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Structural Analysis and Design of a Multi-Story Mixed-Use Reinforced

Concrete Building

Thesis · June 2018

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 Abu Dhabi University
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
(Capstone II – CIV498)
Graduation Project Report

Structural Analysis and Design of a Multi-Story

Mixed- Use Reinforced Concrete Building
Submitted By

Student Name ID

Ahmad Mandalawi 1060734

Abdallah Badran 1051739

Maen Qaddoumi 1051761

Amer Yaghi 1052079

A Capstone Project Report submitted in the Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the College of Engineering, Abu
Dhabi University

Spring Semester, 2017 – 2018

Faculty Advisor: Dr. Zubair Syed

© Copyright Mohammed Ahmad Mandalawi, Abdulla Badran, Maen and Amer

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, June 2018
 Acknowledgment
As group of graduating students, we hereby submit the final version of the graduation
project showing all aspects of work that continued for one academic year. We gratefully
appreciate and acknowledge the assistance of our graduation project advisor Dr. Zubair Syed
for his continuous guidance and help in this capstone project. Special thanks also for
engineering department faculty and teaching assistants for their support throughout the entire
period of the project. At the end, our hope is to deliver a design model that complies with the
standards and meets with the requirements of structural analysis and design keeping in mind
the collaborative work from all the group members on making the project successful and
extraordinary.

2|Page
 Executive Summary
Concrete frames are the most common type of construction structures in Middle East
and the world in general. The availability of the material, the high compressive strength and
the variety of material properties selections make concrete is the number one material in the
construction and design field. The Project is to analyse and design a 20-story multi-use building
made of reinforced concrete (RC) that can be used for residential and commercial purposes. A
typical 20-story RC building was modelled in finite element commercial program ETABS.
Appropriate loads and material properties were used to model the building. All the loads were
obtained from ASCE7-10 code and the design calculations followed the American standard
ACI318-14M. The results of the analysis were used as the reference data to do all the manual
design calculations of different frame elements. The selection of designed elements was done
based on the experience, group discussions and judgments, and the consultation with the faculty
advisor. The report starts with comprehensive background about concrete, loads and all other
related topics that are considered parts of the design study. The design manual calculations
included different structural elements like beams, column, slabs and shear walls. Overall, the
project represented a hard collaborative team work on applying concrete design knowledge that
was learned from different design courses through the study plan. The target was to achieve
the outcomes of Capstone requirements in fashioned way to be distinguished among the
competitors.

3|Page
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------11

PLAN VIEW AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS -----------------------------------------------------------12

1. Ground Floor Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2. Typical Floor Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------13
3. Building Elevation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------14
4. 3D ETABS model -----------------------------------------------------------------------------15

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ----------------------------------------------------------16

1. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN-------------------------------------------------------16

2. LOADS: DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND VARIATIONS FACTORS --------------------------------------17
3. REINFORCED CONCRETE -------------------------------------------------------------------------18
4. CODE AND SPECIFICATIONS: --------------------------------------------------------------------19
5. STRUCTURAL FRAME MEMBERS: DEFINITIONS AND INFORMATION ----------------------------20
6. DESIGN METHOD: CONCEPT IDEA AND ADVANTAGES -----------------------------------------21
7. APPLICATIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ----------------------------------------------------21
8. STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE -------------------------------------------------------------------22
9. SAFETY, ECONOMY AND SERVICEABILITY -------------------------------------------------------22
10. EXAMPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES -----------------------------------------23
11. SHEAR WALLS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Types of Shear walls -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Location of shear wall------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
12. TORSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
13. LIVE LOAD REDUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------26

CHAPTER 3: LOADS CALCULATIONS --------------------------------------------------------27

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ------------------------------28

4.1 RESULTS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
1. DEFLECTED SHAPES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
2. SHEAR DIAGRAM, AXIAL DIAGRAM AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM ----------------------30
3. STORY DRIFT SUMMARY --------------------------------------------------------------------------32
4. WIND LOAD DISPLACEMENTS SUMMARY--------------------------------------------------------32
4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------33

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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF FRAME ELEMENTS ---------------------------------------------34

5.1 DESIGN OF EDGE BEAMS -------------------------------------------------------------------------34

5.2 DESIGN OF COLUMNS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------50
5.3 DESIGN OF TWO-WAY FLAT SLABS -------------------------------------------------------------66

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN OF A SHEAR WALL ---------------------------------------------------99

CHAPTER 7: DESIGN OF A SPANDREL BEA, FOR TORSION ----------------------- 102

CHAPTER 8: DESIGN OF A SPREAD FOOTING ------------------------------------------ 106

CHAPTER 9: DESIGN RESULTS --------------------------------------------------------------- 109

BEAM DESIGN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109

COLUMN DESIGN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
DESIGN FOR TORSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
SHEAR WALL DESIGN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
SPREAD FOOTING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113

CHAPTER 10: PROJECT FINDINGS ---------------------------------------------------------- 114

CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115

REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116

APPENDICES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119

INTERACTION DIAGRAMS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119

SCREENSHOTS FROM MODEL ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 121

5|Page
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Ground Floor Plan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Figure 2 : Typical Floor Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Figure 3: Building Elevation----------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Figure 4 : ETABS 3D Model ---------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Figure 5 : Structural Frame components (Quora, 2017) --------------------------------------------16
Figure 6 : Gravity vs Lateral loads (SlideShare, 2016) ---------------------------------------------17
Figure 7 : Snow load (skghoshassociates, 2014) , Figure 8 :Wind Load (Right, 2016) ------18
Figure 9:High Performance Concrete (EcoFriend, 2017) ------------------------------------------19
Figure 10:Reinforced Concrete (Imaging, 2015) ----------------------------------------------------19
Figure 11: One Way and Two Way Slabs (Update, 2017) -----------------------------------------20
Figure 13: RC Bridges (Bartles, 2015) ----------------------------------------------------------------22
Figure 12:RC with Fiber tunnels (elastoplastic, 2016) ----------------------------------------------22
Figure 14: Toronto CN Tower (Toronto, 2012)------------------------------------------------------23
Figure 15 : Burj Khalifa – Dubai (Tiqets, 2014) -----------------------------------------------------23
Figure 16: Grande Dixence Dam (Swizerland, 2017) -----------------------------------------------23
Figure 17: Shear wall system (blog, 2015) -----------------------------------------------------------23
Figure 18 : Types of Shear walls (Home, 2017) , Figure 19 : Coupled shear wall (Home,
2017) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Figure 20: Load transfer in shear wall system (alleghenydesign, 2015) -------------------------25
Figure 21: Torsion (English, 2014) --------------------------------------------------------------------25
Figure 22 : Live Load Reduction Formula ( CIV 318 Course Slides ) ---------------------------26
Figure 23: Deflected shape under load comb 2 on Elevation A -----------------------------------28
Figure 24 : Deflected shape under load comb 3 on Elevation A ----------------------------------28
Figure 25: Deflected shape under Wind Load on Elevation A ------------------------------------29
Figure 26: Deflected shape under Wind Load on Elevation 1 -------------------------------------29
Figure 27 : Shear Force Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A -------------------------------30
Figure 28 : Axial Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A ---------------------------------------30
Figure 29 : Bending Moment Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A ------------------------31
Figure 30: Torsion Diagram for load comb 2 on Floor Plan of story 10 -------------------------31
Figure 31: Story Drift Summary Table ----------------------------------------------------------------32
Figure 33: Max Story Displacements due to wind Y------------------------------------------------32
Figure 32: Max Story Displacements due to wind X------------------------------------------------32
Figure 34: Values of beta from Table 22.2.2.4.3 from ACI-31814M ----------------------------35

6|Page
Figure 35 : Minimum Shear Reinforcement required for beams ----------------------------------37
Figure 36 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in Level 1 -------------------------------------------------37
Figure 37 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in level 4 --------------------------------------------------41
Figure 38 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in level 10-------------------------------------------------45
Figure 39 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in Roof Level---------------------------------------------49
Figure 40 : Slenderness ration limit for non-sway condition --------------------------------------50
Figure 41 : Eq.10-1 from ACI318-14M for the Design Pure Axial Load Capacity Columns -51
Figure 42 : Cross section of Column 6E in Level 1 -------------------------------------------------52
Figure 43: Stiffness ratio for calculating of effective length factor -------------------------------53
Figure 44: Calculation of the effective length factor from Table----------------------------------53
Figure 45: Cross section of Column 8F in level 1 ---------------------------------------------------54
Figure 46:Stability Index --------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
Figure 47:Slenderness ratio limit for sway condition -----------------------------------------------55
Figure 48: Cross section of Column 6E in level 7 ---------------------------------------------------56
Figure 49: Cross section of Column 8F in level 7 ---------------------------------------------------58
Figure 51:Cross section of Column 6E in Level 12 -------------------------------------------------60
Figure 52 : Cross section of Column 8F in Level 12 ------------------------------------------------62
Figure 53 : Cross section of Column 6E in Roof Level --------------------------------------------64
Figure 54 : Cross section of Column 8F in Roof Level ---------------------------------------------65
Figure 55 : Column strips distribution in Long direction -------------------------------------------67
Figure 56 : Column strip distribution in Short direction --------------------------------------------67
Figure 57: Cross section of the Flat Slab -------------------------------------------------------------68
Figure 58 : Specified Concrete Cover Requirements -----------------------------------------------68
Figure 59: Table 8.10.5.5 for Portion of positive moment in column strip ----------------------69
Figure 60 : Table 8.10.5.1 for portion of interior negative moment in column strip -----------69
Figure 61 : Table 8.6.1.1 for minimum reinforcement required for slabs ------------------------70
Figure 62 : ASTM standard reinforcement bar sizes ------------------------------------------------70
Figure 63 : Cross section of slab showing the reinforcement in column strip for interior panel
in level 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
Figure 64: Distribution of static moment on Exterior Panel ---------------------------------------72
Figure 65 : Table 8.10.5.1 for portion of interior negative moment in column strip -----------72
Figure 66 : Table 13-5 from Textbook of Reinforced Concrete Design for distribution factors
of Exterior Negative Moment to Column strips (Jack C. McCORMAC, 2014) ----------------72

