INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 An infectious disease - is one caused by the

growth of pathogenic microbes in the body. It
may or may not be communicable (i.e.
contagious). Technological development has
improved our ability to control the incidence
of infectious disease and in some cases
eradicate it. However, for a range of reasons,
new infectious diseases continue to emerge.
 social and psychological support and
preventative education.
1
It is important to understand infectious causes
and treatment of common and serious microbial
infections .The nurse has an important role in
detection surveillance and monitoring of
infectious diseases, as well as social and
psychological support and preventative
education.

The infectious process

 The chain of infection

3
AMOEBIASIS

4
 DEFINITION

also known as amoebic dysentery, is an

infection of the intestines caused by a
microscopic Entamoeba histolytica.

5
6
Serum antibodies in patients with amebic liver abscess
develop in 7 days and persist for as long as 10
years. A mucosal IgA response to E histolytica occurs
during invasive amebiasis; however, no evidence
suggests that invasive amebiasis is increased in
incidence or severity in patients with IgA deficiency.
Cell-mediated immunity is important in limiting the
disease and preventing recurrences. Antigen-specific
blastogenic responses occur, leading to production of
lymphokines, including interferon-delta, which
activates the killing of E histolytica trophozoites by the
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macrophages.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Fecal-oral route.
Infective cysts can be found in fecally contaminated
food and water supplies and contaminated hands of
food handlers. Sexual transmission is possible,
especially in the setting of oral-anal practices
(anilingus). Poor nutrition, through its effect on
immunity, has been found to be a risk factor for
amebiasis.
 S/S

Symptoms may include abdominal pain,

diarrhea, or bloody diarrhea.

9
 DIAGNOSTICS
Stool examination
Biopsy also can point out E.H. cysts or
trophozoites.
Culture of the stool
Blood tests
Ultrasound scan – it should be performed
when a liver abscess is suspected.
https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-
diseases-notes/amoebiasis/
 TREATMENT
treated with nitroimidazole drugs, which
kill amoebas in the blood, in the wall of
the intestine and in liver abscesses. These
drugs include metronidazole (Flagyl)
and tinidazole (Tindamax, Fasigyn)

11
 NURSING MGT
1.Observe isolation and enteric precaution
2.Provide health education:
Boil water for drinking or use purified water;
Avoid washing food from open drum or pail;
Cover left over food;
Wash hands after defecation or before eating; and
Avoid ground vegetables (lettuce, carrots, and the
like).
Mouth care
Proper collection of stool specimen
Never give paraffin or any oil preparation for at least
48 hours prior to collection of specimen.
Instruct patient to avoid mixing urine with stools.
If whole stool cannot be sent to laboratory, select as
much portion as possible containing blood and mucus.
Send specimen immediately to the laboratory; stool
that is not fresh is nearly useless for examination
Mouth care
Provide optimum comfort.
Patient should be kept warm. Dysenteric patient should
never be allowed to feel, even for a moment.
Diet
During the acute stage, fluids should be forced.
In the beginning of an attack, cereal and strained meat
broths without fat should be given.
Chicken and fish maybe added when convalescence is
established.
Bland diet without cellulose or bulk-producing food should
be maintained for along time.
BOTULISM
 Definition
An uncommon, but potentially very
serious illness, a type of food
poisoning, that produces paralysis of
muscles via a nerve toxin
called botulinum toxin ("botox") that is
manufactured by bacteria named
Clostridium botulinum.
 There are five clinical categories

1. foodborne botulism
2. wound botulism
3. infant botulism
4. adult infectious botulism
5. inadvertent, following botulinum toxin
injection. Please read the link below.
https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/symptoms.html
 S/S
The symptoms of botulism may include:
 double vision

 blurred vision

 drooping eyelids

 slurred speech

 difficulty swallowing

 difficulty breathing

 a thick-feeling tongue, etc.

