Hyderabad, 2010.
6. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics", PHI Learning Private Limited., New Delhi,
2009.
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Table of contents

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

a Aim and Objective of the subject 5

b Detailed Lesson Plan 6

c Unit I - stress and strain -Part-A 9

d Part-B 13

wwe Unit II – shear and bending in beams -Part-A 27

w.Ef Part-B 30

g asy
Unit III – deflection -Part-A 48

h Part-B En 51

i Unit IV – torsion -Part-A gin 65

j Part-B e eri 69

k Unit V – complex stresses and plane trusses -Part-A ng. 82

l Part-B n 85
et
m Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject 5

n University Question Papers 100

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Aim of the Subject

x Students will have thorough understanding of the fundamental
concepts of stress and strain in mechanics of solids and structures.
x Students will have thorough knowledge in analysis determinate
beams.
x Ability to analysis trusses to determine shear forces, bending
moments and axial forces.
x Students will have sufficient knowledge in designing shafts to
transmit required power.
x Ability to known the knowledge about springs for its maximum
ww energy storage capacities.

w.E
Objective of the Subject
1. To learn fundamental concepts of Stress, Strain and deformation of

asy
solids with applications to bars, beams and thin cylinders.
2. To know the mechanism of load transfer in beams, the induced

En
stress resultants and deformations.

gin
3. To understand the effect of torsion on shafts and springs.
4. To analyse a complex two dimensional state of stress and plane
trusses e eri
Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject
ng.
1. The students gain practical knowledge about the truss design in
steel industries. n
2. This subject is useful to analyse the shear force and bending et
moment occurs in R.C.C structures.
3. The students can get ability to designing of shafts to generate power
in Power plants.
4. The students have knowledge about the energy capacity of springs
which will be used in automobile industries.

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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rajput.R.K. “Strength of Materials”, S.Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2007.
2. Bhavikatti. S., "Solid Mechanics", Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi, 2010.
REFERENCES :
1. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics", PHI Learning
Private Limited., New Delhi, 2009.
2. Timoshenko.S.B. and Gere.J.M, “Mechanics of Materials”, Van Nos
Reinbhold, New Delhi 1995.
3. Vazirani.V.N and Ratwani.M.M, “Analysis of Structures”, Vol I Khanna

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Publishers, New Delhi,1995.

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4. Junnarkar.S.B. and Shah.H.J, “Mechanics of Structures”, Vol I, Charotar
Publishing House, New Delhi 1997.

asy
5. Ugural. A.C., "Mechanics of Materials", W iley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2013.

Sl.
WEEK En Topics
N o of
C um u
lative
B ook
N o.
gin Hours
Hours N o.

e
UNIT I STRESS AND STRAIN
Stress and strain at a point –
eri 1 T1 ,
1 Tension, Compression, Shear Stress
– Hooke’s Law
ng. 1
R3

WEEK I
Relationship among elastic
constants
Stress Strain Diagram for Mild Steel,
n 2
3

5
et T1

TOR steel, Concrete – Ultimate T1 ,

3 2
Stress – Yield Stress – Factor of R2
Safety
Thermal stresses, Thin Cylinders 7 T1 ,
4 and Shells 2
R3
Strain Energy due to Axial Force – T1 ,
5 WEEK II Resilience, Stresses due to impact 3
and Suddenly Applied Load 10 R3

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C um u B ook
Sl. N o of
WEEK Topics lative
N o. Hours N o.
Hours
Compound Bars. T1,R3
6 2 12
,R1
UNIT II SHEAR AND BENDING IN BEAMS

7 Beams and Bending- Types of loads, 1 13 T1,R3

supports
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams for statically determinate
8 WEEK 3 16 T1,R3
beam with concentrated load, UDL,
III uniformly varying load

ww9 Theory of Simple Bending 2 18 TI,R2

10
w.E Analysis of Beams for Stresses
Stress Distribution at a cross Section
1 19 T1,R1

11
WEEK
asy
due to bending moment and shear
force for Cantilever, simply
supported and overhanging beams
3 22
T1,R3
,R1
IV
En
with different loading conditions