7|Page
Figure 67: Table 13-4 from Textbook of Reinforced Concrete Design for distribution factors
of Midspan Positive moments to Column Strips (Jack C. McCORMAC, 2014) ---------------72
Figure 68 : Torsional Constant Equation -------------------------------------------------------------74
Figure 69 : Cross section showing reinforcement in column strips for exterior panel in level 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75
Figure 70: One way shear check for column F7 in level 1 -----------------------------------------76
Figure 71: Game factor Equation ----------------------------------------------------------------------76
Figure 72 : Moment transferred by slab to column --------------------------------------------------76
Figure 73 : Total shear stress on Column by slab ---------------------------------------------------77
Figure 74 : Punching shear check for column F7 in level 1 ----------------------------------------77
Figure 75 : Cross section of slab showing reinforcement in column strips for interior panel in
level 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81
Figure 76 : Cross section of slab showing reinforcement in column strips for exterior panel in
level 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83
Figure 77: Minimum reinforcement for shear walls in plane --------------------------------------99
Figure 78: Concrete shear strength capacity fir walls --------------------------------------------- 100
Figure 79 : Cross section of the Planer shear wall on Elevation A ------------------------------ 101
Figure 80 : Threshold torsion for solid cross section from Table 22.7.4.1 from ACI318-14M
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103
Figure 81: Cracking Torsion from Table 22.7.5.1 from ACI318-14M ------------------------- 103
Figure 82 : Maximum Spacing for shear reinforcement to resist shear stress from Table
9.7.6.2.2 from ACI318-14M -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
Figure 83: Minimum longitudinal reinforcement required to resist torsional and flexural
effects from 9.6.4.3 of ACI318-14M ---------------------------------------------------------------- 104
Figure 84 : Cross section of Spandrel Beam EF-1 in Level 4------------------------------------ 105
Figure 85 : Reinforcement detailing of Spandrel Beam EF-1 in level 4 ----------------------- 105
Figure 86 : Two-way shear strength provided by concrete --------------------------------------- 106
Figure 87 : Development Length Formula ---------------------------------------------------------- 107
Figure 88 : Footing under Column E2 Cross section---------------------------------------------- 108
Figure 89: Beam EF-1 Design graph ---------------------------------------------------------------- 109
Figure 90: Interior Column 6E Design chart ------------------------------------------------------- 110
Figure 91: Exterior Column 8F Design chart ------------------------------------------------------ 110
Figure 92: Design graph of Interior Panel EF67 in Long direction ----------------------------- 111
Figure 93 : Design graph of Interior Panel EF67 in Short direction ---------------------------- 111

8|Page
Figure 94 : Design graph of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long Direction --------------------------- 112
Figure 95 : Design graph of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short Direction --------------------------- 112
Figure 96: Interaction diagram for column 6E in Level 1 ---------------------------------------- 119
Figure 97: Interaction diagram for column 8F in Level 1 --------------------------------------- 119
Figure 98: Interaction diagram for column 6E in Level 7 ---------------------------------------- 120
Figure 99: Interaction diagram for column 8F in Level 7 --------------------------------------- 120
Figure 100: Deflected shape under wind load on 3D Model ------------------------------------- 121
Figure 101 : Deflected shape under gravity loads on 3D Model -------------------------------- 122

9|Page
List of Tables
Table 1 : Live Load Values ...................................................................................................... 27
Table 2: SDL Calculations ....................................................................................................... 27
Table 3:: Design of Interior Panel EF67 in story 1 in Long direction ..................................... 69
Table 4:Design of Interior Panel EF67 in story 1 in Short direction ....................................... 71
Table 5: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in story 1 in Long direction ................................... 73
Table 6: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in level 1 ..................................... 74
Table 7 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in level 4 in Long direction ..................................... 80
Table 8 Design of Interior Panel EF67 in level 4 in Short direction ..................................... 81
Table 9 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Level 4 ................................... 82
Table 10 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Level 4 ................................. 82
Table 11: Design of interior panel EF67 in Long direction in level 10 ................................... 87
Table 12 : Design of interior panel EF67 in Short direction in Level 10 ................................ 88
Table 13 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Level 10 ............................... 88
Table 14 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Level 10 .............................. 89
Table 15 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Long direction in Roof Level ............................ 93
Table 16 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Short direction in Roof Level ............................ 94
Table 17: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Roof Level ............................ 94
Table 18 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Roof Level ........................... 95
Table 19: Beam EF-1 in Level 4 Torsional Design Summary............................................... 113
Table 20 : Project Findings .................................................................................................... 114

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
The project idea is to analyse and design a 20-story building that have residential
apartments and commercial offices. The building is provided with all the entertainment
facilities in the ground level like gym, swimming pool and other utilities. The first step in the
project was to make a preliminary sketch for the model in ETABS based on the floor plan and
elevation given by the contractor. The building is subjected to gravity loads and lateral loads
that comes from the wind. However, the values of the loads vary from one story to another
based on the type of use and finishing materials. All the values of loads were obtained from the
Minimum Design Loads for Building and other Structure code (ASCE-7-10). The selection of
materials and finishing came after the decision of group members and by the consultation with
the faculty advisor. Some values were rounded to the nearest higher figures to account for
safety requirements and to have more conservative design for the buildings.
The building is made of reinforced concrete Grade 40 for beams, walls and slab and
Grade 50 for columns. The steel reinforcement is Grade A992 with 420 MPa yielding stress
and provided at each section of members as per the design requirements. The idea of the project
is to apply the background and knowledge that had been acquired from design courses into a
real designed model, and to evaluate the results based on the personal judgments and
engineering sense. The structure includes all the building elements like beams, columns, slabs
and foundation. Shear walls are included in the form of stairs and lifts to stabilize the structure
against the lateral loads. As for the foundation, the design followed the AD municipality
regulations to specify the soil properties that are needed in the design procedure. All the details
about the methods and techniques of analysis in this project are discussed in a separate part of
this report. The manual design calculations followed the American standard code ACI318-14M
for all structural elements. Different sections of the same element were selected at different
stories to evaluate the change in the design outcome with the variance of loads on the structure
from a section to another. The section and material properties were assumed and modified such
that the model can pass the analysis test and doesn’t fail under the service loads. Also, the
economic factors were considered in the design by doing more trails to reduce the tolerance
and produce more strengthened design of elements.

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Plan View and Elevation Drawings
1. Ground Floor Plan
Figure 1 is a plan view for the Ground Floor of the building:

Figure 1: Ground Floor Plan

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 2. Typical Floor Plan

Figure 2 is a plan view of a typical floor:

Figure 2 : Typical Floor Plan

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 3. Building Elevation

Figure 3 is an elevation view of the building:

Figure 3: Building Elevation

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4. 3D ETABS model

Figure 4 shows the 3D ETABS model of the building:

Figure 4 : ETABS 3D Model

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 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
In this part, complete knowledge and literature are discussed and explained for related
topics and other randomly selected subjects of interests. Several sources are used to support
the content and to provide more illustrations. All the sources are cited and referenced within
the context:
1. Structural Engineering and Design
Structural science is the field of engineering that deals with the analysis and design of
structure. A structure is considered like the skeleton to the building in which it cannot stand
and be stable without it. The structural engineer is the person who is responsible in analysing
the structural frame of a building or any other type of structure. Also, he is the one who converts
the architect imaginary and thoughts into reality by creating several alternatives for design
based on the loads and other factors to be considered. A typical structural frame usually consists
of flooring slabs that are supported by beams and columns. The whole structure is supported
by the foundation underground to provide stability and to transfer the load to the underneath
soil. One definition for the structure is that it is a Complex of columns, beams, girders,
spandrels, and trusses connected to one another and to the columns anchored in foundation.
Some elements can be installed in the fame but they are not part of the structural loaded frame
like the secondary beams. Their role is to provide more stability and bonding between the
elements themselves. (BusinessDirectory, 2017)

Figure 5 : Structural Frame components (Quora, 2017)

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 2. Loads: Definitions, Types and variations factors
Loads are the products of the impacts that come from the objects weights or from any
natural or physical action on the structure that tends to weaken the stability of it. For structural
engineer, loads are like the tone of music that the singer cannot sing without it. They are the
key elements behind the design of any structural frame. So the first step for a designer is to
define what types of loads are applied on the structure and are they huge or minor. To answer
this simply, in reality there are several types of load effects that can be classified in two
categories: static loads and dynamic loads. Static loads are results of permanent effects that
rarely change with the time like the weight of the bodies or the unmovable things which have
fixed positions inside the frame. On the other hand, dynamic loads vary with the time and are
difficult to measure since they don’t have consistent pattern over the time. These loads can be
identified based on the standard code for design of structure.
Another classification for the designer is to differentiate between the gravity loads and
lateral loads. The difference is the influence line of direction; gravity loads are all the loads
that are transferred with the direction of the gravity like the dead load or live, but lateral loads
affect the structure laterally to its vertical axis like the wind or seismic loading. The designer
needs to consider both types in his design process as the structure may fail in any one of those
types.

Figure 6 : Gravity vs Lateral loads (SlideShare, 2016)

Another important topic for the structural engineer is to know how the loads can change
over the time. In fact, only dynamic load can change with the time and this depends on the

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environmental factors and surrounding conditions. In the cold weather countries like Canada
or USA, it is expected to have strong effects of snow load and rain load. Unlikely, in hot
weather countries like UAE high speeds of wind load can be expected from one season to
another. Those variations in the loads cannot be calculated but they can be forecasted to avoid
any kind of design failure in the future.

