AEE 361 Lecture 3 Notes 07.10.2009: Prepared By: References: Correct FBD's
AEE 361 Lecture 3 Notes 07.10.2009: Prepared By: References: Correct FBD's
361 Lecture 3 Notes 07.10.2009
Prepared By: (01) M. Sinan HORASAN
(02) Cem Pekardan
References: Ruina and Pratap, 2009; Bisplinghoff et al.; Ugural and Fenster
Correct FBD’s
F
A B
‐F
F
F
F ‐F
Incorrect FBDs
F F
F
‐F
F
F
Concept of Stress at a point
Figure 1
Stress at a point concept can be analyzed by cutting the body through an arbitrary section 1‐
1 in figure 1. Since the body is in equilibrium there has to be a force F independent of the where the
body is cut. Moreover, stress distribution over the area becomes;
F dF
p= px =
A dA
If we permit our small area (delta area) to shrink towards zero, then from physical
considerations, it is assumed that following limits will occur.
Normal Stress
dTn
σ = lim
dA→ 0 dA
Shear Stress
dTs
τ = lim
dA → 0 dA
The stress at a point
uur
uur dT
σ A = lim s
dA→0 dA
For section 2‐2,
F
p2 =
A2
If the block is cut through the section 2‐2, area changes and force distribution changes as we
can see at the above formula.
Newton’s First Law
∑F =0
∑M = 0
Newton’s Third Law
For every action there is
an equal an opposite
reaction.
Figure 2
Stress at a point concept can also be understood by cutting the body through an arbitrary
section as in figure 2. According to the Newton’s first law, there has to be a force F in the opposite
direction to maintain its equilibrium. Furthermore, this force should be distributed over the surface.
This internal force distribution is represented with a function T(x).
The Stress Tensor at a point
x
Sign Convention: By convention, first subscript of normal and shear stress symbols represents
the outer normal of the area through which a stress acts. Second subscript represents the direction
of the stress.
Therefore, we can say that if a stress’ outer normal and direction is both positive and both
negative, then this stress component is positive otherwise it is negative.
Stress Components σ XX σ YY σ ZZ
Stress Components τ XY τ XZ τ YZ
τ YX τ ZX τ ZY
Stress Tensor:
⎛ σ xx τ xy τ xz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
τ
⎜ xy σ yy τ yz ⎟
⎜τ ⎟
⎝ xz τ yz σ zz ⎠
Since infinite number of planes is passing through a point in a body, in order to define the
stresses at that point, we need to figure out three stress components passing through it. Assuming
stresses to be uniformly distributed over the faces, stress components can be assembled in the
above matrix form and each row represents the stresses acting on a certain plane.
Note: If a tensor is of zero order, it is a scalar. If it is a first order, tensor defines a vector. If a
tensor is a second order, it is an array.
In 2‐D
In 2‐D or in a case with the stresses only at x and y planes is called plane stress. If a case presents
only axial stresses, this situation is called biaxial state.
Plane Stress
σ zz = 0,τ xz = τ yz = 0
We have 3 stress components
σ xx , σ yy ,τ xy
Question: Find the stress at an oblique angle
Apply
∑F =0
∑M = 0