12 Flitched Beams. gin 2 24

T1,R2

e
UNIT III DEFLECTION
eri
13
14
Double integration method
WEEK V Macaulay's methods
ng. 3
3
27
30
T1,R3
T1,R3
15 Area moment method n 3 33
et
T1,R3
WEEK
16 Conjugate beam method 3 36 T1,R3
VI
UNIT IV TORSION
Torsion of Circular and Hollow
19 3 39 T1,R3
WEEK Shafts – Elastic Theory of Torsion
VII Stresses and Deflection in Circular
20 2 41 T1,R3
Solid and Hollow Shafts
combined bending moment and
WEEK
21 torsion of shafts, strain energy due to 2 43 T1,R3
VIII
torsion , Modulus of Rupture

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C um u B ook
Sl. N o of
WEEK Topics lative
N o. Hours N o.
Hours
Power transmitted to shaft – Shaft in
series and parallel, Closed and Open
22 3 46 T1,R3
Coiled helical springs – Leaf Springs
– Springs in series and parallel
23 Design of buffer springs 2 48 T1,R1
UNIT V COMPLEX STRESSES AND PLANE TRUSSES

24 2 D State of Stress – 2 D Normal 2 50 T1,R3

and Shear Stresses on any plane
WEEK

ww
25

26
IX
Principal Stresses and Principal
Planes
Mohr's circle
2

2
52

54
T1,R3

T1,R3

27
w.E Plane trusses: Analysis of plane
trusses
2 56 T1,R3

28
WEEK X
asy
Method of joints. 2 58 T1,R1
29
En
Method of sections 2 60 T1,R3

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UNIT I STRESS AND STRAIN

Part - A
1) Define modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity? (May/June 2016)
(Apr/May2014)
Modulus of elasticity (or) Young’s Modulus :
When a body is stressed within its elastic limit the ratio of tensile stress to the
corresponding tensile strain is constant. This ratio is known as young’s Modulus
(or) Modulus of elasticity

Young’s Modulus (or) E=

Modulus of elasticity

ww Modulus of rigidity (or) Shear Modulus :

E=

w.E
When a body is stressed within its elastic limit the ratio of shearing stress to the
corresponding shearing strain is constant. This ratio is known as Modulus of

asy
rigidity and it is denoted by G or C or N
Modulus of rigidity

E= En
E= gin
=
=
e eri
ng.
2) Explain upper yield point, low er yield point and plastic range in a stress-

points. n
strain curve. For what type of steel do you expect upper and low er yield
(Apr/May2014) (May/June 2016)
Beyond the elastic limit the material enters into plastic range and et
removal of load does not return to the spectrum to its original dimensions thus
subjecting itself to a permanent deformation on applying further load the
specimen curve reaches upper yield point (y). Beyond point y the load decreases
into increase in strain upto the point called lower yield point mild steel.

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3) What is meant by poisson’s ratio? Which material has the higher value of
poisson’s ratio? (Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2015)
If a body is stressed within the elastic limit the lateral strain bears a
constant ratio to the linear strain is known as poisson’s ratio.
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Poisson’s Ratio, µ =
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

4) Define Bulk modulus. (Nov/Dec 2014)

The ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found
to be constant upto elastic limit. This elastic constant is called “ Bulk Modulus ”.
Its is denoted by letter ‘K’.
𝐷𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐶𝑇 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆
K= 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁

ww
5) State: Hooke’s law. ( NOV /DEC 2012 )
It states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the

w.E
stress is directly proportional to the strain.
Stress α Strain

asy σαe
σ = Ee

En
Where, E - Young’s modulus in N/mm2
σ - Stress
e - Strain
gin
e eri
6) Derive an expression for strain energy stored in a prismatic bar subjected
to an axial load. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Average load = W / 2
ng.
Change in length ∆𝑙 =
𝑊𝐿
𝐴𝐸

External workdone (or) Strain Energy = Average load x Deflection

n et
= W / 2 x W l / AE
W2 l
= 2AE

7) What is meant by factor of safety? (Apr/May2015)

It is defined as a ratio of ultimate tensile stress to the permissible stress.
𝑈𝐿𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆
Factor of safety =
𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆

8) Define Resilience.
(Apr/May2015)
The strain energy stored by a body within elastic limit when loaded externally is
called Resilience.

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9) Define Stress and Strain. ( AU Oct 1997)

When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At
the same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force
is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force per unit
area is called stress.
Stress = Force/Area
σ = P/A (unit is N/mm2)
Strain :
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change
of dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in

ww length to the original length of the body.

