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Notes Prepared by (01) Kıvanç Arslan: y X, Z F

The document discusses stress equilibrium in an infinitesimal volume element. It presents the equations of equilibrium in 3D as: ∂σxx/∂x + ∂τxy/∂y + ∂τxz/∂z + Bx = 0 ∂τxy/∂x + ∂σyy/∂y + ∂τyz/∂z + By = 0 ∂τxz/∂x + ∂τyz/∂y + ∂σzz/∂z + Bz = 0 Where Bx, By, and Bz are body forces per unit volume. The equations reduce to two terms in 2D

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50 views

Notes Prepared by (01) Kıvanç Arslan: y X, Z F

The document discusses stress equilibrium in an infinitesimal volume element. It presents the equations of equilibrium in 3D as: ∂σxx/∂x + ∂τxy/∂y + ∂τxz/∂z + Bx = 0 ∂τxy/∂x + ∂σyy/∂y + ∂τyz/∂z + By = 0 ∂τxz/∂x + ∂τyz/∂y + ∂σzz/∂z + Bz = 0 Where Bx, By, and Bz are body forces per unit volume. The equations reduce to two terms in 2D

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Notes 

prepared by   (01)  Kıvanç Arslan 

             (02)  Engin Cem Şengezer 

References:               Juvinall(2006), Ugural and Fenster(2003) 

Stress Equilibrium 

Consider stress equilibrium of an infinitesimal volume element and assume that each component of 
stress is continuously differentiable function of  x, y  and  z .Continuously differentiable function  f of 
x 

∂f
f ( x + Δx) ≈ f ( x) + Δx  
∂x

The components of stresses on faces of an infinitesimal cube are in figure 

 
 
   

 
 
By
 
Bz  Bx 

Normal and shear stresses on cubic infinitesimal element 

 
The subscript notation used for the nine stress components have the following meaning: 

σ ξη : Stress on the  ξ  plane along η direction 


      Direction of stress component 

    Direction of the normal upon which the stress acts 

In 2D, applying Newton's first law of motion, the equilibrium of forces in the  x  direction is 

∑F x = 0 

∂ σ xx ∂ τ xy
(σ xx + dx ) dydz − σ xx dydz + (τ xy + dy ) dxdz − τ xy dxdz + B x dxdydz = 0  
∂x ∂y

Which is equal to 

∂σ xx ∂τ xy
dxdydz + dxdydz + B x dxdydz =0 
∂x ∂y

Cancelling out  dxdydz terms yields  

∂σ xx ∂τ xy
+ + B x =0 
∂x ∂y

 
In 3D, the equation of equilibrium expands to, accordingly; 

∂σ xx ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + B x =0 
∂x ∂y ∂z

Similarly  ∑F y = 0  and  ∑ Fz = 0  give  

∂τ xy ∂σ yy ∂τ yz
+ + + B y =0 
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ zz
+ + + Bz =0 
∂x ∂y ∂z

 
In summary, the equations of equilibrium in 3D: 

∂σ xx ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + B x =0 
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂τ xy ∂σ yy ∂τ yz
+ + + B y =0 
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ zz
+ + + Bz =0                       where B x , B y  and  Bz  are body forces per unit volume. 
∂x ∂y ∂z

In the case of two dimensional stresses, , the terms including “z” subscript dropping  out, the above 
equations reduce to, 

∂σ xx ∂τ xy
+ + B x =0 
∂x ∂y

∂τ xy ∂σ yy
+ + B y =0 
∂x ∂y

To remember the equations of equilibrium, following hint may be helpful; 

∂σ ij 3 ∂σ ij
σ = =∑
Hint for 3‐D case:            ij , j
∂j j =1 ∂j            

1 ≡ x      2 ≡ y     3 ≡ z  
    

σ ij , j + Bi = 0       
 

 
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