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                                  AE 361 APPLIED ELASTICITY LECTURE NOTES  

Date: 12.10.2009  

Notes Prepared By: Havva İrem Çağlar (01) 

                                     Emre Yılmaz (02)   

References: Ugural and Fenster   

TOPICS: 

1‐STRESS TRANSFORMATIONS 

2‐MOHR’S CIRCLE 

DESIGN PROJECT:Design options for the Course Project and the Project groups were 
determined. The design of a traffic light is the main option whereas the design of a wind 
turbine also offers an alternative.3 main concerns take part in the design,namely: 

1‐geometry and dimensions 

2‐loads 

3‐stress  

First, a chosen traffic light  post will be analyzed for safety factor.  Second, the traffice 
sign will be redesigned with a different material for economy, strength and weight.  
Choosing another material due to cost and other parameters is a determining factor in this 
process.  In the project, some conditions like fatigue, buckling, torsion, failures at some 
critical points will also be considered in design.   

LAST TIME: 

3‐D Stress State Point at a Point: 

               Normal Stresses                             Shear Stresses 

 σxx   σyy   σzz                             τxy    τxz    τyz  

Stress Tensor: Stress Tensor components in Cartesian cordinates are as follows: 

      σ     =                 

 
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            The directions according to applied loads on unit cube are as following: 

                                                                                  
(+) tensile
                                                                                                            

                                                                        

                                                                         (‐) compressive

                                                                        
(+) 
    

                                                                                                       

                        (‐) 
                                                  

In 2‐D Plane Stress Case:            σzz = 0 ;  τxy = 0 ;  τxz  = 0  
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                                                                                         y 
σyy 
                                                                                                                          x       
τxy 
  Then;                                           

σxx  σxx 
                                                                                            Stress Tensor=   
τxy 
                                σyy 
Given a 2‐D stres state at a point.Find stres at an oblique angle: 

 
 
σyy  φ     Stres vector 
                                                 σn    
                                                                                                                          
τxy  (fraction) 
                                                                                                                           τ                              

                σ
   xx                                                      
     σ   xx                                    
  σxx  t               
t
n
                                                                                                   
τxy 
σyy  τxy 
                                                                                                                                
σyy 
   

  

                      F.B.D. for the oblique Shape 
φ
                                                                                                                                                             
σ n 
Acos   
xxsinφ  
                                                     σ           
τxycosφ   
τ
                                                                                            

                                          
σxx                                                                       
  t
τxysinφ  n
                                                                  
σxxcosφ                                                                                      
A 
τxy   
                                                                                                                                                        Asin   
σyysinφ   σyycosφ  
                                                                      
σyy  
           τxysinφ 
 
τxy   
                        
τxycosφ   
        
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          From Newton’s First Law :        

              
  

               

Rearrange equations considering following trigonometric relations; 

                     

                  

           

Then we have;             σn =  σxx   + σyy   +  τxy sin2φ  

Normal  stress expression 
                                                  at an oblique angle 

In order to find extrema of normal stress,we take the derivative of normal stress expression 
with respect to angle φ and equate it to zero; 

                                                      

Then max and minimum stresses σ1  and σ2 (also called principal stresses): 

          σ1 , σ2 =      

The principal directions: 

                        

Now we consider the tangential components and apply Newton’S 1st Law: 

                                                       

 
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Rearrange and cancel areas: 
Shear stress 
  expression at an 
oblique angle 
 

EXAMPLE:  Axial Loading 

   
P=  
 

                                                   

  P 

  φ 
0  π/2  π 
 

• A material with a hole when pulled in many directions should be examined carefully 
along the significant points of the hole. 
   

• We can also show that at  =φp ,the shear stresses associated with the principle 
directions are zero : τ = 0 . 
 
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• Also note that   requires that   is not equal to zero. 

 
• Considering equation 2,in order to find extrema of shear stress,we take the derivative 
of shear stress expression with respect to angle φ and equate it to zero; 
 
                              Then ;                    
• Extrema values of shear stresses can be shown as follows: 
 

 
•     
• Now consider stress equations at an oblique angle; 
 

   

  

Square both,sum and drop cancelling terms and rearrange: 
 

 
Trigonometrically we know  =1 . 

Then the equation appears to be: 

Now if we set   ;   ;   ;what the equation states 

becomes a circle of radius R,centered at ( ,0) in the σ‐τ coordinates.This is called a Mohr’s 
Circle.  Mohr’s circle helps illustrating principle stresses and transformations.This helps 
intrusion and visualization of these stresses for engineers. 

Constructing Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress: 

  Introduced by Otto Mohr in 1882,Mohr’s Circle illustrates principle stresses and 
transformation via a graphical format: 
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τ : shear stress axis 
 
 
                           

 
σ : principle stress axis
 

Note that Mohr’s circle is symmetric along principle stress axis. 

