User's Guide: Contents - 1
User's Guide: Contents - 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Comparison with Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.3 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.3.1 Basic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.3.2 Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
1.4 Summary of Updates from Version 5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
1.4.1 Improved Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
1.4.2 Support for Bonded Block Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
1.4.3 Matrix Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
1.4.4 Proppant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.4.5 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.4.6 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.5 Fields of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11
1.6 Guide to the 3DEC Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12
1.7 Itasca Consulting Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17
1.8 User Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 18
1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 19
2 GETTING STARTED
2.1 Installation and Start-up Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.1.1 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.1.2 Installation of 3DEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.1.3 Components of 3DEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1.4 Utility Software and Graphics Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1.5 Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1.6 Version Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.1.7 Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.1.8 Program Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.1.9 Running 3DEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.1.10 Installation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
5 GRAPHICAL INTERFACE
8 DENSIFY
8.1 Densify Tet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 8
9 MISCELLANEOUS
9.1 3DEC Runtime Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
9.2 Error Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
9.2.1 Reporting via the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
9.2.2 Reporting via Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
9.3 Technical Support Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
TABLES
Table 2.1 Maximum number of 3DEC blocks in available RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Table 2.2 Typographical conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 37
Table 2.3 Boundary condition command summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 47
Table 2.4 Basic commands for simple analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 57
Table 2.5 Systems of units – mechanical parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 60
Table 3.1 Recommended steps for numerical analysis in geomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Table 3.2 3DEC block constitutive models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 83
Table 3.3 3DEC joint constitutive models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 84
Table 3.4 Selected elastic constants (laboratory-scale) for rocks (adapted from Goodman
1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 93
Table 3.5 Selected strength properties (laboratory-scale) for rocks (adapted from Good-
man 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 94
Table 3.6 Typical values for Hoek-Brown rock-mass strength parameters
(adapted from Hoek and Brown (1988)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 105
Table 4.1 Commands that directly refer to FISH names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Table 6.1 Summary of parameters used to generate the three fracture sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Table 6.2 Intersection sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 15
Table 6.3 Data stored in fracture extra variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 17
Table 9.1 3DEC runtime calculation rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
FIGURES
Figure 2.1 PostScript plot from “TEST3.3DDAT” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Figure 2.2 First-time execution copies files to user folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 10
Figure 2.3 Project file-loading options during startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11
Figure 2.4 Project file open dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11
Figure 2.5 3DEC “Wide” layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 12
Figure 2.6 3DEC run button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 13
Figure 2.7 Initial 3DEC block plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 14
Figure 2.8 Plot tab rename dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 14
Figure 2.9 Plot item selection dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15
Figure 2.10 3DEC block plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 16
Figure 2.11 Keyboard shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 16
Figure 2.12 Block plot item attributes dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 18
Figure 2.13 Original block split into three blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 18
Figure 2.14 Joint planes added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 19
Figure 2.15 Wedge blocks added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 20
Figure 2.16 Plot items list dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 21
Figure 2.17 Completed model view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 22
Figure 2.18 History of vertical velocity during equilibrium cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 24
Figure 2.19 Display setting dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25
Figure 2.20 Wedge sliding down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 26
Figure 2.21 Displacement vectors plot-item attribute dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27
Figure 2.22 Block plot-item attribute dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 28
Figure 2.23 Cut plane plot-item attributes dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 28
Figure 2.24 Cross section on cut plane showing blocks and displacement vectors . . . . . . 2 - 29
Figure 2.25 Example of a 3DEC model (not to scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 30
Figure 2.26 3DEC model block divided into two blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 34
Figure 2.27 General solution procedure for static analysis in geomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 39
Figure 2.28 Block model with three intersecting joint planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 41
Figure 2.29 Tunnel in jointed rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 42
Figure 2.30 Tunnel in jointed rock – excavation and joint structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 43
Figure 2.31 Maximum unbalanced force history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 50
Figure 2.32 z-displacement history at (.3, 0, .3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 51
Figure 2.33 Sliding wedge in tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 53
Figure 2.34 z-displacement history at (.3, −0.1, .3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 53
Figure 2.35 z-displacement history at (.3, −0.1, .3) – wedge is stable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 56
Figure 2.36 Sign convention for positive stress components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 58