 DIAGNOSTICS
Brain scan
Spinal fluid examination
Nerve and muscle function tests (nerve
conduction study [NCS] and
electromyography [EMG])
Tensilon test for myasthenia gravis
 MANAGEMENT
Antitoxin.
Survival and Complications
Botulism can result in death due to respiratory
failure. However, because of the development
of antitoxin and modern medical care, people
with botulism today have a much lower chance
of dying than people did in the past.
 NURSING MGT
Risk for allergy response, associated with
exposure to allergens (equine-derived
botulism antitoxin)
ineffective breathing pattern, related to
neuromuscular impairment and respiratory
muscle fatigue, manifested by reduced vital
capacity,etc.
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermeria-intensiva-english-edition--430-
articulo-botulism-in-icu-nursing-care-S2529984018300181
 CHICKEN POX
Chickenpox (Varicella)
 DEFINITION

is a very contagious disease caused by

the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
air or through contact with chickenpox
blisters. The virus can be transmitted
through the air when a person with
chickenpox coughs or sneezes. A person
is exposed when they breathe in the
virus.
 S/S

itchy skin rash with blister-like lesions, covering

the body. The lesions will scab over in
approximately 5 days. It may first appear on
the face, chest, and back and then spread to
other parts of the body. Many infected
individuals have a fever, which develops 1-2
days before the rash appears. People may also
experience tiredness, loss of appetite, and
headache.
 DIAGNOSTICS
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) laboratory testing
information applies to testing and diagnosis of
primary VZV infection (varicella) as well as
reactivation (herpes zoster).
A diagnosis of chickenpox can also be made by
observing the symptoms and the typical
appearance of the rash.
 MANAGEMENT
Use non-aspirin medications
acetaminophen, to relieve fever from chickenpox. The
use of aspirin in children with chickenpox has been
associated with Reye’s syndrome, a severe disease that
affects the liver and brain and can cause death.
Chickenpox treatment for adults
If you have chickenpox, your doctor will treat the
symptoms and let the disease run its course.
Recommendations typically include:
calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal baths to relieve
itching
Chickenpox treatment for adults
If you have chickenpox, your doctor will treat the
symptoms and let the disease run its course.
Recommendations typically include:
calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal baths to relieve
itching
a pain reliever to reduce fever
In certain circumstances, your doctor may also
prescribe drugs such as acyclovir or valacyclovir to
combat the virus and prevent complications.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Hyperthermia related to viral infection.
Impaired skin integrity related to mechanical
factors (eg stress, tear, friction).
Disturbed body image related to lesions on the
skin.
Deficient knowledge about the condition
and treatment needs.
 Risk for infection related to damaged skin
tissue.
 Nursing Care Plan
Subjective Data:
Headache
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Body aches
Intense itching
Objective Data:
Fever
Presence of papules and vesicles
 Crusts and scabs on skin
Itching leads to scratching and scratching leads to open
wounds which are a breeding ground for bacteria and
infection.
Trim nails or cover hands of infants and toddlers
Keeping the nails short or covered helps prevent scratches in
the skin that can lead to infection.
Encourage rest
When the body is resting, more energy can be devoted to
healing. This can also help to minimize fatigue and discomfort.
 Manage itching with cool compresses or tepid baths with
oatmeal or cornstarch
ANTHRAX
 DEFINITION
is a serious infectious disease caused by
gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria known
as Bacillus anthracis.
 ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Etiologic Agent Bacillus anthracis is an
aerobic, non-motile, spore-forming,
encapsulated, gram-positive, rod-shaped
bacterium.
 S/S
 Symptoms depend on the type of Anthrax
4 TYPES:
1. Cutaneous anthrax
2. Inhalation anthrax
3. Gastrointestinal anthrax
4. Injection anthrax symptoms can include:
 DIAGNOSTICS
Chest X-rays
CT scans
The only ways to confirm an anthrax diagnosis are:
To measure antibodies or toxin in blood
To test directly for Bacillus anthracis in a sample o
blood o skin lesion swab o spinal fluid o respiratory
secretions Samples must be taken before the patient
begins taking antibiotics for treatment.
 MANAGEMENT
Medications:
doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin,
and parenteral procaine penicillin G.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
1. Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction
of the airway
characterized by: audible stridor,dyspnea,cough with
purulent sputum,radiology seem mediastinal
widening,pleural effusion.
2. Ineffective breathing pattern related to a decrease
in lung expansion
characterized by:dyspnea, use of accessory muscles
of breathing,increased respiration.
3. Acute pain related to biological agents injury
CHOLERA
 DEFINITION
 The V. Cholera organism is a gram-negative
organism with several different serotypes, all
transmitted by contaminated food or water.
The disease presents with a very rapid onset
of copious diarrhea in which up to 1 L o fluid
per hour can be lost. Death is usually due to
cardiopulmonary collapse secondary to
profound dehydration.
 S/S
 profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg
cramps. In these people, rapid loss of body
fluids leads to dehydration and shock.
Without treatment, death can occur within
hours.
 DIAGNOSTIC
 Stool Exam
 MANAGEMENT
Oral rehydration solution (ORS), a
prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts to be
mixed with 1 liter of water and drunk in large
amounts Severe cases also require intravenous
fluid replacement. With prompt appropriate
rehydration, fewer than 1% of cholera patients
die
 NURSING MGT