Strain = Change in length/Original length

w.E e = ∂L/L
10) What is mean by thin cylinders and types of stress in a thin cylindrical

asy
vessel subjected to internal pressure?
If the thickness of the wall of the cylinder vessel is less than 1/15 to 1/20

En
of its internal diameter, the cylinder vessel is known as thin cylinder.

gin
11) What is mean by circumferential stress (or hoop stress) and longitudinal
stress?
The stress acting along thee eri
circumference of the cylinder
is
ng.
called circumferential stress (or hoop stress) whereas the stress acting
along the length of the cylinder is known as longitudinal stress
Circumferential stress, f1 = pd / 2t
Longitudinal stress, f2= pd / 4t
n et
12. What is compound bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials joined
together such that the system is elongated or compressed in a single unit.
13. Define: shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional
plane of the body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The
stress induced is called shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as
shear strain.
14. Define: Longitudinal strain and Lateral strain.
Longitudinal strain:
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W hen a body is subjected to axial load P, there is an axial

deformation in the length of the body. The ratio of axial deformation to the
original length of the body is called lateral strain.
Longitudinal strain= Change in length/Original length
= ∂L/L
Lateral strain :
The strain at right angles to the direction of the applied load is called
lateral strain.
Lateral strain= Change in breadth (depth)/Original breadth (depth)
= ∂b/b or ∂d/d
1 5) W h a t yo u m e a n b y t h er m al s t r e ss e s ?

ww If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of

w.E
t em p e r at ur e n o s t r es s i s d ev e l op e d, b ut i f f r e e ex p an s i o n i s pr e v e nt e d t h e
s t r es s d ev e l o p e d i s c a l l e d t em p er at u r e s t r e s s o r s t r a i n.

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PART-B

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UNIT-II SHEAR AND BENDING IN BEAMS

PART-A
1. What is meant by Cantilever beam? (Nov/Dec 2014)
A beam whose one end free and the other end is fixed is called cantilever beam.
2. Explain bending moment? (Nov/Dec 2014)
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the
forces which are placed either side from that point.
3. Define the term ‘ Moment of resistance’ ? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Due to pure bending, the layers above the N.A are subjected to compressive
stresses, whereas the layers below the N.A are subjected to tensile stresses.

ww
Due to these stresses, the forces will be acting on the layers. These forces will
have moment about the N.A. The total moment of these forces about the N.A for

w.E
a section is known as moment of resistance of the section.
4. What is shear force in a beam? (Nov/Dec 2009)

asy
Shear force at any cross-section is defined as the algebraic sum of all the forces
acting either side of a beam

En
5. Define point of contraflexure. (Nov/Dec 2010)
The point where the BM changes its sign or zero is called the point of
contraflexure.
gin
6. Define the term ‘Simple bending’
e eri
(Nov/Dec 2011)
If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not

ng.
due to shear then it is called simple bending or pure bending.
7. State any four assumptions in the simple theory of bending? (Nov/Dec
2012)
1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
n et
2. The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey hooke’s
law.
3. The transverse section which was plane before bending remains plains after
bending also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about the
layer, above or below.
5. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
8.Define point of inflexion. (Nov/Dec 2011)
The point where the BM changes its sign or zero is called the point of inflexion.

27

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9.State the basic principles involved in the analysis of a composite beam.

(Apr/May 2015)
The total moment of resistance will be equal to the sum of moment of resistance
of individual sections
�b2 = E2 /E1 * �b1
10.How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loadings are related?
(Nov/Dec 2015)
The rate of change of bending moment is equal to the Shear force at the section
dM/dx = -F
11. Write the theory of simple bending equation? (Nov/Dec 2008)

ww
M/I = F/Y = E/R
Where,

w.E
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia

asy
f - Maximum stress induced
y- Distance from the neutral axis
E - Young’s modulus
R – Radius of neutral layer. En
12. What are the types of beams?
gin (Nov/Dec 2008)
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam e eri
3. Fixed beam
4. Continuous beam ng.
5. over hanging beam
13. Define. positive or sagging Bending Moment
n(Apr/May 2007) et
The BM is said to be positive if moment of the forces on the left side of beam is
clockwise and on the right side of the beam is anti-clockwise.
(or)
The BM is said to be positive if the BM at that section is such that it tends to bend
the beam to a curvature having concavity at the top.

14. What are the types of loads?

1. Concentrated load or point load
2. Uniform distributed load (udl)
3. Uniform varying load(uvl)
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15. What is mean by negative or hogging BM?

