Ultrasonic Testing Level III

Lesson 1: PrinciplesTheory
- General
- Principles of acoustics
 Nature of sound waves
 Modes of sound wave generation
 Velocity, frequency and wavelength of sound waves
 Attenuation of sound waves
 Acoustic impedance
 Reflection
 Refraction and mode-conversion
 Snell's law and critical angles
 Fresnel and fraunhofer effects

Lesson 2: Equipment/Materials
- Equipment
 Pulse-echo instrumentation
 Controls and circuits
 Pulse generation (spike, square wave and toneburst pulsers)
 Signal detection
 Display and recording methods, A-scan, B-scan and C-scan and digital
 Sensitivity and resolution
 Gates, alams and attenuators
 Basic instrument calibration
 Calibration blocks
 Digital thickness instrumentation
 Transducer operation and theory
 Piezoelectric effect
 Types of transducer elements
 Frequency (transducer elements - thickness relationships)
 Near field and far field
 Beam spread
 Construction, materials and shapes
 Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)
 Beam intensity characteristics
 Sensitivity, resolution and damping
 Mechanical vibration into parts
 Other types of transducers (Laser UT, EMAT, etc.)
 Transducer operation/manipulations
 Tanks, bridges, manipulators and squirters
 Wheels and special hand devices
 Transfer devices for materials
 Manual manipulation
 Resonance testing equipment
 Bond testing
 Thickness testing
- Materials
  Couplants
 Contact
 Purpose and principles
 Materials and their efficiency
 Immersion
 Purpose and principles
 Materials and their efficiency
 Air coupling
 Calibration blocks
 Cables/connectors
 Test specimen
 Miscellaneous materials
Lesson 3: Techniques/Calibrations
- Contact
 Straight beam
 Angle beam
 Surface wave and plate waves
 Pulse-echo transmission
 Multiple transducer
 Curved surfaces
- Immersion
 Transducer in water
 Water column, wheels, etc.
 Submerged test part
 Sound beam path - transducer to part
 Focused transducers
 Curved surfaces
 Plate waves
 Pulse-echo and through-transmission
- Comparison of contact and immersion methods
- Remote monitoring
- Calibration (electronic and functional)
 General
 Reference reflectors for calibration
 Balls and flat bottom holes
 Area amplitude blocks
 Distance amplitude blocks
 Notches
 Side-drilled holes
 Special blocks - IIW and others
 Equipment
 Various monitor displays (amplitude, sweep, etc.)
 Recorders
 Alarms
 Automatic and semiautomatic systems
 Electronic distance amplitude correction
 Transducers
 Calibration of equipment electronics
 Variable effects
 Transmission accuracy
  Calibration requirements
 Calibration reflectors
 Inspection calibration
 Comparison with reference blocks
 Pulse-echo variables
 Reference for planned tests (straight beam, angle beam, etc.)
 Transmission factors
 Transducers
 Couplants
 Materials
Lesson 4: Interpretations/Evaluations
- Evaluation of base material product forms
 Ingots
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Plate and sheet
 Process review
 Types, original and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Barandrod
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Pipe and tubular products
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Forgings
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Castings
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
 Composite structures
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes standards, specs
 Miscellaneous product forms as applicable (rubber, glass, etc.)
 Process review
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
  Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes standards, specs
- Evaluation of weldments
 Process review
 Weld geometries
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codes, standards, specs
- Evaluation of bonded structures
 Manufacturing process
 Types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
 Applicable codeslstandardslspecs
- Variables affecting test results
 Instrument performance variations
 Transducer performance variations
 Test specimen variations
 Surface condition
 Part geometry
 Material structure
 Discontinuity variations
 Size and geometry
 Relation to entry surface
 Type of discontinuity
 Procedure variations
 Recording criteria
 Acceptance criteria
 Personnel variations
 Skill level in interpretation of results
 Knowledge level in interpretation of results
- Evaluation (general)
 Comparison procedures
 Standards and references
 Amplitude, area and distance relationship
 Application of results of other NDT methods
 Object appraisal
 History of part
 Intended use of part
 Existing and applicable code interpretation
 Type of discontinuity and location
Lesson 5: Procedures
- Specific applications
 General
 Flaw detection
 Thickness measurement
 Bond evaluation
 Fluid flow measurement
 Material properties measurements
 Computer control and defect analysis
 Liquid level sensing
 Process control