The most important goals are maintenance of

fluid and electrolyte balance, increased
knowledge about the disease and risk of
transmission and absence of complications.
Mild dehydration
Dry mucous membranes of the mouth and
increased thirst. The rehydration goal is to
deliver SO ml of oral rehydration solution per 1
kg of weight over a 4-hour interval.
Chlamydia
 DEFINITION
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted
infection (STI) that is caused by a
bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

 Vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

 S/S
Men
 Discharge from the penis or rectum

 Pain or burning sensation when urinating

 Pain and swelling in the testicles

 Itching of the tip of the penis

 Women

 Pain and itching of the vagina or surrounding

area (vulva)
 DIAGNOSTIC
 A urine test. A sample of your urine is
analyzed in the laboratory for presence
of this infection.
 A swab. For women, your doctor takes
a swab of the discharge from your
cervix for culture or antigen testing for
chlamydia. This can be done during a
routine Pap test.
 1. AZITHROMYCIN 1 g or Doxycycline
100 mg po BID x 7 days (for non
pregnant)
 2. Amoxicillin 500mg TID X 7 days for
pregnant and lactating mothers.
DHF
 DEFINITION
a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a
severe flu-like illness and, sometimes causing a
potentially lethal complication called severe
dengue.
is the most common arthropod-borne viral
illness in humans worldwide. Although infection
with dengue will produce lifelong immunity,
there are four serotypes and immunity to one
does not confer immunity to another.
 BACKGROUND

 Dengue virus has four serotypes (DENV1,

DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4)
 First infection with one of the four serotypes
usually is non-severe or asymptomatic, while
second infection with one of other serotypes
may cause severe dengue.
 Dengue has no treatment but the disease
can be early managed.
DENGUE CLASSIFICATION
ACCRDG TO SEVERITY
Dengue illness is categorized according to
level of severity as dengue without
warning signs, dengue with warning
signs and severe dengue.
 Mode of transmission
 Dengue virus is transmitted by day
biting Aedes Aegypti and Aedes
Albopictus mosquitoes.
 PHASES
 Febrile Phase (Usually last 2-7 days)
 ​Critical Phase (Phase when patient can either
improve or deteriorate)
 Defervescence (occurs between 3 to 7 days of
illness).
 When warning signs occurs, severe dengue may
follow near the time of defervescence which usually
happens between 24 to 48 hours.
 Recovery Phase
 Happens in the next 48 to 72 hours in which the
 DIAGNOSTICS
1. Dengue NS1 RDT
2. Dengue IgM/IgG
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4. Nucleic Acid Amplification Test- Loop
Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
(NAAT-LAMP)
6. Other tests:
 -Total While Blood Cell (WBC) count