The BM is said to be negative if moment of the forces on the left side of beam
isanti-clockwise and on the right side of the beam is clockwise.
(or)
The BM is said to be positive if the BM at that section is such that it tends to bend
the beam to a curvature having convexity at the top.

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PART-B

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UNIT –III DEFLECTION

PART - A
1. What are the methods for finding out the slope and deflection at a
section? (NOV/DEC 2014)

The important methods used for finding out the slope and deflection at a
section in a loaded beam are

1. Double integration method

2. Moment area method
3. Macaulay’s method

ww The first two methods are suitable for a single load, where as the last

w.E one is suitable for several loads.

2. Why moment area method is more useful, when compared

asy
with double integration? (NOV/DEC 2015)

En
Moment area method is more useful, as compared with double

gin
integration method because many problems which do not have a simple
mathematical solution can be simplified by the ending moment area method.

e eri
3. State Mohr’s theorem for slope and deflection. (APR/MAY
2015)
ng.
Mohr’s theorem-1
n
The change of slope between any two points is equal to the net area of the BMD et
between these points divided by EI.

Mohr’s theorem-2

The total deflection between any two points is equal to the moment of the area of
the BMD between these two points about the last points.

4. What are determinate beam? (NOV/DEC 2014)

The first three types of beams simply supports beam, cantilever beam, over
hanging beam are called statically determinate structures. Since they can be

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completely analyzed by three static equations.

5. Define conjugate beam. (APR/MAY 2015)

Conjugate beam is an imaginary beam of length equal to that of original but

for which are load diagram is M/EI diagram.

6. Define the term slope. (NOV/DEC 2014)

Slope at any section is defined as an angle in radians which tangent at the

section makes with the original axis of the beam.It is the degree to which the
structural element is displaced under load.

ww θ=dy/dx

w.E
7. What is the difference betw een real beam and conjugate beam?

asy (MAY/JUNE 2014)

Sl.No Real beam

En Conjugate beam
1 Original beam
gin Imaginary beam
length equal to that of
of

e eri the original beam but for

which the load diagram

ng.
is M/EI.
2 Slope at any section of the given beam
n
SF at the corresponding
section
beam
of
et
conjugate

3 Deflection at any section of the given BMD at th e

beam corresponding section of
conjugate beam

8. Explain the Theorem for conjugate beam method?

Theorem I : “The slope at any section of a loaded beam, relative to the

original axis of the beam is equal to the shear in the conjugate beam at the
corresponding section”

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Theorem II: “The deflection at any given section of a loaded beam,

relative to the original position is equal to the Bending moment at the
corresponding section of the conjugate beam”

9. What are the points to be worth for conjugate beam method?

1. This method can be directly used for simply supported Beam
2. In this method for cantilevers and fixed beams, artificial
constraints need to be supplied to the conjugate beam so that it
is supported in a manner consistent with the constraints of the
real beam.

ww 10) Define shear force and bending moment? (MAY/JUNE 2013)

w.E
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the forces acting either
side of beam.

asy
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the

En
forces acting at any one side of that section.

gin
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PART – B

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UNIT IV TORSION AND SPRINGS

PART - A
1. Define pure torsion. (Nov/Dec 2014)
A shaft of circular C/S is said to be in pure torsion, when it is
subjected to equal and opposite couples only. The axis of couple coincides
with the axis of the shaft only without any bending or axial twist. Due to
this torsion, the state of stress at any point in the C/S is one of the pure
shear.
2. What is torque? (Nov/Dec 2014)
In the revolving shafts of motors, engines or turbines, a turning

ww force is always is applied to transmit by rotation. This turning force is

applied at suitable distance from the axis of the shaft. The product of this

w.E
turning force and distance of its application from the centre of the shaft is
known as twisting moment or torque.A shaft of circular C/S is said to be in

asy
torsion, when it is subjected to torque.
3. Find the torque w hich a shaft of 200 mm diameter can safely

En
transmit, if the shear stress is not to exceed 50 N/mm2.
(May / June 2014)
Dia. of the shaft = 200 mm
gin
Max. Shear stress, τ = 50 N/mm2
Max. Torque, e eri
T=
π
π
16
τ D3
ng.
=
16
× 50 × 2003

= 78539816.34 Nmm
n et
T = 78.539 kNm
4. Define Polar modulus.
It is the ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of the
shaft.
Polar Moment of Inertia J
Polar Modulus Zp = =
Radius R
5. Write the equation of torsion in shafts? (May / June 2013)
Simple torsion equation:
T τ Gθ
= =
J R 𝑙