Figure 7 : Snow load (skghoshassociates, 2014) Figure 8 :Wind Load (Right, 2016)

3. Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is the core of construction material science since it is the most common used
material in most of the construction projects. A Portland cement concrete is a mixture of
aggregates with water and bonding material called cement. Concrete is a very strong material
that can absorb high rates of compressive loading and have quality features in terms of water
proofing or corrosion resistance. However, the study of concrete design is a complicated issue
that requires knowledge, experience and design skills.
Most of the time, the frame is subjected to both tensile and compressive loading. For plain
concrete, it will be difficult to survive the structure without failure or collapse since concrete
is weak in transferring tensile loading. Thus, reinforcing steel bars are used in the tension zones
to carry the tensile load when the concrete starts cracking and failing. The mission of the
structural designer is to find how much steel is required exactly for each member so that it will
not fail in tension distress. Concrete is a widely available material that its properties change
with the time. Furthermore, there are variety of types of concrete in which provide several
options for the material engineer and designer to select from based on the client requirements
and project specification.

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Types of concrete:
1. Normal concrete: it has the normal proportions of mix design and reaches 90-95% of
its strength within 28 days from pouring.
2. High strength concrete: has low water to cement ratio, very high compressive strength
that reaches up to 6000 pounds per square inch.
3. High performance concrete: Many high quality features like high strength, high
workability, high durability and ease of placement.
4. Air entrained concrete: used when the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and thawing
action by adding air entraining admixture. (Engineering, 2017)

Figure 10:Reinforced Concrete (Imaging, 2015) Figure 9:High Performance Concrete (EcoFriend, 2017)

4. Code and Specifications:

The code in civil engineering is set of rules, regulations and minimum requirements that
are needed in the analysis and design processes of any structure. Those can be issued by the
government, municipality or any well reputed committee. The idea behind using the code in
structural design is to satisfy the design purposes in terms of safety, economy and
serviceability. Any structural engineer must follow the code requirements to ensure that his
design meets the standards and will not fail under the applied loads.
Each country has its own code of specifications, but some codes are internationally used and
most common in civil engineering like the IBC (International Building codes) or the ACI
(American Concrete Institute). In the past few years, Abu Dhabi municipality decided to adopt
its own central code (ADIBC). This code includes some modifications and adjustments to the

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international code to comply with the environmental factors and climate conditions in UAE.
ASCE standards are the most common used in the field of structural design. They provide
technical guidelines, promoting safety requirements, reliability and productivity in civil
engineering fields. (ASCE, 2013)
Following are list of the most famous codes used globally:
1. ASTM: (American Society for Testing and material)
2. ACI 318-11: For Building code requirements for structural concrete
3. CCR: California Building Standard Code
4. IBC: International Building code
5. UBC: Uniform Building code (Pomona, 2017)

5. Structural frame members: Definitions and information

Despite of their different load transfer mechanism, all the structural frame members
have one mission which is transferring the load to the form top to underneath soil. The
definition of the member mostly depends on how the members transfers the load and in what
mechanism. For beams, they carry and support load perpendicular to their longitudinal
direction and they transfer it by flexure and shear. The beam can be column if it is subjected
to axial compressive loading. Floor slabs are the most important part of the frame as they
carry and distribute the loads to the adjacent members. In concrete design, the slab is part of
the flange of the beams as they are casted in one piece from the manufacturer. However, there
are two types of floor slabs, one-way system transfers the loading in one direction when L/B
> 2. Two-way system transfers the load in two directions along the all surrounding members
if L/B <2.

Figure 11: One Way and Two Way Slabs (Update, 2017)

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 6. Design Method: Concept idea and advantages

In the structural design, the safety is a priority over the other factors like economy or
serviceability. The design method that is most commonly used is the Load and Resistance
Factored Design (LRFD). In this method, all the service loads and moments are amplified
by factors to account for the safety and results in more conservative design for the structure.
The idea of this method is that all the factored loads and moments should be less than or at
least equal to the capacity (Resistance of the member). The capacity is a property of the
member itself that depends on the material properties and strengths not on the applied
loading.
Followings are some advantages of using LRFD in comparison with ASD method which is
used before:
1. Provides flexibility in design methodology
2. Every load is multiplied by different factor depending on its type while in ASD all the
loads are multiplied by the same factor which doesn’t account for load variation effects
3. Safer structural designs to be produced since it considers the behaviour in collapse.
(Terms, 2012)

7. Applications of Reinforced Concrete

The uniqueness of reinforced concrete as a material came from its distinguished
properties that can be suited for most of construction project types. Reinforced concrete has
high compressive and tensile strength because of the reinforcement, fire resistant, corrosion,
durable and many other features that vary from one type to another. Usually the RCC is
suited for the construction of floor slabs, beams and columns for residential and commercial
buildings or villas. However, RCC can be used in bridge design for small, medium and big
span resulting in magnificent aesthetic shapes and economical compared to steel structures.
Moreover, RCC can be used in earth retaining walls including the abutments of bridges and
for dam embankments. (Constructor, 2012)
Following are list of other uses for RCC in constructions projects:
1. Water Retaining structures like dams
2. Water treatment systems
3. Tunnels
4. Airports and Hospitals
5. Rigid Pavements for Highways

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 Figure 13: RC Bridges (Bartles, 2015) Figure 12:RC with Fiber tunnels (elastoplastic, 2016)

8. Stability of the structure

Another concern for the structural engineer is the stability of the structural frame under
the applied loads. The designer has to make sure that the structure performs satisfactorily
under the lateral and gravity loads with very low amount of displacements or settlements.
There could be several options for the designer to maintain the stability like using bracing
in the long sides of the building to resist the wind load or using deep foundations to minimise
the amount of differential settlement. Anyhow, those solutions could be expensive
sometimes and the designer has to maintain the balance between the stability requirements
and the economy.
9. Safety, Economy and Serviceability
The designer always tries to make balance between three dominated factors that
influence the assumptions of the design which are the safety, serviceability and economy.
Firstly, to maintain safety means to ensure that the structure is not going to fail under the
applied loads and moments. Failing here means that the amount of loads exceeds the
capacity and resistance of the members. The responsibility for the design engineer is to select
the appropriate amount of reinforcement in each member with the appropriate dimensions
so that it has adequate capacity to resist the loadings. It is not accepted that one member in
a building fails since the whole structure may collapse later if the member is load bearing.
Secondly, the members of the frame have to do good performance in the short and long term.
Performance here means that there should be limited amount of deflections, vibrations and
cracks. Having large deflections or vibrations may not fail the structure but it can damage
the performance and convenience for the occupants and users of the facility in the future.
Those can be defined as the serviceability check which should be done after the design using
the service un-factored loads. The final part of the design parameters is the economy; the

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 good expert designer should create the lightest sections of the members that can save money
and be adequate to carry the loads at the same time. However, in reality sometimes it is
difficult to maintain the three parameters at the same time but with the more experience and
trials the design can be more tolerated.
10. Examples of Reinforced Concrete Structures
1. The world largest concrete Pour: Burj Khalifa inn Dubai
2. Trump international Tower in Chicago
3. The tallest concrete dam Grande Dixence in Switzerland
4. The CN Tower in Toronto

Figure 16: Grande Dixence Dam (Swizerland, Figure 14: Toronto CN Tower (Toronto, 2012)
Figure 15 : Burj Khalifa – Dubai (Tiqets,
2017)
2014)

11. Shear Walls

Recently, scientist found out that in high rise buildings wind load can have huge impact
on the stability of the frame. The wind and earthquake loading create sway deflection or
can cause vibration in some cases. Those impacts can be resisted using system of rigid
reinforced concrete vertical elements called shear walls. Usually, they are aligned with each
floor in the same direction and location
within the interior of the frame if the
exterior walls or columns don’t have
enough stiffness to resist the lateral loads.
The strength of the Shear wall is a
function of three variables: the solid wall,
the casing and the steel fasteners.
(Muhammad Abu Eusuf et al., 2012)
Figure 17: Shear wall system (blog, 2015)

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 Types of Shear walls
There are three forms of shear walls that were classified depending on their heights or
depth ratio: short, squat and cantilever. In most of times, the wall has openings that can
connect the ends of beams to the shear wall system so that they behave together as individual
part (Coupled Shear wall). (home, 2017) Figure 18 shows the three types of shear walls that
vary with the Height/Depth ratio while Figure 19 shows the concept behind the Coupled
shear wall with openings:

Figure 18 : Types of Shear walls (Home, 2017) Figure 19 : Coupled shear wall (Home, 2017)

 Location of shear wall

The position of shear wall on the plan of floor system impacts the its influence on
resisting lateral loads and maintaining structural stability. From a theoretical approach, it is
better to place the shear wall in the form of elevator at the centre half of each building.
However, this approach can damage the architectural shape of the building and mostly
doesn’t match with the architect imagination. Architects always look for big spaces in the
centre of building to give the interior a beautiful appearance. Thus, in practical way it is
preferable to build the shear wall like stairs at the ends without openings in each floor. This
can boost the ability of the wall to transfer the loads coming from other elements to the
foundation in a direction parallel to the plane. (simplified, 2017) Figure 20 shows how the
lateral loads are transferred through the shear wall to the foundation of the frame:

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 Figure 20: Load transfer in shear wall system (alleghenydesign, 2015)

12. Torsion
Loads on slabs and joist beam systems can create twisting force that tends to rotate
spandrel edge beams around its longitudinal axis. Thus, the design of edge beams is critical
and should consider the effects of torsion if the amount of torque moments is more than the
code specified limit of torsion (Threshold). Additional longitudinal steel should be added in
corners and sides of concrete beam sections. Also, the shear stirrups should be designed such
that can resist both the influence of shear and torsion. The bigger concrete section, the less
probability of torsional effects. In addition, torsion can be developed if the thickness of the slab
was not thick enough to transfer the load through the beams and column system.