 -Platelet
6. Other tests:
 -Total While Blood Cell (WBC) count

 -Platelet

 -Hematocrit • Routinely used in

hospitals as standard dengue diagnostic
tests
Look for trend of decreasing WBC, decreasing
platelet and increasing hematocrit
 MANAGEMENT
(based on patient type)
Group A- patients who may be sent home
Group B- patient who should be referred for in-
hospital management
Group C- patient with severe dengue requiring
emergency treatment and urgent referral
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Based on the assessment data, the
major nursing diagnoses for a patient with
DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible
impaired liver function. Deficient fluid volume
related to vascular leakage. Pain related to
abdominal pain and severe headaches.
DIPHTHERIA
 DEFINITION
is a bacterial (toxin-related) disease. It
is an acute pharyngitis, acute
nasopharyngitis or acute laryngitis with
a pseudo membrane formation in the
throat.
 Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by
strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium
diphtheria that make toxin (poison).
 Infectious Agent: Corynebacterium
diphtheria
 Mode of Transmission:
 Diphtheria bacteria spread from person
to person, usually through respiratory
droplets, like from coughing or
sneezing. People can also get sick from
touching infected open sores or ulcers.
 S/S
Symptoms of diphtheria depend on the body part that
is affected.
Respiratory Diphtheria
Weakness
Sore throat
Mild fever
Swollen glands in the neck
 The bacteria make a toxin (poison) that kills healthy

tissues in the respiratory system.

Within two to three days, the dead tissue
forms a thick, gray coating that can build up in
the throat or nose. Medical experts call this
thick, gray coating a “pseudomembrane.” It
can cover tissues in the nose, tonsils, voice
box, and throat, making it very hard to breathe
and swallow.
If the toxin gets into the blood stream, it can
cause heart, nerve, and kidney damage.
 Dx
swab the back of the throat or nose and
test it for the bacteria that cause
diphtheria. A doctor can also take a
sample from an open sore or ulcer and
try and grow the bacteria.
 TREATMENT
Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the toxin made by
the bacteria from damaging the body. This treatment
is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections,
but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections.
Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria.
Even with treatment, about 1 in 10 people with
respiratory diphtheria will die. People with diphtheria
are usually no longer able to infect others 48 hours
after they begin taking antibiotics.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
FILARIAIS
 DEFINITION
 Is commonly known as “elephantiasis”
is a disease caused by a parasite
transmitted by mosquito.
 CLASSIFICATION
Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) – which affects
the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes.
 Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori.

In chronic cases, a condition where parts of the body

swell to massive proportions.
Subcutaneous filariasis- which affects the
subcutaneous layer of the skin.
Serous cavity filariasis- which affects the serous
cavity of the abdomen.
Humans are the definitive host for the worms that cause
lymphatic filariasis.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Transmitted by the bite of infected
vector mosquitos
 S/S
• Pain and swelling of the breast, vagina,
scrotum, legs and arms
• Fever
• Cough
• Chills
• Wheezing
 MANAGEMENT
Selective treatment with DEC
(Diethylcarbamazine Citrate) is given to
people with clinical manifestations of the
disease.
Medicines (DEC and albendazole) are
given once a year for 5 years.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
WEST NILE VIRUS
 DEFINITION
 a flavivirus (species West Nile virus of
the genus Flavivirus) that causes an
illness marked by fever, headache,
muscle ache, skin rash, and sometimes
encephalitis or meningitis and that is
spread especially from birds to humans
by mosquitoes.
 OVERVIEW
A mosquito bite can turn into something much
more severe if it infects you with the West
Nile virus (sometimes called WNV).
Mosquitoes transmit this virus by biting an
infected bird and then biting a person. Not all
people with infected mosquito bites get the
disease, however. WNV can be severe for
people older than 60 years and people with
weakened immune systems.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 mosquito bite
In addition to transmission via mosquito bites, less
common modes of transmission of the virus include
organ transplantation, blood donation, and from
mothers to their fetuses in the womb or to infants via
breast milk.
 S/S
West Nile fever, which is characterized by:
fever, tiredness, headaches, body aches,
swollen lymph nodes, and
sometimes a rash.
 West Nile fever develops two to 15 days

