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Power Systems 2

The document provides the solutions to 6 multiple choice problems related to Taylor series. The solutions show the step-by-step working to arrive at the correct answer for each problem. This includes determining coefficients in Taylor series expressions, applying Taylor series approximations to evaluate functions, and estimating remainders to determine the necessary order of approximations.

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Pankaj Kale
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94 views7 pages

Power Systems 2

The document provides the solutions to 6 multiple choice problems related to Taylor series. The solutions show the step-by-step working to arrive at the correct answer for each problem. This includes determining coefficients in Taylor series expressions, applying Taylor series approximations to evaluate functions, and estimating remainders to determine the necessary order of approximations.

Uploaded by

Pankaj Kale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem Set#1

Multiple Choice Test


Chapter 01.07 Taylors Series Revisited
COMPLETE SOLUTION SET

1. The coefficient of the x 5 term in the Maclaurin polynomial for sin (2 x ) is


(A) 0
(B) 0.0083333
(C) 0.016667
(D) 0.26667

Solution
The correct answer is (D).

The Maclaurin series for sin(2 x ) is

sin(2 x ) = 2 x −
(2 x ) (2 x )
3
+
5
+
3! 5!
3 5
8x 32 x
= 2x − + +
6 120
= 2 x − 1.3333x 3 + 0.26667 x 5 + 
Hence, the coefficient of the x 5 term is 0.26667.
2. Given f (3) = 6 , f ′(3) = 8 , f ′′(3) = 11 , and all other higher order derivatives of f (x )
are zero at x = 3 , and assuming the function and all its derivatives exist and are
continuous between x = 3 and x = 7 , the value of f (7 ) is
(A) 38.000
(B) 79.500
(C) 126.00
(D) 331.50

Solution
The correct answer is (C).

The Taylor series is given by


f ′′( x ) 2 f ′′′( x ) 3
f ( x + h ) = f ( x ) + f ′( x )h + h + h +
2! 3!
x = 3, h = 7 −3 = 4
f ′′(3) 2 f ′′′(3) 3
f (3 + 4) = f (3) + f ′(3)4 + 4 + 4 +
2! 3!
f ′′(3) 2 f ′′′(3) 3
f (7 ) = f (3) + f ′(3)4 + 4 + 4 +
2! 3!
Since all the derivatives higher than second are zero,
f ′′(3) 2
f (7 ) = f (3) + f ′(3)4 + 4
2!
11
= 6 + 8 × 4 + 42
2!
= 126
dy
3. Given that y (x ) is the solution to= y 3 + 2 , y (0) = 3 the value of y (0.2 ) from a
dx
second order Taylor polynomial around x=0 is
(A) 4.400
(B) 8.800
(C) 24.46
(D) 29.00

Solution
The correct answer is (C).

The second order Taylor polynomial is


y ′′( x ) 2
y ( x + h ) = y ( x ) + y ′( x )h + h
2!
x = 0 , h = 0.2 − 0 = 0.2
y ′′(0 ) 2
y (0 + 0.2 ) = y (0 ) + y ′(0 ) × 0.2 + 0.2
2!
y (0.2 ) = y (0 ) + y ′(0 ) × 0.2 + y ′′(0 ) × 0.02
y (0 ) = 3
y ′( x ) = y 3 + 2
y ′(0 ) = 33 + 2
= 29
dy
y ′′( x ) = 3 y 2
dx
(
= 3y y3 + 2
2
)
(
y ′′(0 ) = 3(3) 33 + 2
2
)
= 783
y (0.2 ) = 3 + 29 × 0.2 + 783 × 0.02
= 24.46
∞
x 2n n
4. The series ∑ (− 1)n
n =0 ( 2n )!
4 is a Maclaurin series for the following function

(A) cos(x )
(B) cos(2 x )
(C) sin (x )
(D) sin (2 x )

Solution
The correct answer is (B).
∞
x 2n
cos( x ) = ∑ (− 1)
n

n =0 (2n )!
cos(2 x ) = ∑ (− 1)
∞
n (2 x )2 n
n =0 (2n )!
∞
2 2n x 2n
= ∑ (− 1)
n

n =0 (2n )!
n 2n
n 4 x
∞
= ∑ (− 1)
n =0 (2n )!
x
2
5. The function erf ( x ) = ∫ e dt is called the error function. It is used in the field of
2
−t

π 0
probability and cannot be calculated exactly. However, one can expand the integrand as
a Taylor polynomial and conduct integration. The approximate value of erf (2.0 ) using
the first three terms of the Taylor series around t = 0 is
(A) -0.75225
(B) 0.99532
(C) 1.5330
(D) 2.8586

Solution
The correct answer is (A).

Rewrite the integral as


x
2 −t 2
erf ( x ) = ∫ e dt
0 π
2
The first three terms of the Taylor series for f (t ) =
2
e −t around t = 0 are
π
2
f (t ) =
2
e −t
π
2
f (0 ) =
2
e −0
π
2
=
π
2
f ′(t ) = e −t (− 2t )
2

π
2
f ′(0 ) = e −t (− 2(0 ))
2

π
=0
2 2
f ′′(t ) = e −t (− 2t )(− 2t ) + e −t (− 2 )
2 2

π π

2 2
f ′′(0 ) = e −0 (− 2(0 ))(− 2(0 )) + e −0 (− 2 )
2 2

π π
4
=−
π
The first three terms of the Taylor series are
f ′′( x) 2
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + f ′( x)h + h
2!
f ′′(0) 2
f (0 + h) = f (0) + f ′(0)h + h
2!
f ′′(0) 2
f (h) = f (0) + f ′(0)h + h
2!
2 4 h2
= + 0(h) −
π π 2!
4 h2
2
= −
π π 2!
2 2 2
= − h
π π
2 2 2 2
e −h ≈ − h 2 , or
π π π
2 2 2 2
e −x ≈ − x2
π π π

Hence
x
 2 2 2
erf ( x ) ≈ ∫  − t dt
0 π π 
x
 2 2 t3 
= t− 
 π π 3 0
2 2 x3
= x−
π π 3
2 2 23
erf (2 ) = (2) −
π π 3
= −0.75225
Note: Compare with the exact value of erf (2 )
6. Using the remainder of Maclaurin polynomial of n th order for f (x ) defined as
x n +1
Rn ( x ) = f (n +1) (c ), n ≥ 0, 0 ≤ c ≤ x
(n + 1)!
the order of the Maclaurin polynomial at least required to get an absolute true error of at
most 10 −6 in the calculation of sin (0.1) is (do not use the exact value of sin (0.1) or
cos(0.1) to find the answer, but the knowledge that |sin( x)| ≤ 1 and | cos( x) |≤ 1 ).
(A) 3
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 9

Solution
The correct answer is (B).
x n +1
Rn ( x ) = f (n +1) (c ) , n ≥ 0 , 0 ≤ c ≤ x
(n + 1)!

Rn (0.1) =
(0.1)
n +1
f (n +1) (c ), n ≥ 0, 0 ≤ c ≤ 0.1
( n + 1)!
Since derivatives of f ( x ) are simply sin ( x ) and cos( x ) , and
sin ( x ) ≤ 1 and cos( x ) ≤ 1
f (n +1) (c ) ≤ 1

Rn (0.1) ≤
(0.1)n+1 (1)
(n + 1)!

=
(0.1)n+1
(n + 1)!

So when is
Rn (0.1) < 10 −6
(0.1)n+1< 10 −6
(n + 1)!
n≥4
But since the Maclaurin series for sin ( x ) only includes odd terms, n ≥ 5 .

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