Figure 21: Torsion (English, 2014)

Torsion in a beam is facilitated by a series of inclined cracks running roughly parallel

throughout the length of the member. The cracks basically form a spiral, running up one face
of the beam, across the top, down the other side, and back across the bottom to connect with

25 | P a g e
another crack on the first face. A torsion crack may appear similar to a shear crack. However,
in torsion, the crack on the far face will be at the opposite angle to that on the front face while
in shear the cracks on both faces will be at the same angle. (Society, 2018)

13. Live Load Reduction

In Reality, the live load distribution over the floor system is not uniform. The economic
considerations in structural design justify the needs to perform further reductions and factoring
for the live load distribution over the slab to account for the time variance effects of the load.
Reference to ACI318-14M, the live load should be reduced based on the influence tributary
area around each column supporting one or more floors. The influence multiplication factor
depends on the type of the structural members.

Figure 22 : Live Load Reduction Formula ( CIV 318 Course Slides )

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 Chapter 3: Loads Calculations
Table 1 shows the Live Load Values for all the building stories obtained from ASCE-
7-10 Chapter 4:

Live Load Values

( Rounded to the nearest largest figure for more conservative design)
Story Load (KPa)
1 5
2-5 3
6-19 2
Roof 1.5
Table 1 : Live Load Values

Table 2 shows the Super Dead Load Values for all the building stories obtained from
ASCE-7-10 Chapter 3:
Super Dead Load Calculations
Component Element SDL (KPa)
Ceiling Mechanical dwelt 0.19
Gypsum board +Fibre 0.058
Suspended plaster 0.48
Coverings, Roof and wall Fibre board 0.04
Insolation polystyrene 0.0004
Water proofing 0.26
Sand floor fill 0.015
Floor Finish (Residential and Ceramic 1.10
Gym)
Hardwood flooring (office) 0.19
Partitions Wood + steel 0.38
Frame wall Hollow concrete 1.58
Table 2: SDL Calculations

Calculation of SDL:
For story #1 (Gym) min = 0.19+0.058+0.48+1.10+0.38+1.58=3.788 (Assumed 4)
For story 2 to 5 (offices) min =0.19+0.058+0.48+0.19+0.38+1.58=2.878 (Assumed 3)
For story 6 to 19 (Residential) min = 0.19+0.058+0.48+1.10+0.38+1.58=3.788 (Assumed 4)
For roof (story 20) min = 0.19+0.058+0.48+0.04+0.0004+0.26+0.015+1.58= 2.623
(Assumed 3)

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 Chapter 4: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
This section represents some of the analysis of results got from ETABS software of the project
model. The results include deflected shapes under gravity and wind loads, stresses distribution
on the frame and wind displacement results.
1. Deflected shapes

Figure 23: Deflected shape under load comb 2 on Elevation A

Figure 24 : Deflected shape under load comb 3 on Elevation A

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 Figure 25: Deflected shape under Wind Load on Elevation A

Figure 26: Deflected shape under Wind Load on Elevation 1

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 2. Shear Diagram, Axial Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram

Figure 27 : Shear Force Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A

Figure 28 : Axial Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A

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 Figure 29 : Bending Moment Diagram for load comb 2 on Elevation A

Figure 30: Torsion Diagram for load comb 2 on Floor Plan of story 10

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 3. Story Drift Summary

Figure 31: Story Drift Summary Table

4. Wind Load Displacements Summary

Figure 33: Max Story Displacements due to wind Y

Figure 32: Max Story Displacements due to wind X

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4.2 Discussion of Results

1. Deflected shape
The overall appearance of the deflected shape for the model under the load combination
2 (Gravity loads) or load combination 3 (Governing Wind Combination) looks normal.
There was no abnormal behaviour of the building after running the analysis indicating that
the creation and modelling processes of the model were accurate. Shear walls provide
stability for the building against the wind loads, while most of the gravity loads are resisted
by the flat plate flooring system through the spandrel beams and columns. The thickness of
the slab was large enough to resist the gravity loads. Also, spandrel beams sections had
sufficient resistance to torsional effects. The system doesn’t include joists (Secondary
beams) which can increase the probability of beam twisting on the edges due to load
transferred by slab.
2. Story Drifts
Maximum story drifts under wind load was estimated to be equal to 0.0004. Reference
to the Canadian Code for the maximum story drift limits, 0.004 < story height / 500 which
means that the story displacements were accepted.
3. Stresses Diagrams

The shape of bending, shear and axial diagrams looks normal. For bending, it is
expected to have negative and positive moments continuously on each beam. Bending
moments due to gravity loads on slabs are distributed between the column strips around
interior columns and middle strips. Shear forces increases downward the buildings as the
amount of cumulative lateral loads rises up.

33 | P a g e
 Chapter 5: DESIGN OF FRAME ELEMENTS
5.1 Design of Edge Beams
This section includes the manual design calculations of Exterior Edge beam (EF-1) for flexure
and shear in different selected sections:
Design of Edge Beam (EF-1) in story 1 Using Trial and Error Method
 Finding Effective Flange width
According to ACI318-14M section 8.12, the effective flange width for Edge beam (L-shape)
with flanges on one side of the web is limited to the lesser of:
1. One twelfth of the beam span = (1/12) X6000= 500 mm
2. The web width plus six times the slab thickness = 350+6X250= 1850 mm
3. One half the clear distance to the adjacent web = 3000 mm
So bf = 500 mm
 Design of Bottom Steel

Assume #19 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 19.1/2 = 600.45 mm

56.22
∅𝑀𝑛 = 56.22 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 62.47 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 600.45 ) = 540.405 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 600.45 − = 475.45 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 540.405 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 62.47 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 275.23 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥540.405

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 275.23 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 3399.9 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚𝑋500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

3399.9
𝑎= = 6.8 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 6.8
𝑧=𝑑− = 600.45 − = 597.05 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 62.47 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 249.12 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥597.05

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 249.12 𝑋420

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 𝐴𝑐 = 3077.365 𝑚𝑚2

3077.365
𝑎= = 6.155 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 6.155
𝑧=𝑑− = 600.45 − = 597.37
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 6.155
𝑐= = = 8.099 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
600.45 − 8.009
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.22 > 0.005
8.009
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

Figure 34: Values of beta from Table 22.2.2.4.3 from ACI-31814M

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 249.12 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 2 bars #13
As (required) = 258 mm2

 Design of Top Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 19.1/2 = 600.45 mm

114.43
∅𝑀𝑛 = 112.43 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 127.14 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 600.45 ) = 487.701 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 600.45 − = 475.45 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 487.701 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 127.14 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 620.7 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥487.701

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 620.7 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 7667.47 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚𝑋500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

35 | P a g e
 7667.47
𝑎= = 15.33 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 15.33
𝑧=𝑑− = 600.45 − = 592.785 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 127.14𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 510.66 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥592.785

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 510.66 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 6308.15 𝑚𝑚2

6308.15
𝑎= = 12.616 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 12.616
𝑧=𝑑− = 600.45 − = 594.142 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 127.14𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 509.498 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥594.142

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 509.598 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 6293.801 𝑚𝑚2

6293.801
𝑎= = 12.588𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 12.588
𝑧=𝑑− = 600.45 − = 594.156 𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 12.588
𝑐= = = 16.563 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
600.45 − 16.563
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.106 > 0.005
16.563
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct
𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 509.498 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 4 bars #13
As (required) = 516 mm2

36 | P a g e
  Design of shear reinforcement
Assume #10 stirrups
d = 600.45 mm
600.45 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 = 122.482 − ( ) 𝑋 23.83 = 108.173 𝐾𝑁
1000 𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 = 165.42 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐵𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 11.4.6.1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑐 165.42
∅ = = 82.71 𝐾𝑁 < 108.173 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
2 2
108.173−165.42
∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠 , 𝑉𝑠 = = −86.996 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
0.75

Section 11.4.6.3 from ACI318 code specifies minimum amount of shear reinforcement

Figure 35 : Minimum Shear Reinforcement required for beams

2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 608.38 𝑚𝑚
0.062𝑋√40 𝑋250
2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 681.6 𝑚𝑚
0.35𝑋250
Maximum spacing
S= d/2 = 600.45/2 = 300.225 mm or s= 600 mm
So Use double legged stirrups #10 @310 mm
 Cross section of Beam EF-1 in story 1

Figure 36 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in Level 1

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Design of Edge beam (EF-1) in story 4 Using Trial and Error Method
 Finding Effective Flange width
According to ACI318-14M section 8.12, the effective flange width for Edge beam (L-shape)
with flanges on one side of the web is limited to the lesser of:
4. One twelfth of the beam span = (1/12) X6000= 500 mm
5. The web width plus six times the slab thickness = 350+6X250= 1850 mm
6. One half the clear distance to the adjacent web = 3000 mm
So bf = 500 mm
 Design of Bottom Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.9/2 = 602.1 mm

45.63
∅𝑀𝑛 = 45.63 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 50.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 50.7 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 222.77 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 222.77 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2751.86 𝑚𝑚2 < 25 0𝑚𝑚 𝑋 500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

2751.86
𝑎= = 5.504 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 5.504
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 599.35 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 50.7 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 201.41 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥599.35

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 201.41 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2488 𝑚𝑚2

2488
𝑎= = 4.976 𝑚𝑚
500

38 | P a g e
 𝑎 4.976
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 599.612
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 4.976
𝑐= = = 6.55 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 6.55
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.27 > 0.005
6.55
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 201.41 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 2 bars #13
As (required) = 258 mm2

 Design of Top Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.8/2 = 602.1 mm

91.26
∅𝑀𝑛 = 91.26 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 101.4 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 101.4 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 445.53 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 445.53 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 5503.6 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚𝑋500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

5503.6
𝑎= = 11.01 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 11.01
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 596.595 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

39 | P a g e
 𝑀𝑛 101.4 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 404.68 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥596.595

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 404.68 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 4998.99 𝑚𝑚2