Notes: (1) In FBD (+) shear is defined on (+) surfaces .Any shear in clockwise direction in 
Mohr’s circle is positive. 

 
(+) 
  (+) shear 
(‐)  (‐) 
 
(+) 
 

(2)The angle of rotation 2φ on Mohr’s circle corresponds to   on FBD.  

 
φ 
                                 

PROCEDURE: 
yy σ    
Given:                                                                                                                                                                             
σ   
n
τxy 
                                                                                                                           τ                              

                σ
   xx                                                      
     σ   xx                                    
  t               
t
n
τxy 
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σyy 
                                                                                                                                

Find: τ , σ at an oblique angle  .Find the principle stresses and planes.Then   and its 

plane. 

          Step1:Draw current stres state on σ‐τ plot.For two faces‐x,y faces. 
σyy 
  τ 
+  τxy 
 
‐ τxy 
xx  σ σxx 
 
σ 
 
σyy 
    A(σxx,‐τxy) 
    B(σyy,τxy)  ‐τxy 
 
 
Step2:Determine the center and the radius of the circle by connecting the two points 
and draw a circle. 
 
τ : shear stress axis 
 
 
                            B(σyy,τxy) 

  R 
τxy 
  σ2  σxx  σ1 
2
σ : principle stress axis
  σA  σyy 

 
‐τxy 
 

  A(σxx,‐τxy) 

  
 

  

  
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Step3:Find principle stresses and principle plane.Note that they are defined as  : 
 

  

  

 
Step4:Rotate 2  to find the new stres state. 
 
Step5:Draw the FBD with the new stressses σxx’ ,  σyy’ ,  τxy’ and the angle  . 
 

Example:  .  Find principal stresses and their orientation. 

Given:  

   

Then from the stress state we have the following points on Mohr’s Circle: A(2,0) ; B(1,0) 

            τ 

     =1,5 

     R
σ 
    1 1.5  2 =0,5 

   

   

  σ1=2 ; σ2=1 

Example 2:  .  Find principal stresses and their orientation. 

Given:  

   

 
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Then from the stress state, we have the following points on Mohr’s Circle: A(2,‐1) ; B(0,1) 
τ 
           

     1  =1 ; 2  =45 

    

    1  2 =
σ 
    2 σ1 
σ2 
Τmax 
   

  σ1=σA + R =1 +   
 σ2= σA – R= 1 ‐   
     σ1 =1 +   
   

   
  σ1 =1 ‐   
   

   

GLOSSARY
Oblique: diagonal; inclined, sloping; indirect; of an angle which is not a right angle.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Christian Otto Mohr (October 8, 1835 – October 2, 1918) was a German civil engineer, one of the
most celebrated of the nineteenth century.

Mohr was born the son of a landowning family in Wesselburen in the Holstein region and at the age of
16 attended the Polytechnic School in Hanover.
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Starting in 1855, his early working life was spent in railroad engineering for
the Hanover and Oldenburg state railways, designing some famous bridges and making some of the
earliest uses of steel trusses.

Even during his early railway years, Mohr had developed an interest in the theories of mechanics and
the strength of materials. In 1867, he became professor of mechanics at Stuttgart Polytechnic, and in
1873 at Dresden Polytechnic in 1873. Mohr had a direct and unpretentious lecturing style that was
popular with his students. In addition to a lone textbook, Mohr published many research papers on the
theory of structures and strength of materials.

In 1874, Mohr formalized the idea of a statically determinate structure.

Mohr was an enthusiast for graphical tools and developed the method, for visually
representing stress in three dimensions, previously proposed by Carl Culmann . In 1882, he famously
developed the graphical method for analysing stress known as Mohr's circle and used it to propose an
early theory of strength based on shear stress. He also developed the Williot-Mohr diagram for truss
displacements and the Maxwell-Mohr method for analysing statically indeterminate structures, it can
also be used to determine the displacement of truss nodes and forces acting on each member. The
Maxwell-Mohr method is also referred to as the virtual force method for redundant trusses.

He retired in 1900, yet continued his scientific work in the town of Dresden until his death in 1918.
 

Some applications of Mohr’s Circle 
 

Stress State at the Bucket of

a Tractor
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Here,on the below link,you can find an online Mohr circle solver: 

http://aa.nps.edu/~jones/online_tools/mohrs_circle/ 

References; 

*Lecture Notes 

*Mechanics of Materials by Beer,Johnston(2004). 

*Wikipedia. 

*Mukavemet, by Prof.Dr.EGOR P.POPOV,çeviri by Dr. Hilmi Demiray.