CH1 - Circuit Variables PDF

PALESTINE TECHNICAL
COLLEGE
COMPUTER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I
Eng. Akram Abu Garad
www.ptcdb.edu.ps
Chapter 1 – Circuit Variables
2
Outlines:
➢1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview

➢1.2 The International System of Units
➢1.3 Circuit Analysis: An Overview
➢1.4 Voltage and Current
➢1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element
➢1.6 Power and Energy
3
Electrical engineering is the profession concerned with systems that produce,
transmit, and measure electric signals. It combines the physicist’s models of
natural phenomena with the mathematician’s tools for manipulating those
models to produce systems that meet practical needs. Electrical systems pervade
our lives; they are found in homes, schools, workplaces, and transportation
vehicles everywhere. Examples of Electrical systems:
• Communication systems
• Computer systems
• Control systems
• Power systems
• Signal-processing
4 systems
Circuit Theory:
An electric circuit is a mathematical model that approximates the behavior of an
actual electrical system.
Circuit theory is a special case of electromagnetic field theory: the study of static
and moving electric charges.
5
Circuit Theory:
Three basic assumptions permit us to use circuit theory, rather than
electromagnetic field theory, to study a physical system represented by an electric
circuit. These assumptions are as follows:
1. Lumped-parameter assumption:
Electrical effects happen instantaneously throughout a system. We
can make this assumption because we know that electric signals
travel at or near the speed of light. Thus, if the system is physically
small, electric signals move through it so quickly that we can consider
them to affect every point in the system simultaneously. A system
that is small enough so that we can make this assumption is
called a lumped-parameter system.
6
If the circuit size is < λ/10 (λ= c/f ), electrical effects are supposed to reach every
corner of the circuit instantaneously.
Electric signals do not change along the wire. All changes take place across the
“lumped” elements.
E.g. Electric power is distributed with f = 60 Hz, c= (3x〖10〗^8)/60 = 5x〖10〗^6 m.
Power distribution networks smaller than λ/10 = 500 km can be treated by circuit
theory.
Example: A resistive circuit
Once the 120-V voltage is connected, currents i1 = 4 A, i2 = 8 A are

7 assumed to immediately flow through the 18Ω and 6Ω resistors.
Circuit Theory:
Three basic assumptions permit us to use circuit theory, rather than
electromagnetic field theory, to study a physical system represented by an electric
circuit. These assumptions are as follows:
2. The net charge on every component in the system is always zero.

Thus no component can collect a net excess of charge, although
some components, as you will learn later, can hold equal but opposite
separated charges.
3. There is no magnetic coupling between the components in a system.
As we demonstrate later, magnetic coupling can occur within a
component.
8
➢1.2 The International System of Unit (SI)
➢ Abbreviation from French “Système international d'unités”,

established in 1960.
➢ The SI Units are based on 7 defined quantities: length (m), mass

(kg), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount (mol),
luminous intensity (cd).
➢ SI units enable engineers to communicate in a meaningful way

about quantitative results.
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Derived units in SI
10
Prefixes to signify
powers of 10
11
12
➢1.3 Circuit Analysis: An Overview
Circuit analysis is based on mathematical techniques and is

used to predict the behavior of the circuit model and its
ideal circuit components
After simplifying a circuit as much as possible, all circuit analysis

methods are some version of the following strategy:
➢ Create a set of independent equations based on the elements
and circuit connections.
➢ Solve the system of simultaneous equations for the
independent variables (voltages or currents). This often
involves using techniques from linear algebra.
➢ Solve the remaining individual element voltages and currents.
13
The concept of electric charge is the basis for describing all

electrical phenomena. Let’s review some important
characteristics of electric charge.
• The charge is bipolar, meaning that electrical effects are
described in terms of positive and negative charges.
• The electric charge exists in discrete quantities, which are
integral multiples of the electronic charge,
• Electrical effects are attributed to both the separation of
charge and charges in motion.
14
In circuit theory, the separation of charge creates an
electric force (voltage), and the motion of charge creates
an electric fluid (current).
The concepts of voltage and current are useful from an
engineering point of view because they can be expressed
quantitatively. Whenever positive and negative charges are
separated, energy is expended. Voltage is the energy per unit
charge created by the separation. We express this
ratio in differential form as
15
The electrical effects caused by charges in motion

depend on the rate of charge flow. The rate of charge
flow is known as the electric current, which is expressed
as
16
An ideal basic circuit element has

three attributes:
(1) it has only two terminals,
which are points of connection to
other circuit components;
(2) it is described mathematically in
terms of current and/or voltage; and
(3) It cannot be subdivided into other
elements.
17
In Figure, the voltage across the terminals of
the box is denoted by v , and the current in the
circuit element is denoted by i.
The polarity reference for the voltage is
indicated by the plus and minus signs, and the
reference direction for the current is shown by
the arrow placed alongside the current. The
interpretation of these references given
positive or negative numerical values of v and i
is summarized in the table. Note that
algebraically the notion of positive charge
flowing in one direction is equivalent to the
notion of negative charge flowing in the
opposite direction.
18
Passive sign convention
Whenever the reference direction for the
current in an element is in the direction of the
reference voltage drop across the element (as
in Figure), use a positive sign in any expression
that relates the voltage to the current.
Otherwise, use a negative sign.
19
Passive sign convention
20
Power and energy calculations also are important in circuit

analysis. One reason is that although voltage and current are
useful variables in the analysis and design of electrically based
systems, the useful output of the system often is nonelectrical,
and this output is conveniently expressed in terms of power or
energy. Another reason is that all practical devices have
limitations on the amount of power that they can handle. In the
design process, therefore, voltage and current calculations by
themselves are not sufficient.
21
We now relate power and energy to voltage and current

and at the same time use the power calculation to
illustrate the passive sign convention. Recall from basic
physics that power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy. (A water pump rated 75 kW can deliver
more liters per second than one rated 7.5 kW.)
Mathematically, energy per unit time is expressed in the
form of a derivative, or
22
Thus 1 W is equivalent to 1 J/s.

The power associated with the flow of
charge follows directly from
the definition of voltage and current in
Eqs. 1.1 and 1.2, or
so
23
The Equation p=vi shows that the power associated with a basic circuit
element is simply the product of the current in the element and the
voltage across the element. Therefore, power is a quantity associated with
a pair of terminals, and we have to be able to tell from our calculation
whether power is being delivered to the pair of terminals or extracted
from it. This information comes from the correct application and
interpretation of the passive sign convention.
24
Assume that the voltage and the current at the
terminals of the element in the following Figure,
a) Calculate the power supplied to the

element at 1 ms.
b) Calculate the total energy (in joules)
delivered to the circuit element.
25

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PALESTINE TECHNICAL

COMPUTER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Eng. Akram Abu Garad

➢1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview

Example: A resistive circuit

Once the 120-V voltage is connected, currents i1 = 4 A, i2 = 8 A are

2. The net charge on every component in the system is always zero.

➢ Abbreviation from French “Système international d'unités”,

➢ The SI Units are based on 7 defined quantities: length (m), mass

➢ SI units enable engineers to communicate in a meaningful way

Circuit analysis is based on mathematical techniques and is

After simplifying a circuit as much as possible, all circuit analysis

The concept of electric charge is the basis for describing all

The electrical effects caused by charges in motion

An ideal basic circuit element has

Power and energy calculations also are important in circuit

We now relate power and energy to voltage and current

Thus 1 W is equivalent to 1 J/s.

a) Calculate the power supplied to the

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