4998.99
𝑎= = 9.998 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 9.998
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 597.101 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 101.4 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 404.335 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥597.101

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 404.335 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 4994.73 𝑚𝑚2

4994.73
𝑎= = 9.99 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 9.99
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 597.105 𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 9.99
𝑐= = = 13.14 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 13.14
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.134 > 0.005
13.14
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 404.335 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 4 bars #13
As (required) = 516 mm2

40 | P a g e
  Design of shear reinforcement
Assume #10 stirrups
d = 602.1 mm
602.1 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 = 99.86 − ( ) 𝑋 16.33 = 90.03 𝐾𝑁
1000 𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 = 165.42 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐵𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 11.4.6.1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑐 165.42
∅ = = 82.71 𝐾𝑁 < 90.03 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
2 2
90.03−165.42
∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠 , 𝑉𝑠 = = −100.52 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
0.75

Section 11.4.6.3 from ACI318 code specifies minimum amount of shear reinforcement

2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 608.38 𝑚𝑚
0.062𝑋√40 𝑋250

2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 681.6 𝑚𝑚
0.35𝑋250

Maximum spacing

S= d/2 = 602.1/2 = 301.05 mm or s= 600 mm

So Use double legged stirrups #10 @310 mm

 Cross section of Beam EF-1 in story 4

Figure 37 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in level 4

41 | P a g e
Design of Edge beam (EF-1) in story 10 Using Trial and Error Method
 Finding Effective Flange width
According to ACI318-14M section 8.12, the effective flange width for Edge beam (L-shape)
with flanges on one side of the web is limited to the lesser of:
1. One twelfth of the beam span = (1/12) X6000= 500 mm
2. The web width plus six times the slab thickness = 350+6X250= 1850 mm
3. One half the clear distance to the adjacent web = 3000 mm
So bf = 500 mm
 Design of Bottom Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.9/2 = 602.1 mm

48.65
∅𝑀𝑛 = 48.65 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 54.06 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 54.06 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 237.528𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 237.528 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2934.17 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚 𝑋 500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

2934.17
𝑎= = 5.868 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 5.868
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 599.166 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 54.06𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 214.822 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥599.166

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 214.822 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2653.68 𝑚𝑚2

2653.68
𝑎= = 5.307 𝑚𝑚
500

42 | P a g e
 𝑎 5.307
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 599.45
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 5.307
𝑐= = = 6.98 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 6.98
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.26 > 0.005
6.98
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 214.822 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 2 bars #13
As (required) = 258 mm2

 Design of Top Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.8/2 = 602.1 mm

97.30
∅𝑀𝑛 = 97.30 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 108.11 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 108.11 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 475.01 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 475.01 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 5867.77 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚𝑋500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

5867.77
𝑎= = 11.7355 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 11.7355
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 596.232 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

43 | P a g e
 𝑀𝑛 108.11 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 431.719 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥596.232

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 431.719 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 5333.001 𝑚𝑚2

5333.001
𝑎= = 10.666 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 10.666
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 596.767
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 10.666
𝑐= = = 14.034 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 14.034
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.126 > 0.005
14.034
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 431.719 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 4 bars #13
As (required) = 516 mm2

 Design of shear reinforcement

Assume #10 stirrups
d = 602.1 mm
602.1 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 = 97.41 − ( ) 𝑋 16.33 = 87.58 𝐾𝑁
1000 𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 = 165.42 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐵𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 11.4.6.1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑐 165.42
∅ = = 82.71 𝐾𝑁 < 87.58 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
2 2
87.58−165.42
∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠 , 𝑉𝑠 = = −103.787 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
0.75

Section 11.4.6.3 from ACI318 code specifies minimum amount of shear reinforcement

44 | P a g e
 2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 608.38 𝑚𝑚
0.062𝑋√40 𝑋250

2𝑋71𝑋420
𝑠= = 681.6 𝑚𝑚
0.35𝑋250

Maximum spacing

S= d/2 = 602.1/2 = 301.05 mm or s= 600 mm

So Use double legged stirrups #10 @310 mm

 Cross section of Beam EF-1 in story 10

Figure 38 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in level 10

45 | P a g e
Design of Edge beam (EF-1) in Roof Level Using Trial and Error Method
 Finding Effective Flange width
According to ACI318-14M section 8.12, the effective flange width for Edge beam (L-shape)
with flanges on one side of the web is limited to the lesser of:
1. One twelfth of the beam span = (1/12) X6000= 500 mm
2. The web width plus six times the slab thickness = 350+6X250= 1850 mm
3. One half the clear distance to the adjacent web = 3000 mm
So bf = 500 mm
 Design of Bottom Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.9/2 = 602.1 mm

41.722
∅𝑀𝑛 = 41.722 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 46.358 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 41.722 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 183.318 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 183.318 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2264.514 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚 𝑋 500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

2264.514
𝑎= = 4.529 𝑚𝑚
500

𝑎 4.529
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 599.8355 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 41.722𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 165.61 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥599.8355

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 165.61 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 2045.77 𝑚𝑚2

2045.77
𝑎= = 4.092 𝑚𝑚
500

46 | P a g e
 𝑎 4.092
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 600.054
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 4.092
𝑐= = = 5.384 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 5.384
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.33 > 0.005
5.384
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct
𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 165.61 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 2 bars #13
As (required) = 258 mm2
 Design of Top Steel

Assume #16 bars, d = 650 – 40 – 15.8/2 = 602.1 mm

83.44
∅𝑀𝑛 = 8.44 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑀𝑛 = = 92.71 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9)
0.9

250
𝑧 = 0.9 𝑋 ( 602.1 ) = 541.89 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 602.1 − = 477.1 𝑚𝑚
2

Z is the larger so it is equal to 541.89 mm

Estimation of the required steel

𝑀𝑛 92.71 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 407.349 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥541.89

0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 407.349 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 5031.958 𝑚𝑚2 < 250𝑚𝑚𝑋500 ( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) 𝑆𝑜 𝑁. 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

5031.958
𝑎= = 10.064 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 10.064
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 597.068 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
2 2

𝑀𝑛 92.71 𝑋106
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 369.703 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑧 420𝑥597.068

47 | P a g e
 0.85 𝑋 40 𝑋 𝐴𝑐 = 431.719 𝑋420

𝐴𝑐 = 5332.999 𝑚𝑚2

5332.999
𝑎= = 10.66599 𝑚𝑚
500
𝑎 10.666
𝑧=𝑑− = 602.1 − = 596.767
2 2

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (𝛆𝐭)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (∅)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 22.2.2.4.3 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.76
7
𝑎 10.666
𝑐= = = 14.034 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.76
602.1 − 14.034
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝑋0.003 = 0.126 > 0.005
14.034
The section is ductile and the assumption is correct

𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 396.703 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 4 bars #13
As (required) = 516 mm2

 Design of shear reinforcement

Assume #10 stirrups
d = 602.1 mm
602.1 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 = 84.88 − ( ) 𝑋 12.58 = 77.306 𝐾𝑁
1000 𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 = 165.42 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐵𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 11.4.6.1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑐 165.42
∅ = = 82.71 𝐾𝑁
2 2
> 77.306 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)

48 | P a g e
  Cross section of Beam EF-1 in Roof Level

Figure 39 : Cross section of Beam EF-1 in Roof Level

49 | P a g e
5.2 Design of Columns
This section contains the flexural and shear design of interior column 6E and exterior column
8F in different selected sections:
Design of Interior Column 6E in story 1

 Check the slenderness ratio of the column

According to section 6.2.5 from ACI318-14

Lu = 4000 mm

r= 0.3X 800 = 240 mm

Assume K=1 (More conservative)

𝑘𝑙𝑢 1𝑥4000
= = 16.67 ≤ 40
𝑟 240
Figure 40 : Slenderness ration limit for non-sway
12.27 klu condition
34 + 12 (14.47) = 44.18 > r

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 10 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 −

𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Important
The entire frame is braced by shear walls. It is reasonable to assume that story 1 is non-sway
against sideway deflection and there is no need to calculate the stability index.

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =5291.2 KN (from ETABS model)

Mu = 12.27 KN.m (From ETABS model)

Note
The design of short column in ETABS was based on the load combination 10 as a
governing comb.
The value of bending moment is small in relative to the value of axial loading.
Therefore, this column can be assumed to be designed as pure axial column with the
consideration of moment increment

For tied columns , 𝜙 = 0.65 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 0.80 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14 𝑀 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 10

50 | P a g e
 Figure 41 : Eq.10-1 from ACI318-14M for the Design Pure Axial Load Capacity Columns

Assume 𝜌 = 0.03
5300000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.03𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.03𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 155713 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 500 mm x 350 mm. Ag = 175000 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
5300000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (175000 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 3600 𝑚𝑚2
Use 6 #29 bars, As = 3870 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 28.7 = 460 mm
- Least column dimension = 350 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 350 mm spacing

ACI code requirements

 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (400 – 2X28.7) = 342.6 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #29 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 350 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)

51 | P a g e
 Cross section of column 6E

Figure 42 : Cross section of Column 6E in Level 1

52 | P a g e
Design of Exterior Column 8F in story 1
 Check for slenderness of column
According to section 6.2.5 from ACI318-14M
Lu = 4000 mm
𝑟 = 0.3𝑋550 = 165 𝑚𝑚 Figure 43: Stiffness ratio for calculating of effective length
Calculation of Effective length factor from Tables: factor

Figure 44: Calculation of the effective length factor from Table

Assume flexible Elastic Joints, so K can be taken as 0.86

𝑘𝑙𝑢 0.86𝑥4000
= = 20.85 ≤ 22
𝑟 165

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Important
The design of short column in ETABS was based on the load combination 1 as a
governing comb.
The value of bending moment is small in relative to the value of axial loading.
Therefore, this column can be assumed to be designed as pure axial column with the
consideration of moment increment
Assume Pu = 5900 KN
Pu =5638.27 KN (from ETABS model)
Mu = 175.82 KN.m (From ETABS model)