following the bite of an infected mosquito

and persists for a few days to a few weeks.
 DIAGNOSTICS
Blood test.
Lumbar puncture. Also known as a spinal
tap, this test involves inserting a needle
into your spine to extract fluid.
MRI and other imaging scans can also
help detect inflammation and brain
swelling.
 MANAGEMENT
 Because it’s a viral condition, West Nile virus
doesn’t have a cure. But you can take over-
the-counter pain relievers, such as
ibuprofen or aspirin, to relieve symptoms
of West Nile virus such as muscle aches and
headaches.
1. Acute Pain related to headache, fever, neck pain
secondary to infection.
2. Activity Intolerance related to fatigue and malaise
secondary to infection.
3. Acute Pain related to nuchal rigidity, muscle aches,
immobility and increased sensitivity to external stimuli
secondary to infectious process.
4. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to
immobility, dehydration, and diaphoresis.
5. Interrupted Family Process related to critical nature
of situation and uncertain prognosis
YELLOW FEVER
 DEFINITION
 is a viral disease that is transmitted by
mosquitoes. It can lead to serious
illness and even death. It is called
‘yellow fever’ because in serious cases,
the skin turns yellow in color. This is
known as ‘jaundice’.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 the bite of infected mosquitoes,
principally, Aedes and Haemagogus
species
 S/S
 In the first stage fever, muscle pain,
nausea, vomiting, headache and
weakness occur. About 15 to 25 per
cent of those with yellow fever progress
to the second stage also known as the
‘toxic’ stage, of which half die within 10
to 14 days after onset of illness. Visible
bleeding, jaundice, kidney and liver
failure can occur during the second
 MANAGEMENT
 There is no specific treatment for yellow
fever, however medicines can be used
to relieve the symptoms and may
improve the outcome for seriously ill
patients.
 Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
 DEFINITION
 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) refers to S. aureus
organisms that are resistant to
methicillin or its comparable
pharmaceutical agents, oxacillin and
nafcillin.
 S/S: depend on the part of the body
that is infected. For example, people
with MRSA skin infections often can get
swelling, warmth, redness, and pain in
infected skin.
 S/S: Most S. aureus skin infections,
including MRSA, appear as a bump or
infected area on the skin that might be:
red, swollen, painful, warm to the
 TREATMENT
Fusidate, linezolid and vancomycin are
the preferred alternative treatments for
serious MRSA infection. By controlling
MRSA, it is also likely that the emergence
of other VRSA strains can be reduced.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Risk for infection related to inadequate
primary defenses.
 Impaired skin integrity related to swelling
and redness that may result to a break in the
skin.
 Acute pain related to infected open wound in
the affected area.
Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus
 is a gram-positive bacterium which lives
as normal flora in the gastrointestinal
tract.
 TREATMENT
penicillin formulations (e.g. ampicillin) or
vancomycin in combination with an
aminoglycoside (e.g. gentamicin).
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Risk for infection related to inadequate
primary defenses (e.g., broken skin integrity,
tissue damage).
 Insufficient knowledge to avoid exposure to
pathogens.
 Compromised host defenses (e.g., cancer,
immunosuppression, AIDS, diabetes
mellitus).
Zoonosis-diseases spread from
animals to humans
 Influenza at the human-animal interface
(avian [bird flu] and swine flu) Avian
influenza (bird flu) and swine influenza
are influenza viruses circulating in
animals.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Humans can become infected by direct
or indirect exposure to infected live or
dead animals or environments
contaminated by the virus (e.g. pig
pen)
SYMPTOMS
 TREATMENT
 zanamivir, peramivir or oseltamivir
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Ineffective airway clearance related to
tracheobronchial and nasal secretions.
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to
inflammation from viral infection.
 Hyperthermia related to exposure to infection.
 Acute pain related to influenza virus.
 Deficient knowledge related to lack of
knowledge about the disease process (Influenza)
Schistosomiasis
 DEFINITION
 also known as bilharzia, is a disease
caused by parasitic worms. The disease
can affect different parts of the body,
including the lungs, the nervous
system, and the brain. The area of
damage will depend on the species of
parasite.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Transmission occurs when people
suffering
from schistosomiasis contaminate
freshwater sources with their excreta
containing parasite eggs, which hatch in
water.
Mar 2, 2020
 s/s
Early
 Stomach pains, low grade fever, LBM and bloody

