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AEE 361 Lecture 3 Notes 07.10.2009: Prepared By: References: Correct FBD's

The document discusses stress at a point, including: 1) Stress at a point is defined as the limit of force over area as the area approaches zero. Normal stress is the limit of normal force over area, and shear stress is the limit of tangential force over area. 2) The stress tensor represents the stresses acting on all possible planes passing through a point using a 3x3 matrix with normal stresses on the diagonal and shear stresses off the diagonal. 3) For plane stress problems, the stress normal to the plane is zero and there are three independent stress components: the normal stresses and one shear stress.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views5 pages

AEE 361 Lecture 3 Notes 07.10.2009: Prepared By: References: Correct FBD's

The document discusses stress at a point, including: 1) Stress at a point is defined as the limit of force over area as the area approaches zero. Normal stress is the limit of normal force over area, and shear stress is the limit of tangential force over area. 2) The stress tensor represents the stresses acting on all possible planes passing through a point using a 3x3 matrix with normal stresses on the diagonal and shear stresses off the diagonal. 3) For plane stress problems, the stress normal to the plane is zero and there are three independent stress components: the normal stresses and one shear stress.

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AEE 

361 Lecture 3 Notes           07.10.2009 
Prepared By:    (01) M. Sinan HORASAN 
(02) Cem Pekardan 
References:    Ruina and Pratap, 2009; Bisplinghoff et al.; Ugural and Fenster 
 
Correct FBD’s 
 

 
F
 
A  B 
 
‐F 
 

  F 

 

 
F  ‐F 
 

Incorrect FBDs 

  F  F 

  F 
‐F 
 

 

 
 

 

Concept of Stress at a point 

  Figure 1

Stress at a point concept can be analyzed by cutting the body through an arbitrary section 1‐
1 in figure 1. Since the body is in equilibrium there has to be a force F independent of the where the 
body is cut. Moreover, stress distribution over the area becomes;  

 
F dF
  p= px =
A dA
 

  If we permit our small area (delta area) to shrink towards zero, then from physical 
considerations, it is assumed that following limits will occur. 

 
Normal Stress 
 

dTn
σ = lim
dA→ 0 dA

Shear Stress 

dTs
τ = lim  
dA → 0 dA
     

 
The stress at a point 
  uur
uur dT
  σ A = lim s
dA→0 dA
 

For section 2‐2, 

F
p2 =
A2

If the block is cut through the section 2‐2, area changes and force distribution changes as we 
can see at the above formula.  

Newton’s First Law 

∑F =0

∑M = 0

Newton’s Third Law 

For every action there is 
an equal an opposite 
reaction.

  

  Figure 2 

  Stress at a point concept can also be understood by cutting the body through an arbitrary 
section as in figure 2. According to the Newton’s first law, there has to be a force F in the opposite 
direction to maintain its equilibrium. Furthermore, this force should be distributed over the surface. 
This internal force distribution is represented with a function T(x). 
The Stress Tensor at a point 

x  

Sign Convention: By convention, first subscript of normal and shear stress symbols represents 
the outer normal of the area through which a stress acts. Second subscript represents the direction 
of the stress. 

Therefore, we can say that if a stress’ outer normal and direction is both positive and both 
negative, then this stress component is positive otherwise it is negative.   

 Stress Components    σ XX σ YY σ ZZ
 Stress Components   τ XY τ XZ τ YZ
  τ YX τ ZX τ ZY
Stress Tensor:                   

⎛ σ xx τ xy τ xz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
τ
⎜ xy σ yy τ yz ⎟
⎜τ ⎟
⎝ xz τ yz σ zz ⎠
         

Since infinite number of planes is passing through a point in a body, in order to define the 
stresses at that point, we need to figure out three stress components passing through it. Assuming 
stresses to be uniformly distributed over the faces, stress components can be assembled in the 
above matrix form and each row represents the stresses acting on a certain plane. 

  Note:  If a tensor is of zero order, it is a scalar. If it is a first order, tensor defines a vector. If a 
tensor is a second order, it is an array. 
 In 2‐D 

In 2‐D or in a case with the stresses only at x and y planes is called plane stress. If a case presents 
only axial stresses, this situation is called biaxial state.  

Plane Stress  

σ zz = 0,τ xz = τ yz = 0  
We have 3 stress components  

σ xx , σ yy ,τ xy  
 

Question: Find the stress at an oblique angle 

Apply 

∑F =0

∑M = 0

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