53 | P a g e
Assume 𝜌 = 0.03
5900000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.03𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.03𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 173340 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 550 mm x 350 mm. Ag = 192500 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
5900000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (192500 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 4136 𝑚2
Use 6 #32 bars, As = 4914 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 32.3 = 516.8 mm
- Least column dimension = 350 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 350mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (450 – 2X32.3) = 385.4 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #19 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 250 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)
 Cross section of column 8F in story 1

Figure 45: Cross section of Column 8F in level 1

54 | P a g e
Design of Interior Column 6E in story 7

 Calculation of stability index (Q) under load combination 2 to check for sway
condition

Σ𝑃𝑢 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 7 = 268534 𝐾𝑁

Figure 46:Stability Index

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 1 𝐾𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

Δ𝜊 = 0.049 𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑠 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑦)

𝑙𝑐 = 3500 𝑚𝑚

268534𝑥103 𝑥 0.049
𝑄= = 0.29 > 0.05 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 7 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
13000𝑋3500

 Check the slenderness ratio of the column

According to section 6.2.5 from ACI318-14

Lu = 3500 mm

r= 0.3X 800 = 240 mm

For sway condition, assume K=1.2 (Minimum)

𝑘𝑙𝑢 1.2𝑥3500 Figure 47:Slenderness ratio limit for sway condition

= 240 = 17.5 ≤ 22 (The column is
𝑟
non-slender)

Magnification of moment is not required

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =3652.24 KN (from ETABS model)

Mu = 40 KN.m (From ETABS model)

Important
The design of short column in ETABS was based on the load combination 10 as a
governing comb.

55 | P a g e
 Assume 𝜌 = 0.02
3700000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.02𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.02𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 142166 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 500 mm x 300 mm. Ag = 150000 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
3700000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (150000 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 1961 𝑚𝑚2
Use 6 #22 bars, As = 2322 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 22.2 = 356 mm
- Least column dimension = 300 mm
Use #10 ties at 300 mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (200 – 2X22.2) = 155.6 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #22 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 300 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)

 Cross section of column 6E in story 7

Figure 48: Cross section of Column 6E in level 7

56 | P a g e
Design of Exterior Column 8F in story 7
 Check for slenderness of column
According to section 6.2.5 from ACI318-14M
Lu = 3500 mm
𝑟 = 0.3𝑋550 = 165 𝑚𝑚
Calculation of Effective length factor from Tables:
Assume flexible Elastic Joints, so K can be taken as 0.86
𝑘𝑙𝑢 0.86𝑥3500
= = 18.24 ≤ 22
𝑟 165
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects
Pu =2500 KN (from ETABS model)
Mu = 19.38 KN.m (From ETABS model)

Assume 𝜌 = 0.02
2550000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.02𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.02𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 84836 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 350 mm x 250 mm. Ag = 87500 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
2550000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (87500 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 1549𝑚𝑚2
Use 6 #19 bars, As = 1704 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 19.1 = 305.6 mm
- Least column dimension = 250 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 250mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (200 – 2X19.1) = 161.8 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #19 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 250 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)

57 | P a g e
 Cross section of column 8F in story 7

Figure 49: Cross section of Column 8F in level 7

58 | P a g e
Design of Interior Column 6E in story 12

 Check the slenderness ratio of the column

According to section 6.2.5 from ACI318-14

Lu = 3500 mm

r= 0.3X 800 = 240 mm

Assume K=1 (More conservative)

𝑘𝑙𝑢 1𝑥3500
= = 14.58 ≤ 40
𝑟 240

50.41 klu
34 + 12 ( ) = 44.94 >
50.68 r
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 10 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛
− 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =2292.7 KN (from ETABS model)

Mu = 50.41 KN.m (From ETABS model)
Assume 𝜌 = 0.02
2350000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.02𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.02𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 78182 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 300 mm x 300 mm. Ag = 90000 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
2350000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (90000 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 907 𝑚𝑚2
Use 6 #16 bars, As = 1194 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 15.9 = 254.4 mm
- Least column dimension = 300 mm
Use #10 ties at 260 mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (200 – 2X15.9) = 168.2 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #16 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)

59 | P a g e
  Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 300 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)

 Cross section of column 6E in story 12

Figure 50:Cross section of Column 6E in Level 12

60 | P a g e
Design of Exterior Column 8F in story 12

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =1595 KN (from ETABS model)
Mu = 17.04 KN.m (From ETABS model)

Assume 𝜌 = 0.02
1600000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.02𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.02𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 53230 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 300 mm x 200 mm. Ag = 60000 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
1600000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (60000 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = 689 𝑚𝑚2
Use 6 #13 bars, As = 774 mm^2
Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 12.7 = 203.2 mm
- Least column dimension = 200 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 200mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (200 – 2X12.7) = 174.6 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #13 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Practical minimum column dimension = 200 mm > 200-250 mm. (OK)

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Cross section of column 8F in story 12

Figure 51 : Cross section of Column 8F in Level 12

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 Design of Interior Column 6E in story 20 (Roof Level)

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =204.4 KN (from ETABS model)

Mu = 100 KN.m (From ETABS model)
Assume 𝜌 = 0.01
350000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.01𝐴𝑔) + 420𝑥(0.01𝐴𝑔)
𝐴𝑔 = 13421 𝑚𝑚2
Try Column size 200 mm x 100 mm. Ag = 20000 mm^2
Selecting the longitudinal bars
350000 = 0.65𝑥0.8 ( 0.85 𝑥 50 𝑥 (20000 − 𝐴𝑠) + 420𝑥(𝐴𝑠))
𝐴𝑠 = −231.21 𝑚𝑚2

Important
This column is in the roof level which it has very small amount of axial load. Since the gross
sectional area is small, a suitable value of reinforcement ratio of 1% can be assumed from a gross
sectional are of (200X100) mm.
Required steel = 0.01X(200X100) = 200 mm2
(Select 4#10 bars) As= 284 mm2

Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 9.5 = 152 mm
- Least column dimension = 100 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 100 mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (100 – 1X9.5) = 90.5 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #10 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)

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 Cross section of column 6E in story 20

Figure 52 : Cross section of Column 6E in Roof Level

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 Design of Exterior Column 8F in story 20 (Roof Level)

 Design of short column under combined axial and bending effects

Pu =154.27 KN (from ETABS model)
Mu = 22.32 KN.m (From ETABS model)

Important
This column is in the roof level which it has very small amount of axial load. Since the gross
sectional area is small, a suitable value of reinforcement ratio of 1% can be assumed from a gross
sectional are of (200X100) mm.
Required steel = 0.01X(200X100) = 200 mm2
(Select 4#10 bars) As= 284 mm2

Design of Ties
According to ACI318-14M section
- 48Xbar dia = 48x9.5= 456 mm
- 16X Longitudinal bar dia = 16 x 9.5 = 152 mm
- Least column dimension = 100 mm
Use double legged #10 ties at 100 mm spacing
ACI code requirements
 Longitudinal bar clear spacing = (100 – 1X9.5) = 90.5 mm > 25mm or db
(ACI section 7.6.1)
 Minimum size of tie for #10 is #10 and #10 is used. (OK)
(ACI section 7.10.5.1)
 Min Number of bars = 4 (for tied columns). (OK)
(ACI section 10.9.2)
 Cross section of column 8F in story 20

Figure 53 : Cross section of Column 8F in Roof Level

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 5.3 Design of Two-way Flat Slabs
This section includes the manual design calculation of Two-way flat slab system in different
selected levels. The design is based on the direct method:
Design of Interior Panel (EF67) in story 1 Using Direct Design Method

Verification of the Flat slab satisfying ACI-318-14M section 8.10.2

 8.10.2.1: There are four continuous spans in each direction OK
 8.10.2.2: In Long direction difference between succeeding spans = 6.5-5.5 = 1 < (1/3X6.5)
OK
In short direction difference between spans = 6-4.5=1.5 < (1/3 X6) OK
 8.10.2.3: Rectangular Panels (L/B) = 6/6 = 1 < 2 OK
 8.10.2.4: There is no column offset (Columns are aligned with the x-axis and y-axis) OK
 8.10.2.5: All Loads are uniformly distributed loads due gravity on all the spans OK
 8.10.2.6: Live Load/Dead Load = 5/4 = 1.25 < 2 (Service Live Load doesn’t exceed double
times of service dead load) OK

Minimum Slab thickness for deflection control according to section 8.3.1.1 of ACI318-14M
According to table 8.3.1.1 from ACI318-14, for flat plate and fy = 420 MPa (with edge beams)
𝑙𝑢 6500−500
Hmin = 33 = = 181.81 𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 250 𝑚𝑚
33

Column strips and Middle strips distribution on the Flat Plate

Important Note
Because of the differences in the dimensions of spans in Long and short direction of the
Plate, all the calculations of column strip and Middle strips were done on an approximate
basis. For example, the column strips of Long direction in the middle part at top and
bottom of the plate have a width of 1.125 m while other column strips have a width of
1.375 m. It is very difficult to assign uniform width for the column and Middle strips
because the span lengths are different.

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1. Long Direction
Figure 55 shows the column strip distribution in the East-West direction:

Figure 54 : Column strips distribution in Long direction

2. Short direction

Figure 56 shows the column strip distribution in the North-South direction:

3.
Figure 55 : Column strip distribution in Short direction

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 Total static Moment

Important Note
Because of the differences in the dimensions Exterior and Interior columns, Calculation of
total static moment was based on the assumption that the column size is uniform and is
approximately equals to 400X400 mm.
𝑙2 : the perpendicular distance to the direction of the moment distribution was taken on an
average assumption of 5.5 m because of the differences in the span lengths.