mucoid stools
Later stage
 Enlargement of liver and spleen, bulging of
abdomen and emaciation
 The impact of an infection depends on the type of
worm and the stage of infection.
 Symptoms occur when the body reacts to the

worm’s eggs.
 Acute stage
 A fever and a rash are symptoms of bilharzia.
 Symptoms can take between 14 and 84 days to
appear, according to the CDC.
 Approximately 3 to 8 weeks after infection, the
person may experience: a
rash,fever,headache,body aches, or myalgia,
breathing difficulties
 Chronic stage
 Diagnostic
Stool or urine specimens.
(detection of parasite eggs)
 TREATMENT
 Praziquantel, a prescription medication,
is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections
caused by all schistosome species
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
♦ Abdominal pain related to intestinal
inflammatory process
♦ Alteration in comfort related to itching
PERTUSSIS
 also known as whooping cough, is a highly
contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by
the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Also
known for uncontrollable, violent coughing
which often makes it hard to breathe. After
cough fits, someone with pertussis often
needs to take deep breaths, which result in a
“whooping” sound
 CAUSES
a respiratory illness commonly known as
whooping cough, is a very contagious disease
caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella
pertussis. These bacteria attach to the cilia
(tiny, hair-like extensions) that line part of the
upper respiratory system. The bacteria release
toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and
cause airways to swell.
 TRANSMISSION
 Pertussis is a very contagious disease
only found in humans. Pertussis spreads
from person to person. People with
pertussis usually spread the disease to
another person by coughing or sneezing
or when spending a lot of time near one
another where you share breathing.
 S/S
Coughing, violently and rapidly, until all the air has
left the lungs and a person is forced to inhale,
causing a "whooping" sound.
 Sneezing.

 Nasal discharge.

 Fever.

 Sore, watery eyes.

 Lips, tongue, and nailbeds may turn blue during

coughing spells.
 Diagnostic

Nasopharyngeal (NP) swab or aspirate for

culture and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR).
Drug Adult dose Paediatric dose
Less than 6 months: 10 mg/kg orally,
daily for 5 days.
Older than 6 months: 10 mg/kg up to
500 mg orally on day 1 then 5 mg/kg
500 mg orally on day 1
up to 250 mg daily for a further 4
then 250 mg orally daily
days.
Azithromycin for a further 4 days.
500 mg orally 12-hourly 7.5 mg/kg up to 500 mg 12-hourly
Clarithromycin for 7 days. for 7 days.
Trimethoprim
+ 160+800 mg orally 12- Older than 2 months: 4+20 mg/kg up
Sulfamethoxazole hourly for 7 days. to 160+800 mg 12-hourly for 7 days.