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T = Torque in N-mm.
τ = shear stress
G = Modulus of Rigidity.
𝑙 = length of the shaft
R = Radius of the shaft
θ= angle of twist
J = polar moment of inertia
6. Define torsional rigidity. (May 2004)
Torsion equation
T Gθ
=
J 𝑙

ww T = Torque in N-mm.
G = Modulus of Rigidity.

w.E 𝑙 = length of the shaft

θ= angle of twist

asy
J = polar moment of inertia

En θ=
T𝑙
CJ

gin
Since C, l, J are constant, θ is directly proportional to T.
The term CJ is known as Torsional rigidity and it is represented by K.
Torsional Rigidity ( K ) = C J
e eri
7. Write the equation for power transmitted by a shaft. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Power (P): ng.
N = Speed of the shaft R.P.M
P=
2πNT
60 n et
T = Torque of shaft in N-m
8. Give any tw o uses of leaf springs. (May / June 2013)
1. To absorb shock (or) impact loading as in carriage springs.
2. To apply forces and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
3. To store energy as in clock springs.

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9. Write dow n the differences betw een leaf spring and helical spring.
(May / June 2014)
Leaf spring / Bending spring
A leaf, which is subjected to bending only and the resistance is
also due to bending is known as bending spring.
Ex. Laminated springs (or) leaf springs
Helical spring / Torsion spring
A spring, which is subjected to torsion only and the resistance is
also due to torsion is known as torsion springs.
10. What is meant by stiffness? What is the formula for the stiffness of a
closed coiled helical spring subjected to an axial load? (Nov 01,

ww May 03)

w.E The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required to

produce unit deflection.
Stiffness (K)
asy K=
C d4

En 64 R3 n
11. What are the uses of closed coiled helical spring?
(Oct 98)
1. Railway wagons
gin
2. Cycle seating
3. Pistols
e eri
4. Breaks etc.., ng.
12. List out the types of springs.
1. Leaf springs (or) Bending springs
2. Helical springs (or) Torsion springs
n et
13. Differentiate betw een close – coiled spring and open – coiled helical
springs. (May 03)
close – coiled spring open – coiled spring
1 Adjacent coils are very close to Large gap between adjacent
each other. coils.
2 Only tensile load can carry. Both tensile and compressive
load carry.
3 Helix angle is negligible Helix angle considerable.

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14. Give shear stress and deflection relation for close – coiled helical
spring. (Nov.01)
Deflection (δ)
64 W R 3 n
δ=
C d4
Shear stress (τ)
16 W R
τ=
πd3
4 π R2 n
δ= × τ
Cd
15. What is meant by spring index

ww Spring index is defined as the ratio of the mean diameter of the

spring to the diameter.

w.E Spring index =

mean diameter of the spring
diameter of the wire
=
D
d

asy
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PART – B

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`
UNIT-V COMPLEX STRESSES AND PLANE TRUSSES

PART - A

1.Mention the methods available to analyses the forces in truss members?

(May/June 2013)
(or)

List the methods of analyzing plane trusses? (Nov/Dec 2014)

 Method of joints
 Method of sections

ww  Tension coefficient method

w.E
2. What is the use of Mohr circle? (May/June 2013) (Nov/Dec 2014)

asy
Mohr’s circle is a graphical method to determine the normal, tangential,
resultant stresses, principal stresses and principal planes for the given stresses.

En
3.What is meant by perfact frame, deficient frame and redundant frame?

gin ( May/June 2014)

a)Perfect frame:
e eri
ng.
The frame which is composed of such members, which are just sufficient
to keep the frame in equilibrium, when the frame is supporting an external load is
known as perfect frame.

n = 2j – 3
n et
no Number of members

jo Number of joints

b)Deficient frame:

If the number of members in a frame are less than (2j – 3), then the frame
is known as Deficient frame.

n < 2j – 3
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`
c) Redundant frame:

If the number of members in a frame are more than (2j – 3), then the frame
is known as Redundant frame.

n > 2j – 3

4.What are the methods for determining stresses in oblique plane?

 Analytical method
 Graphical method

ww
5.Write the static equilibrium equations.?(Nov/Dec2014)

w.E
Static equilibrium equations are,

6H = 0, 6V = 0, 6M = 0

6.Define Frame.
asy
En
gin
A frame may be defined as a structure, made up of several bars riveted or
welded together.