𝑤𝑑 = 4 + 0.25𝑋24 = 10 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑋10 + 1.6𝑋5 = 20 𝐾𝑃𝑎
20𝑋5.5𝑋5.72
𝑀𝑜(𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔) = = 446.74 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
20𝑋6𝑋5.552
𝑀𝑜(𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = = 462.04 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
Distributing the moment of column and middle strip
Assume bars #19 reinforcement
According to ACI318-14 table 20.6.1.3.1, Specified cover = 20 mm for slabs
19.1
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔) = 250 − 20 − = 220.45 𝑚𝑚
2
19.1
𝑑(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 250 − 20 − 19.1 − = 201.35 𝑚𝑚
2
220.45+201.35
𝑑(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = = 210.9 𝑚𝑚
2

Figure 56: Cross section of the Flat Slab

Figure 57 : Specified Concrete Cover Requirements

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Design of Internal Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 446.74 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋446.74 = 156.36 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋446.74 = 290.38 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.5 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.6
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.1 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.75

Figure 58: Table 8.10.5.5 for Portion of positive moment in column strip

Figure 59 : Table 8.10.5.1 for portion of interior negative moment in column strip

Column Strip Middle Strip

Long Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
75 60 25 40
Moment Distribution (%)
217.79 93.82 72.6 62.54
Mu (KN.m)
2250 2250 3750 3750
Width of strip (b) (mm)
210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Effective Depth (d) (mm)
2.41 1.04 0.81 0.69
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2)
0.5957 0.25 0.195 0.166
𝜌 (%)
2827 1194 1544 1313
As (mm2)
1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg)
10#19 5#19 6#19 6#19
#bars
226.04 450 450 450
Spacing < 450 mm

Table 3: Design of Interior Panel EF67 in story 1 in Long direction

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 Figure 60 : Table 8.6.1.1 for minimum reinforcement required for slabs

Figure 61 : ASTM standard reinforcement bar sizes

Design of Internal Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E

Important Note
# bars = Area of steel / Area of one bar
Spacing = width of strip/# of bars

𝑀𝑜 = 462.04 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋462.04 = 161.71 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋462.04 =

300.33 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

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 Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 225.25 97.03 75.08 64.68
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 2.5 1.08 0.83 0.72
𝜌 (%) 0.62 0.26 0.2 0.17
As (mm2) 2938 1237 953.63 820
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 11#19 5#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 217.5 450 450 450
Table 4:Design of Interior Panel EF67 in story 1 in Short direction

Drawings:

Figure 62 : Cross section of slab showing the reinforcement in column strip for interior panel in level 1

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Design of Exterior Panel (EF78) in story 1 Using Direct Design Method

Design of Exterior Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E

𝑀𝑜 = 446.74 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋446.74 = 223.37 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋446.74 = 312.72 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋446.74 = 134.02 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Figure 63: Distribution of static moment on Exterior Panel

Figure 64 : Table 8.10.5.1 for portion of interior negative moment in column strip

Figure 65 : Table 13-5 from Textbook of Reinforced Concrete Design for distribution factors of
Exterior Negative Moment to Column strips (Jack C. McCORMAC, 2014)

Figure 66: Table 13-4 from Textbook of Reinforced Concrete Design for distribution factors of Midspan Positive moments to Column Strips
(Jack C. McCORMAC, 2014)

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 For the exterior negative portion on column strips, calculation of
𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
 Calculation of 𝜶
Calculation of the centroid
100000𝑋(125) + 140000𝑋(200)
𝑦= = 168.75 𝑚𝑚
240000
1 1
𝑰(𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎) = ( ) X(400)x(250)3 + (100000)𝑋(43.75)2 + ( ) 𝑋(350𝑋4003 )
12 12
+ (140000)𝑋(281.25)2 = 1.37𝑥1010 𝑚𝑚4
1
𝑰 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ( ) X(5000)X(250)3 = 6.51 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑏
𝛼 = = 2.1
𝐼𝑠
By interpolation from table 13-4
2−1 2 − 1.2
= , 𝑥 = 69 ( 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
45 − 75 45 − 𝑥
 Similarly, for interior negative, The portion by interpolation from Table 8.10.5.1 from ACI318 = 69
 For Exterior negative and for 𝛼 > 1 , 𝛽 =
0 , 100 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

Column Strip Middle Strip

Long Direction Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior
Moment Distribution (%) 69 100 69 31 31
Mu (KN.m) 215.78 134.02 154.13 96.94 69.24
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 2.4 1.49 1.7 0.89 0.63
𝜌 (%) 0.6 0.36 0.42 0.21 0.15
As (mm2) 2809 1720 1985 1232 877
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1237.5 1237.5
#bars 10#19 7#19 7#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 227.45 372 322 450 450
Table 5: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in story 1 in Long direction

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 Design of Exterior Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
 Calculation of Torsional stiffness ratio 𝜷𝒕
𝐶
𝛽𝑡 = 2𝐼𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = 6.51𝑥109 𝑚𝑚4
250 2503 𝑋400
𝐶 = ((1 − 0.63𝑋 )𝑋 ) = 1.523𝑋109 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 1 )
400 3

350 3503 𝑋650 Figure 67 : Torsional Constant Equation

𝐶 = ((1 − 0.63𝑋 )𝑋 ) = 6.138𝑋109 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
650 3
350 3503 𝑋400
𝐶 = ((1 − 0.63𝑋 )𝑋 ) = 2.565𝑋109 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 3 )
400 3
50 503 𝑋250
𝐶 = ((1 − 0.63𝑋 )𝑋 ) = 9.1𝑋106 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 4 )
250 3
6.138𝑋109
𝛽𝑡 = 9
= 0.47
2𝑋 (6.51𝑥10 )
Using interpolation, from table 13-5 in textbook
100−75 0−2.5
100−𝑥
= 0−0.47
, 𝑥 = 95.3 % 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑀𝑜 = 462.04 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋462.04 = 231.02 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋462.04 = 323.43 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋462.04 = 138.612 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Column Strip Middle Strip

Short Direction Negative Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
Moment Distribution (%) 75 95.3 60 25 4.7 40
Mu (KN.m) 242.57 132.09 138.612 80.86 6.52 92.408
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 2.69 1.47 1.54 0.73 0.06 0.84
𝜌 (%) 0.67 0.36 0.375 0.18 0.014 0.2
As (mm2) 3174 1694 1780 1025 81.86 1174
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1237.5 1237.5 1237.5
#bars 11#19 6#19 7#19 5#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 201.33 377 359 450 450 450
Table 6: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in level 1

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Drawings:

Figure 68 : Cross section showing reinforcement in column strips for exterior panel in level 1

One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of interior column F7 in the x-direction and
y-direction along grid line 7 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume #19 bars
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 250 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚 − 19.1 = 210.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑢 = 20 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Along X-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.4 – 0.2109) X (5.5) = 13.14 m2
𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( 13.14) = 262.8 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.225 – 0.2109) X (6) = 15.23 m2
𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( 15.23) = 304.6 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋5500𝑋210.9 = 935.36 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear

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 Figure 69: One way shear check for column F7 in level 1

 Punching Shear check

Transfer of moment by shear and flexure

𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( (6𝑋5.5) − ( 1.01 𝑋 0.66 )) = 646.668 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.8+0.2109) + 2X (0.45 + 0.2109) = 3343.6 mm
𝑉𝑢 646.668𝑋103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.917 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 3343.6 𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + (3) 𝑋√660.9/1010.9 Figure 70: Game factor Equation

𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
660.9𝑋210.93 210.9𝑋660.93 660.9 2
𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑋 ( + ) + 2𝑋(1010.9𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( )
12 12 2
= 5.77𝑋1010

Figure 71 : Moment transferred by slab to column

𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((12 + 0.5𝑋8)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 69.3 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

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 Figure 72 : Total shear stress on Column by slab

0.35𝑋(69.3𝑋106 )𝑋(610.9)
𝑣 = 0.917 + = 1.174 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5.77𝑋1010
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 40
800
𝛽= = 1.78
450
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.78
Equ.2
40𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.14
3156.4
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the interior column

Figure 73 : Punching shear check for column F7 in level 1

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One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of Exterior column F8 in the x-direction
and y-direction along grid line 8 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume the slab covers the column completely

Tributary Area = (3 – 0.25 – 0.2109) X (2.5) = 6.35 m2
𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( 6.35) = 127 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋2500𝑋210.9 = 425.16 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (2.5 – 0.175 – 0.2109) X (6) = 12.68 m2
𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( 12.68) = 253.6 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear
 Punching Shear check

Transfer of moment by shear and flexure

𝑉𝑢 = 20 𝑋 ( (6𝑋2.5) − ( 0.7109 𝑋 0.5609 )) = 292.025 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.35+0.105) + (0.5 + 0.2109) = 1620.9 mm
𝑉𝑢 292.025𝑥103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.854 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 1620.9𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + (3) 𝑋√455.45/710.9
𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
Assume the axis of rotation is parallel to the edge
(210.9𝑋455.45𝑋355.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9𝑋455.45)
CAB = (210.9𝑋455.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9)
= 555.2 mm
455.45𝑥210.93 210.9𝑋455.453 455.45
𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑥 (( + ) + (455.45𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( − 555.22 ))
12 12 2
+ 710.9𝑋210.9𝑋555.22 = 1.09𝑋1011
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((12 + 0.5𝑋8)𝑋5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 69.3 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
0.35𝑋(69.3𝑋106 )𝑋(555.2)
𝑣 = 0.854 + = 0.978 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.09𝑥1011
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 30
500
𝛽= = 1.43
350
Equ.1

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 2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.43
Equ.2
30𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.74
1528.1
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the exterior column

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Design of Interior Panel (EF67) in story 4 Using Direct Design Method

