Organizational Behaviour

Anand has been raised in an economically modest family and has seen family struggle to
make ends meet. What worked well for Anand was his hard work and sheer dedication
because of which he was able to get through to the civil services exam in the first
attempt itself. As soon as Anand's training finished, he was placed as a District
Magistrate. Soon he notices a scam under a government scheme involving a
considerable amount of money. He raised the concern to the higher authorities to which
he was asked to be involved in it and get a considerable part of the deal. Anand is now
in a dilemma as he needs money to look after his family requirements. The three
personality traits, as per the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, act on him.
Introduction
Psychoanalytical theory can be defined as a theory based on personality. It is based on the
fact that a person gets motivated and determined by forces that are not seen or known and is
generally controlled by conscious thoughts. It is a kind of treatment used to treat mental
disorders as people start typically talking when they are under no pressure. They open their
hearts and say anything which comes into their mind. Sigmund Freud founded this theory.
This theory was developed to understand the unconscious's effects on human feelings,
thoughts, and behaviour. He also concluded that there is an effect of childhood events on both
normal and abnormal people. This theory acts like a tool which finds the unconscious mind
and decreases the pain by creating self-awareness. The plan is achieved by talking to people
about all the things which matter and then entering into the problems which are under the
smooth surface.

Concept and application

According to Sigmund Freud, people's behaviour is developed by interacting with the three
most essential things in our minds. Those components are ID, which means I want
Superegoerego, which means this is not how to get it, and Ego, which means let's work on it.
Freud observed that most people are talking freely when they are not under any hypnosis. He
then followed that most of the patients in their prior stages were related to their tabulating
sexual experiences. Anxiety was on the symptoms of such disturbing events. Then they
expanded the concept of pressure to bring the feeling of guilt, shame, and fear to recover the
feelings of solitude and fear caused due to separation from a person. This technique provided
Freud to study the forgetfulness, dreams, mistakes, errors we make in daily life, and slips of
tongues. From this, the structure of personality was developed. In this structure, there are
three major components. All the three features are described in detail below-
Id- It is an essential part of a person's mind. It means our mind needs instant gratification of
our physical needs. These physical needs are biological needs and instinctual needs.
Biological needs are our physical needs, whereas instinctual needs are not learned like sex,
hunger, thirst, and many more. The unconscious part of our mind in generally known as the
id. Such type of component acts very quickly without over-thinking. In such a case, our mind
does not think which is wrong and which right. The id remains with all the people throughout
their lives, and it does not even change with all the human experience and time. The id is a
factor nor affected by the external world, logic, and reality. It operated inside the unconscious
part of our mind. It operates on the principle of pleasure. It means that all our wishes must be
fulfilled immediately, no matter what the circumstances are. When the id receives what it
demands, we experience a type of please and satisfaction. And we do not fulfil its wishes; our
mind suffers from tension and unpleasures.
Ego- Ego can define as a part of the id that comes under the external environment's direct
influence. It is related to the logical and conscious part of our mind. It is associated with
reality. Ego's primary work is to keep a check on the id with the help of reasoning of the
external world. It acts as a mediator between the id and the real external environment. The
decision making capability comes with the use of Ego in our personality. The Ego works
according to the reality of the world and avoids the wrong decisions taken by the id to meet
the satisfaction. Ego follows all the norms and etiquettes to tell us how to behave in the
external world. There is no concept of right and wrong in the world of Ego. Ego is generally
considered weak compared to the id, but it can do its best by showing the id's right path. It
makes people think about their decisions before and after implementing them.
Superego-Superegoerego consists of the morals and values of the environment, which are
generally learned from a person's parents and others. The age of devSuperegoerego is
between three to five years. The primary function is to handle the impulsiveness of the id. It
also has a significant influence on the Ego to follow morals rather than following the real
things. Conscience and the ideal self are the two significant components of Superegoerego.
Both of them act as critical factors in Superegoerego.

