Notes 

prepared by: (1) Senem Ayşe HASER 
            (2) İmren UYAR 

COMPONENTS AND INDEX NOTATION

Range Convention

• Indicies in Latin alphabet: i, j,k… range varies from 1, 2, 3

Example:

1) x1=y1 
xi=yi  x2=y2 
x3=y3  (3eqns) 

2) A11=B11, A12=B12, A13=B13, 
Aij =Bij  A21=B21, A22=B22, A23=B23, 
A31=B31, A32=B32, A33=B33     (9 eqns) 

3) A111=B111, A112=B112, A113=B113 
Aijk=Bijk 
A211=B211, A212=B212, A213=B213 
                                                       (27 eqns) 
Summation Convention

1) A repeated index in a term implies summation over that index:

Example

i) xiyi = x1y1 + x2y2 + x3y3

ii) Aijxi =Ai1x1 Ai2xj +Ai3x3 i=1,2,3

iii) Aij Aij = A11B11 + A12B12 + A13B13

Non-example
xiyizi (WRONG!)
3) A repeated index is called “dummy” index. The letter does not matter provided that coice does not
violate other rules.

Example
Amm= Aii=Ajj
Aijxi = Aimxm   Aiixi
WRONG!

4) An index which is not repeated is called “free” index.

Example
yi =Aijxj = Aimxm (i’s have to match , you can change dummy indicies.)

• xj vector
Force

[Fi] = =  = Fi i=1, 2, 3 Fij =tensor=matrix

 
Example

A =b 

A11x1+A12x2+A13x3 = b1         A1JXJ = b1 
A21x1+A22x2+A23x3 = b2       A2JXJ  = b2  Aijxj = bi 
A31x1+A32x2+A33x3 = b23      A2JXJ  = b3 

5) The summation convention may be suspended by writing “No Sum” to the right of the equation.

Example
xi + yi zi = λi (no sum on i)
x1 + y1z1 = λ1
x2 + y2z2 = λ2
x3 + y3z3 = λ3
previous example
Aijxj = bi (no sum on j)
Indexed Variables in Equations

1) Any free index must agree in all terms.

Exception: constants

Examples:

o ui + vi = wi
o Aijxj = zi +Bkkupvpxi where i is a free index and j, p and k are dummy indices.
o Aijxj = 0
 A   A   A   x 0
A   A   A x = 0
 A   A   A x 0

(1) A11x1 + A12x2 + A13x3 = 0 A1jxj = 0

(2) A21x1 + A22x2 + A23x3 = 0 A2jxj = 0

(3) A31x1 + A32x2 + A33x3 = 0 A3jxj = 0

Non-examples:

o u i = vj
o zi + Apjwr = 0

2) You can multiply both sides of an equation by an indexed variable provides you do not violate any
other rules.

Example:

xi + yi = zi

xi + yi = zi

xi + yi = zi

vj xi + vj y i = vj zi ( cannot multiply by vi)

Non-example:

xixi + yryr =zizi

yrxixi +yryryr =yrzizi

3) It is illegal to divide through by an indexed variable where index already appears in the equation.

Example:

xi xi =1 xi = 1/xi
Example:

Index notation is an extremely useful tool for performing vector algebra. In coordinate system,
instead of using the typical axis labels x, y and z, x1, x2 and x3 are used.

xi i= 1,2,3

The corresponding unit basis vectors are ê1, ê2 and ê3.

êi i= 1,2,3

= ê1 + ê2 + ê3

Kronecker Delta

1) Kronecker Delta is represented by 9 numbers defined by

1 if i j 1 0 0
δ δ 0 1 0
0 if i j
0 0 1

δ 1     δ 0       δ 0

δ 0     δ 1       δ 0

δ 0     δ 0       δ 1

2) δ  δ δ  δ 1 1 1 3

3) δ can be used to “sum on ” indices with a term it multiplies.

δ u u

δ u  δ u δ u δ u

i=1 δ u δ u δ u u

i=2 δ u δ u δ u u

i=3 δ u δ u δ u u

4) In an orthonormal basis ê1, ê2 , ê3

êi . êj = δ

ê1 . ê1 = ê2 . ê2 = ê3 . ê3 = 1

ê1 . ê2 = ê2 . ê3 = ê1 . ê3 = 0

Permutation or Alternator Symbol

• ijk = 1 if (ijk) is an even (cyclic) permutation of (123), i.e. 123= 231 = 312 = 1
• ijk = −1 if (ijk) is an odd (noncyclic) permutationof (123), i.e. 213 = 321= 132 = −1
• ijk = 0 if two or more subscripts are the same, i.e. 111 = 112 = 313 = 0 etc.
Properties
1) Switching any 2 indices changes the sign.
Examples
312 = - 321

ijk = - ikj

kji = - ijk

iij = 0

ijk ijk = 6
identities
=δ δ δ δ
= 2δ
= 2δ 6   k r

2)Cross product
 
3) Partial differentiation denoted by “comma”

Examples:

o f, f, u ,

o x, y, z                                

x1, x2, x3                              

Stress equation

σ τ τ
+ + + Bx = 0

σ σ σ
+ + + B1 =0

σ , + Bi =0

STRAIN

Deformation

Consider a body subjected to external loading that causes it to deform;

Displacement due to 1) Deformation (strain)

2) Rigid body motion (translation and rotation)

Displacement at any point within the body: u = u(x,y,z)

v = v(x,y,z)

w = w(x,y,z)

Assumption: 1) Small deformations (h.o.t. neglected)

2) The principle of superposition can be used.

Consider an axially loaded member

Normal strain, unit change in length, is defined

If deformation is uniformly distributed over the original length,

2-D Plane Strain Case

Normal strain

ε ε ε ε
Shear strain

Small angles α tanα

Similarly, α tanα

Total angular change

Shear strain

3-D PLANE STRAIN

1
u u,
2 ,
i=j=1    

i =1, j=2    

Strain Tensor at a Point

The nine quantities   , 1,2,3 form a symmetric matrix. They are called the components of
strain of the particle with respect to the system of axes x1, x2 and x3. The quantities ,     are
called the normal components of strain of the particle in the directions of the axes x1, x2 and x3,
respectively, while ,     are called shearing components of strain in the
directions of the axes x1, x2 and x1, x3 and x2, x3, respectively.
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION

′ ϵ ϵ   1
    + cos 2 sin 2 ( where   12  )
2 12

′
The normal stress 22  is determined by replacing       /2.

′ 1 22   11 12
12 ′12 sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2

 
REFERENCES

1) Ugural and Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 4th Ed., Prentice Hall, PTR,
2003
2) Armenakas A.E., Advanced Mechanics of Materials and Applied Elasticity, 2006,
Taylor&Francis Group
3) Lecture notes