Figure 3.1 Spectrum of modeling situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Figure 3.2 Cubic model created with the POLYHEDRON face command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Figure 3.3 An octahedral-shaped prism generated with the POLYHEDRON prism com-
mand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10
Figure 3.4 Tunnel model created with the POLYHEDRON tunnel command . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11
Figure 3.5 Terms describing the attitude of an inclined plane:
dip angle, α, is positive measured downward from the horizontal (xy) plane;
dip direction, β, is positive measured clockwise from north (y) . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12
Figure 3.6 Model created with the JSET and HIDE commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14
Figure 3.7 Concave block created with the JOIN command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15
Figure 3.8 Rock slope containing continuous and noncontinuous joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 16
Figure 3.9 Tunnel created with TUNNEL command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19
Figure 3.10 Elements of the POLYHEDRON cube command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20
Figure 3.11 Resultant geometry from example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 22
Figure 3.12 Orientation of 3DEC model axes (x,y,z) relative to north-east-vertical reference
axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 23
Figure 3.13 Stereonet plot of fault relative to model axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 26
Figure 3.14 Stereonet plot of pole to fault and model reference axes relative to problem
north-east axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 26
Figure 3.15 Model for Poisson’s effect in rock with vertical and horizontal jointing . . . . 3 - 28
Figure 3.16 Poisson’s effect for vertically jointed rock
(ν = 0.3 for intact rock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 29
Figure 3.17 Model for Poisson’s effect in rock with joints dipping at angle θ from the
horizontal and with spacing S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 30
Figure 3.18 Poisson’s effect for jointed rock at various joint angles (blocks are rigid) . . . 3 - 30
Figure 3.19 Poisson’s effect for rock with two equally spaced joint sets
with θ = 45◦ (blocks are deformable with ν = 0.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 31
Figure 3.20 Uplift when material is removed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 37
Figure 3.21 Mixing stress and velocity boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 39
Figure 3.22 Models used to transfer stress boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 42
Figure 3.23 Nonuniform stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 50
Figure 3.24 Uniform stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 52
Figure 3.25 Slip of a confined joint; plot shows shear stress contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 55
Figure 3.26 3DEC model of tunnel region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 63
Figure 3.27 Displacement histories at top of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 65
Figure 3.28 z-displacement history at tunnel roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 67
Figure 3.29 Close-up view of wedge in roof (surrounding blocks hidden) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 67
Figure 3.30 Cable bolts positioned around tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 68
Figure 3.31 z-displacement history at tunnel roof – reinforcement element support . . . . . 3 - 71
Figure 3.32 z-displacement history at tunnel roof – cable support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 72
Figure 3.33 Axial forces in reinforcement elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 73
Figure 3.34 Axial forces in cable elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 73
Figure 3.35 Thick concrete liner support – liner blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 76
Figure 3.36 z-displacement history at tunnel roof – tunnel liner added after tractions re-
duced by 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 77
Figure 3.37 Thick concrete liner support – prism-shaped liner blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 80
Figure 3.38 Thick concrete liner support – mixed-discretization zoning in liner blocks . . 3 - 80
Figure 3.39 z-displacement history at tunnel roof – support by prism-shaped liner blocks 3 - 81
Figure 3.40 Principal stress distribution in top section of liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 81
Figure 3.41 Direct shear test model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 85
Figure 3.42 Average shear stress versus shear displacement
– Coulomb slip model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 88
Figure 3.43 Average normal displacement versus shear displacement
– Coulomb slip model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 89
Figure 3.44 Average shear stress versus shear displacement
– Coulomb slip model with peak and residual strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 90
Figure 3.45 Average normal displacement versus shear displacement
– Coulomb slip model with peak and residual strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 91
Figure 3.46 Idealized relation for dilation angle, ψ, from triaxial test results (Vermeer and
de Borst 1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 95
Figure 3.47 σzz -stress versus zz-strain for tension test with cons 2 model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 99
Figure 3.48 σzz -stress versus zz-strain for tension test with subi model and tensile-softening
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 100
Figure 3.49 xx-strain versus zz-strain for tension test with cons 2 model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 101
Figure 3.50 xx-strain versus zz-strain for tension test with subi model and tensile-softening
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 101
Figure 3.51 Plot showing area of failure in slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 119
Figure 3.52 A small portion of a jointed rock mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 121
Figure 6.1 Power-law distribution in a log-log diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Figure 6.2 2D slices from 3D DFNs generated within a cube of L = 100 with lmin = 1,
lmax = 100 and α = 1 with, from left to right and from top to bottom, a = 2,
a = 3, a = 4 and a → ∞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Figure 6.3 Measures of fracture density (Golder Associates
www.fracman.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Figure 6.4 Domains, boreholes and outcrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 11
Figure 6.5 The generated DFN with three fracture sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 13
Figure 6.6 Stereonet of the complete DFN realization (equal area projection, Fisher con-
centrations) (left) contour plot (1% circle area) and (right) points. Note that
superimposed points are not visible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 14
Figure 6.7 Traces on the horizontal outcrop colored by trace length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 17
Figure 6.8 Traces on the vertical outcrop colored by trace length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 18
Figure 6.9 Fractures intersecting the vertical borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 18
Figure 6.10 Intersections in the system, colored by length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 19
Figure 6.11 Fractures colored by cluster index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 20