7. What are the types of frames? e eri

1. Perfect frame
ng.
2.Imperfect frame.

8. What are principal planes and principal stresses?

n et
The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes.
These planes carry only normal stresses. The magnitude of normal stresses,
acting on a principal plane, are known as principal stresses.

9. Give the expression for maximum shear stress in a tw o dimensional

stress system?

1
Maximum shear stress, (Vt.max)= 2 �(V1 − V2)2 + 4𝑞²

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`
10. Give the expression for stresses on an inclined plane when it is
subjected to a pull.?

Normal stress, Vn = V cos² T

Shear stress, Vt = V/2 sin 2T

Resultant stress,Vres =�(V𝑛2 + V𝑡²

11. What are the advantages of method of section over method of joints in
finding the forces in the member of a pin jointed truss?

ww In method of joints forces in two members can be determined but in

method of section at a time the forces in three members can be determined.

w.E
12. What are the assumption made in the analysis of a pin-jointed plane
truss?
asy (Apr/May 2015)

The assumption are,

En
 All members are pin jointed
gin
 The frames is loaded only at the joints

e eri
 The self weight of the members are neglected unless stated.

ng.
n
13.How will you determine the force in a member by method of joints?

In method of joint after determining the reactions at the supports, the

et
equilibrium of every support is considered. This means the sum all vertical forces
as well as the horizontal forces acting on a joint is equated to zero. The joint
should be selected in such a way that at any time there are only two members, in
which the forces are unknown.

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PART - B

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`
7) Draw and describe the graphical method for solving the principal stress
problems for various cases.

GRAPHICAL METHOD:

Case(i) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular unequal like

stresses.

Like stresses means both the stresses are either tensile or compressive in
nature.

Ulllike stresses means one stress in tensile whereas other is compressive in

nature .

Consider a rectangular member of uniform cross sectional area A subjected to

ww
two unequal like stresses which is tensile in nature.

Let, V1 – Major principal tensile stress

w.EV2 – Minor principal tensile stress

asy
- Angle made by the oblique section with the minor principal axis

En
gin
e eri
ng.
Construct the circle of stresses as given below. n et
1. Draw two perpendicular lines meeting at O representing the direction of
stresses V1 and V2.
2. With O as centre, draw the concentric circles of radii OA and OB equals to
the stresses V1 and V2 to some scal.
3. Draw the line XY through O which makes an angle T with the plane of V2.
4. From O, draw the line OCD which is normal (i.e., perpendicular) to the line
XY and meeting the circles at C and D.
5. Draw DE perpendicular to OA and CF perpendicular to DE.
6. Join OF which is the resultant stress V across the plane XY.
7. From F, draw a line FG perpendicual to OD.
8. OG represents normal stress and FG represents tangential stress on the
oblique plane.
Note: For all kind of stresses it may be + ve or – ve, the construction is similar to
the above steps only the position of the point F will change.
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The position of point F will be as follows.

1. If V1 and V2 are +ve, the point will lie in first quadrant.

2. If V1 is +ve and V2 is +ve, the point will lie in second quadrant.
3. If V1 and V2 both are -ve, the point will lie in third quadrant.
4. If V1 is +ve and V2 is -ve, the point will lie in fourth quadrant.
Note: + represents tensile stress and –ve represents compressive stresses.

Case(ii) A body subjected to two equal mutually perpendicular and unlike

principal stresses.

Consider a rectangular body subjected to two equal mutually

ww
perpendicular and unlike stresses acting as shown in fig.

w.E
asy
En
gin
e
Construct the circle of stresses given below. eri
ng.
1. Draw two perpendicular lines meeting at O representing the different of
stresses V1 and V2.

and V2 since the two stresses are equal magnitude. n

2. With O as centre, draw a circle of radis OA or OB equal to the stresses V1

3. Draw the line XY through O which makes an angle T with plane of V2. et
4. Draw the line OC ahich is normal to the line XY and meeting the circle at
C.
5. If we follow the same procedure as in the previous case we can get the
points D,F and G at a point C. (i.e., C, D, F and D are coincide)
6. We already know that if V1 is +ve and V2 is -ve, the point will lie in fourth
quadrant. Therefore, get the mirror image of F in fourth quadrant as shown
in fig. Note this point as F’.
7. Now, OF’ represents the intensity of stress on the oblique plane. It is
numerically equale to OF but inclined at an angle 2T to the normal.

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