CE150

Introduction to programming with C

Functions

University of Essex
Autumn Term 2020-2021
 What is a function?
• A function is a series of statements that have been grouped
together, and have been given a name
• Each function is essentially a small program, with its own
declarations and statements

Advantages of functions:
• A program can be divided into smaller pieces which are easier to
understand and modify
• We can avoid duplicating code which is used more than once
• A function that was originally part of one program can be re-used
in other programs
 Overview
• Example defining and using a function

• General form of a function

• How to call a function

• Scope of variables: Local, global, and static variables

An example
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
float x, y, avg;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0;
}

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
Declaration of the function average.
float x, y, avg;
This statement defines the prototype
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
of the function, which must be given
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
before it is used for the first time.
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0;
}

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
Declaration of the function average.
float x, y, avg;
This statement defines the prototype
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
of the function, which must be given
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
before it is used for the first time.
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0; The prototype must include
}
• the type of the function;
• its name;
float average(float x, float y) •{ the types of its parameters.
return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
Declaration of the function average.
float x, y, avg;
This statement defines the prototype
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
of the function, which must be given
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
before it is used for the first time.
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
Thereturn
prototype
0; allows us to The prototype must include
} know how to call the function
• the type of the function;
(assuming we know what the • its name;
function
float is supposedx,
average(float to float
do). y) •{ the types of its parameters.
return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
float x, y, avg;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0; Call the function according to its
} prototype; similar to how we have
been calling library functions.
float average(float x, float y) {
x and y are the input arguments
return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
float x, y, avg;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n",Actual
avg);definition of the function,
return 0; where we specify the statements in
} its body (how the function works)

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
x and y are
float x,parameters;
y, avg; when we call
theprintf("Enter
function, the values of its arguments
two numbers: ");
arescanf("%f
copied to %f",
the function’s
&x, &y);parameters
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n",Actual
avg);definition of the function,
return 0; where we specify the statements in
} its body (how the function works)

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h> Every function terminates with a return
statement, unless it is of void type; the
float average(float, float);
value returned is the function’s output
int main() {
x float
and y are
x, parameters;
y, avg; when we call
the function, the two
printf("Enter values of its arguments
numbers: ");
are copied to%f",
scanf("%f the function’s
&x, &y); parameters
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n",Actual
avg);definition of the function,
return 0; where we specify the statements in
} its body (how the function works)

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float, float);

int main() {
float x, y, avg;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0;
}

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}
 Computing the average
#include <stdio.h>

float average(float x, float y) {

return (x+y)/2.0;
}

int main() {
We can also define the function altogether
float x, y, avg;
before main, without having to declare its
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
prototype separately
scanf("%f %f", &x, &y);
avg = average(x, y);
printf("Average: %f \n", avg);
return 0;
}
Defining a function
 General form of function definition
return-type function-name(parameters)
{
variable declarations;
statements;
}
 General form of function definition
return-type function-name(parameters)
{
variable declarations;
statements;
}

• The return type of a function is the type of data it returns

• If the function is not to return anything, then its type is void
 General form of function definition
return-type function-name(parameters)
{
variable declarations;
statements;
}

• The return type of a function is the type of data it returns

• If the function is not to return anything, then its type is void
• Each parameter is preceded by its type
• Different parameters are separated by commas
 General form of function definition
return-type function-name(parameters)
{
variable declarations;
statements;
}

• The return type of a function is the type of data it returns

• If the function is not to return anything, then its type is void
• Each parameter is preceded by its type
• Different parameters are separated by commas
• The body of the function can include declarations of local variables
and executable statements
Calling a function
 Calling a function
• A function call consists of its name, followed by a list of arguments,
enclosed in parentheses:
average(x, y);

• If the parentheses are missing, the function will not be called

• When a function is called, each argument is evaluated, and its value

is assigned to the corresponding parameter of the function
• Since the parameter contains a copy of the argument’s value, any
changes made to the parameter during the execution of the function
do not affect the argument
 Calling a function
• A call of a non-void function produces a value which can be stored
in a variable, and then modified:
avg = average(x, y);