Figure 6.12 Illustration of the connected distance between 4 fractures and the reference,
illustrated by a red cube. F1 is directly connected to the reference, and the
connected distance is 0. For F2 it is the size of the orange segment, while
it is the sum of the black segment size and the orange segment size for F3,
and the sum of the orange segment size and the grey segment size for F4. 6 - 22
Figure 6.13 DFN by filtering fractures based on connectivity: only in the main cluster and
with a connected distance smaller than (or equal to) 50 m. Fractures are
colored according to their distance to the injection section (with an octant
cut in the top-front corner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 23
Figure 6.14 Simplified DFN by removal of subparallel closely spaced fractures (with an
octant cut in the top-front corner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 24
Figure 6.15 Blocks after cutting with the subhorizontal and subvertical fracture sets . . . . 6 - 26
Figure 6.16 Illustration of how sub-contacts on a joint plane can be assigned different
properties inside (black) and outside (gray) of a circular fracture . . . . . . . 6 - 27
Figure 6.17 Joints contoured by cohesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 28
Figure 7.1 The 3DEC Open Item dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Figure 7.2 Geometric set of a simple cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Figure 7.3 Displacement magnitude painted on geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Figure 7.4 Groups assigned by the GEOMETRY group command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Figure 7.5 Blocks selected by the geometry dist range element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Figure 7.6 Blocks selected by the geometry count range element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
Figure 7.7 Blocks selected by the geometry count range element using the odd keyword 7 - 10
Figure 7.8 Mesh generated with densify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 11
Figure 7.9 Partitioned model and two surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 13
Figure 7.10 Tree surfaces used for partitioning the model with geometry data . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 14
Figure 7.11 Ignore existing groups – build new ones based on surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 15
Figure 7.12 Partitioning everything below surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 17
Figure 7.13 Blocks below surfaces become separate groups, outside groups remain un-
changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 19
Figure 7.14 Blocks above surfaces become a new group; everything below is unchanged 7 - 20
Figure 7.15 Blocks intersecting surfaces within 40 m become separate groups . . . . . . . . . 7 - 21
Figure 7.16 Split blocks below surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 22
Figure 7.17 Split large blocks intersecting surfaces down to no less than 100 m . . . . . . . . 7 - 24
Figure 8.1 Original block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Figure 8.2 Block densified by dividing into 2 segments in each direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Figure 8.3 Block densified by dividing into 3 segments in each direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Figure 8.4 4 × 4 × 4 block model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Figure 8.5 Densified model by setting the maximum lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Figure 8.6 Densified model using the gradlimit keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Figure 8.7 Original block and geometry sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Figure 8.8 Densified model using geometric data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Figure 8.9 A densified tetrahedral block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
EXAMPLES
Example 2.1 3DEC output from “TEST1.3DDAT” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Example 2.2 3DEC model block divided into two blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 33
Example 2.3 Block model with three intersecting joint planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 40
Example 2.4 Tunnel in jointed rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 41
Example 2.5 Assigning material models and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 46
Example 2.6 Applying boundary and initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48
Example 2.7 Stepping to initial equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 49
Example 2.8 Reduce the strength of the joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 52
Example 2.9 Stabilize roof block with a cable bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55
Example 3.1 A cube generated with the POLYHEDRON face command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Example 3.2 A cube generated with the POLYHEDRON brick command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Example 3.3 An octahedral-shaped prism generated with the POLYHEDRON prism com-
mand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Example 3.4 A tunnel model generated with the POLYHEDRON tunnel command . . . . . . 3 - 11
Example 3.5 Creation of a noncontinuous vertical joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 13
Example 3.6 Rock slope containing continuous and noncontinuous joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 16
Example 3.7 Tunnel created with the TUNNEL command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 18
Example 3.8 Data file that generates a model using POLYHEDRON cube command . . . . . 3 - 21
Example 3.9 Uplift when material is removed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 36
Example 3.10 Mixing stress and velocity boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 38
Example 3.11 Initial and boundary stresses in equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 45
Example 3.12 Initial stress state with gravitational gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 46
Example 3.13 Initial stress gradient in a nonuniform material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 47
Example 3.14 Nonuniform stress initialized in a model with nonuniform zoning . . . . . . . . 3 - 49
Example 3.15 Initial stresses following a model change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 52
Example 3.16 Slip of a confined joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 54
Example 3.17 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – initial model . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 60
Example 3.18 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – initial equilibrium stress
state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 63
Example 3.19 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – unsupported tunnel . . . . 3 - 66
Example 3.20 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – local reinforcement sup-
port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 69
Example 3.21 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – fully grouted cable support 3 - 70
Example 3.22 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – reduce tunnel tractions by
50% and install liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 74
Example 3.23 Stability analysis of an underground excavation – liner with m-d zoning . . 3 - 77
Example 3.24 Direct shear test with Coulomb slip model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 85
Example 3.25 Tension test on tensile-softening material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 97
Example 3.26 Factor-of-safety calculation for a simple joint model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 118