Conclusion
Three traits of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory tell that human behaviour depends on
Superego Rego and id. These play an essential role in Anand's decision to break the dilemma
and take a final step.
2- Shritika is an entrepreneur; she has her HR consultancy firm. In her, work Shritika
gets to meet a lot of clients, which she enjoys. Whenever she is stressed because of her
work, she goes out with her friends or family and then resumes work with new
enthusiasm and energy. She is one such boss that whenever the employees face any
problem, they do not hesitate to share with her. When the client is annoyed and loses his
cool, Shritika still maintains her composure and tries to solve his concerns. Based on all
the above narration, discuss Shritika's personality based on Big Five/OCEAN.
Introduction
The big five personality traits are also known five-factor model, and the ocean model is a
structure for personality traits. Personality seems to be a straightforward concept, but it is a
complicated concept to understand in reality. People widely accept this theory. All people
react differently to different situations. All this depends on their personalities. Five main
components play an essential role in an individual's personality. Those five components are
openness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, and consciousness. All these are known
as OCEAN. This theory is a result of hundreds of researches. All these five traits tell how an
individual thinks, feels, and behaves in the external world. When the characteristics are
measured, some individuals rates higher than other individuals. Some people can be very
open, and some people can be very conscious of less agreeable traits. All these traits remain
pretty the same in adulthood also. For example- an extrovert can be very communicative and
social, but he must assertive even. It is a big task to use this theory to measure the personality
traits of an individual. It can be done by answering some simple questions.
The big five model helps people understand their characteristics and how they compare to
other people. Such a model is also beneficial in finding relationships between different
personalities and finding life indicators.

Concept and application

The below-given points can understand all the five traits of the big five model-
Openness- This is the first and the most crucial trait in the big five models. It is the first step
to do your personality assessment. The main components of openness are imagination and
insight. Having this trait in your personality means you are very dynamic and have a wide
range of interests in different things. You are always ready to explore the world and meet
new people. You are very intrigued by all the things and have an eagerness to find more
about different individuals. People with these traits are ready to explore and enjoy new
experiences in life. They are usually more creative and open with all the situations. These
people love to take on different challenges and are very imaginative. It isn't straightforward
for them to think abstractly. The main character which can be easily observed in these people
is that they make plans very spontaneously. They are open to new experiences, beliefs,
thoughts, and ideas.
Consciousness- It is a kind of trait which is capable of handling impulses and also helps in
accepting social ways. Such people always work within the rules, plan, strategize, and delay
gratification. Some of the traits are ambition, self-discipline, control, hard work, planning,
energy, thoroughness, perseverance, reliability, consistency, and resourcefulness. People who
have this trait are likely to get successful and generally excel in leadership posts. They work
for their goals with sheer determination and hard work. People with low consciousness are
likely to procrastinate a lot and are very impulsive.
Extroversion- it is a trait where an individual interacts with another person. These people
draw energy from other people. A lot of things depend on how they interact with other
individuals. On the other hand, introverts are the people who get tired while interacting a lot
with other people and love to stay in solitude. An extrovert person's main factors are social,
talkative, confident, fun-loving, outgoing, friendly, assertive, and articulate. People with
these qualities tend to seek more opportunities due to their excellent social interaction skills.
They are comfortable with all other people in any situation. People who are low in this trait
are very reserved and thoughtful.
Agreeableness- This trait tells that how an individual gets along with other people. Extroverts
and friendliness are two different things. Extroverts are concerned about their energy with
others. On the other hand, agreeableness is concerned with the orientation of other
individuals. This trait's main factors are loyalty, kindness, modesty, helpfulness, trust,
consideration, tact, altruism, politeness, cheerfulness, sensitivity, amiable, patience, and
many more. People who have this trait are more likeable by other people and are very
sensitive. They have very few enemies as they are concerned about the issues of other people.
They are very loving whereas; people who are low in this trait are less trusted, rude, and
egoistic.
Neuroticism-this is a trait which is concerned with the meanness and incompetence. They are
only comfortable in their own skin. The main factors of this trait are jealousy, awkwardness,
anxiety, pessimism, instability, nervousness, insecurity, timidness, and oversensitive. People
with this trait are always sad and depressed.

Conclusion
Based on the above factors, it can be said that Shritika is has a trait of openness, extroversion,
agreeableness, and consciousness. She is very kind but also assertive.