• If the value returned by a function is not assigned to a variable, it

will simply get lost

• It may seem odd to ignore the output of a function, but we do this

often; printf returns the number of characters it prints, but we do
not really use this information

• A call of a void function does not produce any value, so it cannot be

assigned to a variable
Variable scope
 Variable scope
• The scope of a variable is the part of the program in which it is
known and can be modified

• A variable can be
q local: known only within the function it has been declared, and
its value is lost when the function terminates
q global: known to all functions of a program; must be declared
before the definition of any function
q static: it is known only within the function it has been declared,
but its value is not lost when the function terminates

• Most of our variables are local and are only used within a function;
local variables in different functions can have the same name!
 Local variables
#include <stdio.h>

void example() {
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d\n", x);
}

int main() {
int x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
example();
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
return 0;
}
 Local variables
#include <stdio.h>
In both functions, there is a
void example() { local variable named x.
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d\n", x);
}

int main() {
int x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
example();
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
return 0;
}
 Local variables
#include <stdio.h>
In both functions, there is a
void example() { local variable named x.
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d\n", x); x is a name for two different
} variables, one with scope in
main and one with scope in
int main() { example
int x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
example();
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
return 0;
}
 Local variables
#include <stdio.h>
In both functions, there is a
void example() { local variable named x.
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d\n", x); x is a name for two different
} variables, one with scope in
main and one with scope in
int main() { example
int x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x);
example(); Output:
printf("(main) x: %d\n", x); (main) x: 5
(example) x: 10
return 0;
(main) x: 5
}
 Global variables
#include <stdio.h>

int x, y = 20;

void example() {
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
}

int main() {
x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
y = 10;
example();
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
return 0;
}
 Global variables
#include <stdio.h> There are two global variables
x and y, and one local variable
int x, y = 20; x in example

void example() {
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
}

int main() {
x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
y = 10;
example();
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
return 0;
}
 Global variables
#include <stdio.h> example has access to its local
variable x as well as the global
int x, y = 20; variable y
void example()
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
}

int main() {
x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
y = 10;
example();
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
return 0;
}
 Global variables
#include <stdio.h> main has access to the two
global variables x and y
int x, y = 20;

void example()
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
}

int main() {
x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
y = 10;
example();
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
return 0;
}
 Global variables
#include <stdio.h> Output:
(main) x: 5, y: 20
int x, y = 20; (example) x: 10, y: 10
(main) x: 5, y: 10
void example()
int x = 10;
printf("(example) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
}

int main() {
x = 5;
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
y = 10;
example();
printf("(main) x: %d, y: %d \n", x, y);
return 0;
}
 Static variables
#include <stdio.h>

void example() {
static int x = 0;
x = x + 10;
printf("x = %d \t", x);
}

int main() {
int i;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
example();
return 0;
}
 Static variables
#include <stdio.h>

void example() {
static int x = 0;
x = x + 10;
printf("x = %dStatic
\t",local
x); variable x in example;
} its value is retained even after
the termination of the function
int main() {
int i;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
example();
return 0;
}
 Static variables
#include <stdio.h>

void example() {
static int x = 0;
x = x + 10;
printf("x = %d \t", x);
}
The example function is called 10 times:
int main() { x = 10 x = 20 … x = 100
int i;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
example();
return 0;
}
Recursion
 Recursive functions
• A function is recursive if it calls itself
• For example, suppose that we want to compute the factorial of a
number: n! = n × (n-1)!
• So, to compute n! we can define a function which when given as
input the integer n, it will multiply n with the value returned when
the function is called with argument n-1
• The recursion needs to stop at some point; in particular, when n is
at most 1, we know that the factorial is simply 1
int factorial(int n) {
if (n<=1)
return 1;
else
return n*factorial(n-1);
}
 Recursive functions
• To understand how recursion works, let’s trace the execution of the
statement:

k = factorial(4)
= 4*factorial(3)
= 4*(3*factorial(2))
= 4*(3*(2*factorial(1)))
= 4*(3*(2*1))
= 4*(3*2)
= 4*6
= 24