Nursing Management https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=pertussis+CDC&ie=UTF-

8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-ph&client=safari
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Ineffective airway clearance related to
copious and tenacious bronchial
secretions.
 Impaired breathing pattern related to
decreased airway patency.
TB
 DEFINITION
TB is an infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis which usually targets the lungs but can
affect a number of other body organs (CDC, 2016),
which is called extra pulmonary TB. The most
common sites of infection for extra-pulmonary TB in
order of frequency are: lymph glands, pleura
(membrane than covers the lungs), genitor -urinary
tract, bones and joints (also called osteotuberculsis),
meninges, bowel and/ or peritoneum which may be
rapidly fatal if not treated.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 AIRBORNE
 S/S
TB disease in the lungs may cause symptoms such as
a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, pain in the
chest, coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from
deep inside the lungs).
Other symptoms are, weakness or fatigue, weight
loss, no appetite, chills, fever, sweating at night
Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body
depend on the area affected.
People who have latent TB infection do not feel sick,
do not have any symptoms, and cannot spread TB to
others.
 DIAGNOSTICS
 (PPD) skin test
It cannot be used to determine transmission
potential because it does not provide
information about current infectivity. The (BCG)
vaccine in many countries confounds the use of
PPD testing for previous TB infection because
BCG vaccination often produces a positive PPD
for a prolonged time, especially if the individual
has subsequent PPD testing, ability of the PPD
 Many people who have latent TB
infection never develop TB disease. But
some people who have latent TB
infection are more likely to develop TB
disease than others.
 TREATMENT
isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide,
streptomycin and ethambutol. Due to a
lengthy treatment course of 6 to 8 months,
WHO recommends a supervise treatment
strategy to ensure a regular and
uninterrupted intake of medicine called
directly-observe treatment short-course
[DOTS]. The DOTS strategy is not simply
concerned with patient treatment only but it
is a management strategy for public health
 MDR TB
Drug susceptibility testing
 Molecular Detection of Drug Resistance (MDDR)

CDC offers a service for the molecular detection

drug resistance to rapidly identify multidrug-
resistant TB. This service utilizes DNA sequencing
for detection of mutations most frequently
associated with rifampin and isoniazid drug
resistance. Additional testing will be conducted to
identify mutations associated with resistance to the
most effective second-line drugs; fluroquinolones,
amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Risk for Infection
 Ineffective Airway Clearance
 Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange
 Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body
Requirements
 Deficient Knowledge
COVID2019
 DEFINITION
 Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which
may cause illness in animals or humans.
 COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by
the most recently discovered coronavirus.
This new virus and disease were unknown
before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China,
in December 2019. COVID-19 is now a
pandemic affecting many countries globally.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The disease spreads primarily from person to
person through small droplets from the nose
or mouth, which are expelled when a person
with COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or speaks.
COVID-19 is mainly spread through respiratory
droplets expelled by someone who is coughing
or has other symptoms such as fever or
tiredness.
 S/S
Fever, dry cough, and tiredness. Other
symptoms that are less common and may
affect some patients include aches and
pains, nasal congestion, headache,
conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, loss
of taste or smell or a rash on skin or
discoloration of fingers or toes.
 MANAGEMENT
If you become ill, even with very mild symptoms you
must self-isolate and monitor yourself.
If you do not have symptoms, but have been
exposed to an infected person, self-quarantine for 14
days. If you have definitely had COVID-19
(confirmed by a test) self-isolate for 14 days even
after symptoms have disappeared as a precautionary
measure – it is not yet known exactly how long
people remain infectious after they have recovered.
Follow national advice on self-isolation.
 GENERAL INTERVENTIONS
 1.Pharmacologic Therapy
 2.Isolation/ Reverse Isolation
 2. A. Standard
 2. B. Droplet
 2. C. Contact
 2. D. Airborne
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Infection related to failure to avoid pathogen
secondary to exposure to COVID-19.
 Deficient knowledge related to unfamiliarity with
disease transmission information.
 Hyperthermia related to increase in metabolic rate.
 Impaired breathing pattern related to shortness of
breath.
 Anxiety related to unknown etiology of the disease.