3. As the famous saying goes by, "What you see and what you hear depends a great deal
on where you are standing. It also depends on what sort of person you are."

Justify this statement by throwing more light on the concept of perception.

Introduction
It is often said: It all depends on what you perceive. Any information which we hear or see
goes through the process of selection, organization, and interpreting of this data/information.
At the same time, this process is about filtering thoughts based on our experiences.
Concept and application
Communication is the reception, exchange of data, data transmission, information, and
knowledge between individuals. Through our senses, we perceive and become aware of
things that surround us. If we talk about conceiving, which is even more profound than
perceiving, is how to conclude the heard or seen information. So perceiving is the only thing
that we become aware of through our senses. But perception often involves evaluation. So
perception includes both recognizing environmental thoughts and the actions in response to
these thoughts. So it not only creates our experience of the world around us; it allows us to
act within our environment. Understanding, awareness, comprehension of something can be
determined to be as perception. So if two people are reacting to the same situation differently,
this can be told that these two people perceive the same situation differently. These two
different thoughts are based on past experiences, awareness, the situation around them. It all
depends on how people process such scenarios and then interpret them. Perception has both
bottom-up, and top-down processing perception can be seen as psychological. Perception is
essential in understanding human thoughts as every person perceives the world and
approaches life problems differently. People's behaviour is based on their perception of what
reality is, not on reality itself. So our senses keep on collecting the information from the
environment; it is us how we interact with the world. So, the sensation is the physical
process, whereas perception is psychological. For example: upon entering a room and
smelling a scent of spices, the feeling is the scent receptors detecting the odour of spice, but
the perception may be: "MMM, this smells like the Chicken Curry that my Grandma used to
cook."
Conclusion
Although our perceptions are built from sensations, not all senses result in perception.
Perceptions could also be based on prejudices, expectations, beliefs. So to conclude,
perception can be based on these above things, and one interprets things accordingly. In
addition to this, attention is also a factor that can be seen here. Engagement is a concept of
how actively we process specific information in our environment. All of the sounds, sights,
and sensation vie for our attention, but it turns out that our additional resources are not
limitless.
B Also, discuss in-depth about a few perceptual distortions/errors/biases.
Introduction
Perception is a process of getting aware and understand the sensory information. Through this
process, a person organizes and interprets all the information to give meaning to the external
world. In most of the situation, an individual uses a shortcut to judge a person. Such shortcuts
are called perceptual errors or distortion. These errors are very harmful to all of us as they
lead us in the wrong direction.

Concept and application

There are many types of perceptual errors. All of them are explained below-
Selective perception- people choose to interpret only particular things according to their
convenience, interest, attitude, and experiences. In such a case, people do not notice properly
and forgets everything very quickly. For example, when a teacher has a favourite student,
then she usually ignores the student's low attainments.
Halo effect- in this effect, the person judges another person entirely on a single trait. This trait
can be favourable or unfavourable to that person. An available feature overpowers all the
other characteristics. The Halo effect is one of the errors which is very common and can be
seen everywhere. The probability of this effect is mostly wrong than right.
Stereotyping- a human has a fundamental nature to generalize each and everything in life. It
also applies when it comes to people. We classify people into a particular category based on
some traits which give a wrong conclusion. For example, fat people are amiable, Indians have
a short temper, the Chinese are suspicious, Americans are very goal-oriented, and the
Japanese are useful in industrial sectors. All of these examples are not always true. These
statements can vary from person to person.
Contrast effect- this type of error is prevalent in workplaces. We usually compare a person
with another and do not evaluate him in isolation.
Projection- in this case, people want to see their traits in other people. It can give rise to many
problems. They are not able to differentiate.
Impression- 'First impression is the last impression'; this famous saying tells that we judge
people very soon. We evaluate their characteristics even before knowing them properly and
results in perceptual errors. This type of error creates a lot of unfairness and biasness.

Conclusion
It can be said that many errors come in the time of the perception process. All these
distortions are very dangerous and can lead to many problems in the future. Therefore, we
must try to avoid any perceptual errors.