Total static Moment

𝑤𝑑 = 3 + 0.25𝑋24 = 9 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑋9 + 1.6𝑋3 = 15.6 𝐾𝑃𝑎
15.6𝑋5.5𝑋5.72
𝑀𝑜(𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔) = = 348.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
15.6𝑋6𝑋5.552
𝑀𝑜(𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = = 360.39 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
Distributing the moment of column and middle strip
19.1
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔) = 250 − 20 − = 220.45 𝑚𝑚
2
19.1
𝑑(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 250 − 20 − 19.1 − 2 = 201.35 𝑚𝑚
Design of Internal Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 348.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋348.46 = 121.961 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋348.46 =
226.499 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.5 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.6
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.1 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.7
Column Strip Middle Strip
Long Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 169.87 73.18 56.62 48.78
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.89 0.81 0.38 0.32
𝜌 (%) 0.46 0.2 0.1 0.08
As (mm2) 2192 929 714 615
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 8#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 292 450 450 450
Table 7 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in level 4 in Long direction

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Design of Internal Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 360.39 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋360.39 = 126.14 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋360.39 = 234.25 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 175.69 75.684 58.56 50.456
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.95 0.84 0.39 0.34
𝜌 (%) 0.48 0.2 0.09 0.08
As (mm2) 2271 961.4 739 636
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 8#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 281.38 450 450 450
Table 8 Design of Interior Panel EF67 in level 4 in Short direction

Drawings:

Figure 74 : Cross section of slab showing reinforcement in column strips for interior panel in level 4

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Design of Exterior Panel (EF78) in story 4 Using Direct Design Method

Design of Exterior Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E

𝑀𝑜 = 348.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋348.46 = 174.23 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋348.46 = 243.92 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋348.46 = 104.54 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Long Direction Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior
Moment Distribution (%) 69 100 69 31 31
Mu (KN.m) 168.3 104.54 120.22 75.62 54.01
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.87 1.16 1.33 0.69 0.49
𝜌 (%) 0.46 0.28 0.32 0.17 0.12
As (mm2) 2173 1334.5 1539 958.35 682.45
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1237.5 1237.5
#bars 8#19 5#19 6#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 294.12 450 415.25 450 450
Table 9 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Level 4

Design of Exterior Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E

𝑀𝑜 = 360.39 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋360.39 = 180.195 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋360.39 = 252.273 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋360.39 = 108.117 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction Negative Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
Moment Distribution (%) 75 95.3 60 25 4.7 40
Mu (KN.m) 189.2 103.04 108.117 63.073 4.99 72.078
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 2.1 1.14 1.2 0.57 0.043 0.65
𝜌 (%) 0.52 0.28 0.29 0.14 0.01 0.16
As (mm2) 2451.53 1315 1381 798 59 913
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1238 1238 1238
#bars 9#19 5#19 5#19 5#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 260.65 450 450 450 450 450
Table 10 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Level 4

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Drawings:

Figure 75 : Cross section of slab showing reinforcement in column strips for exterior panel in level 4

One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of interior column F7 in the x-

direction and y-direction along grid line 7 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume #19 bars
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 250 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚 − 19.1 = 210.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑢 = 15.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Along X-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.4 – 0.2109) X (5.5) = 13.14 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( 13.14) = 204.984 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.225 – 0.2109) X (6) = 15.23 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( 15.23) = 237.59 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋5500𝑋210.9 = 935.36 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear

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Punching Shear check
Transfer of moment by shear and flexure
𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( (6𝑋5.5) − ( 1.01 𝑋 0.66 )) = 504.4 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.8+0.2109) + 2X (0.45 + 0.2109) = 3343.6 mm
𝑉𝑢 504.4𝑋103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 3343.6 𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + ( ) 𝑋√660.9/1010.9
3
𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
660.9𝑋210.93 210.9𝑋660.93 660.9 2
𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑋 ( + ) + 2𝑋(1010.9𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( )
12 12 2
= 5.77𝑋1010
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((10.8 + 0.5𝑋4.8)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (10.8)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 45.738 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.35𝑋(45.738𝑋106 )𝑋(610.9)
𝑣 = 0.72 + = 0.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5.77𝑋1010
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 40
800
𝛽= = 1.78
450
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.78
Equ.2
40𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.14
3156.4
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the interior column

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One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of Exterior column F8 in the x-direction
and y-direction along grid line 8 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume the slab covers the column completely

Tributary Area = (3 – 0.25 – 0.2109) X (2.5) = 6.35 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( 6.35) = 99.06 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋2500𝑋210.9 = 425.16 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (2.5 – 0.175 – 0.2109) X (6) = 12.68 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( 12.68) = 197.81 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear
 Punching Shear check

Transfer of moment by shear and flexure

𝑉𝑢 = 15.6 𝑋 ( (6𝑋2.5) − ( 0.7109 𝑋 0.5609 )) = 227.78 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.35+0.105) + (0.5 + 0.2109) = 1620.9 mm
𝑉𝑢 227.78𝑥103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.67 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 1620.9𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + (3) 𝑋√455.45/710.9

𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
Assume the axis of rotation is parallel to the edge
(210.9𝑋455.45𝑋355.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9𝑋455.45)
CAB = (210.9𝑋455.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9)
= 555.2 mm

455.45𝑥210.93 210.9𝑋455.453 455.45

𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑥 (( + ) + (455.45𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( − 555.22 ))
12 12 2

+ 710.9𝑋210.9𝑋555.22 = 1.09𝑋1011
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((10.8 + 0.5𝑋4.8)𝑋5𝑋(6)2 − (10.8)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 45.738 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
0.35𝑋(45.738𝑋106 )𝑋(555.2)
𝑣 = 0.67 + = 0.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.09𝑥1011
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14

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𝛼𝑠 = 30
500
𝛽= = 1.43
350
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.43
Equ.2
30𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.74
1528.1
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the exterior column

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 Design of Interior Panel (EF67) in Level 10 Using Direct Design Method

Total static Moment

𝑤𝑑 = 4 + 0.25𝑋24 = 10 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑋10 + 1.6𝑋2 = 15.2 𝐾𝑃𝑎
15.2𝑋5.5𝑋5.72
𝑀𝑜(𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔) = = 339.52 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
15.2𝑋6𝑋5.552
𝑀𝑜(𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = = 351.15 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
Distributing the moment of column and middle strip
19.1
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔) = 250 − 20 − = 220.45 𝑚𝑚
2
19.1
𝑑(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 250 − 20 − 19.1 − 2 = 201.35 𝑚𝑚
Design of Internal Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 339.52 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋339.52 = 118.832 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋339.52 = 220.69 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.5 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.6
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.1 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.7
Column Strip Middle Strip
Long Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 165.52 71.3 64.17 47.53
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.84 0.79 0.43 0.32
𝜌 (%) 0.45 0.19 0.1 0.08
As (mm2) 2136 905 810 600
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 8#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 300 450 450 450
Table 11: Design of interior panel EF67 in Long direction in level 10

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Design of Internal Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 351.15 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋351.15 = 122.9 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋351.15 = 228.25 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 171.19 73.74 57.06 49.16
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.9 0.82 0.38 0.33
𝜌 (%) 0.47 0.2 0.09 0.08
As (mm2) 2211 937 720 620
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 8#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 290 450 450 450
Table 12 : Design of interior panel EF67 in Short direction in Level 10

Design of Exterior Panel (EF78) in story 10 Using Direct Design Method

Design of Exterior Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E

𝑀𝑜 = 339.52 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋339.52 = 169.76 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋339.52 = 237.67 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋339.52 = 101.86 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Long Direction Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior
Moment Distribution (%) 69 100 69 31 31
Mu (KN.m) 154.49 101.86 117.13 83.18 52.63
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.72 1.13 1.3 0.76 0.48
𝜌 (%) 0.42 0.27 0.32 0.18 0.11
As (mm2) 1990 1300 1498 1055 665
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1237.5 1237.5
#bars 8#19 5#19 6#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 322 450 426.4 450 450
Table 13 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Level 10

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Design of Exterior Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 351.15 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋351.15 = 175.58 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋351.15 = 245.81 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 =
0.3𝑋351.15 = 105.35 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction Negative Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
Moment Distribution (%) 75 95.3 60 25 4.7 40
Mu (KN.m) 184.36 100.4 105.35 61.45 4.95 70.23
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 2.05 1.11 1.2 0.56 0.045 0.64
𝜌 (%) 0.5 0.27 0.28 0.13 0.01 0.15
As (mm2) 2287 1281 1345 777 62.13 890
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1238 1238 1238
#bars 9#19 5#19 5#19 5#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 267.73 450 450 450 450 450
Table 14 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Level 10

One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of interior column F7 in the x-direction and
y-direction along grid line 7 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume #19 bars
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 250 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚 − 19.1 = 210.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑢 = 15.2𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Along X-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.4 – 0.2109) X (5.5) = 13.14 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( 13.14) = 199.728𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.225 – 0.2109) X (6) = 15.23 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( 15.23) = 231.5 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋5500𝑋210.9 = 935.36 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear

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Punching Shear check
Transfer of moment by shear and flexure
𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( (6𝑋5.5) − ( 1.01 𝑋 0.66 )) = 491.47 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.8+0.2109) + 2X (0.45 + 0.2109) = 3343.6 mm
𝑉𝑢 491.47𝑋103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 3343.6 𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + ( ) 𝑋√660.9/1010.9
3
𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
660.9𝑋210.93 210.9𝑋660.93 660.9 2
𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑋 ( + ) + 2𝑋(1010.9𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( )
12 12 2
= 5.77𝑋1010

𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((12 + 0.5𝑋3.2)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 36.036 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.35𝑋(36.036𝑋106 )𝑋(610.9)
𝑣 = 0.72 + = 0.85 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5.77𝑋1010
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 40
800
𝛽= = 1.78
450
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.78
Equ.2
40𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.14
3156.4
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the interior column

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One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of Exterior column F8 in the x-direction
and y-direction along grid line 8 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume the slab covers the column completely

Tributary Area = (3 – 0.25 – 0.2109) X (2.5) = 6.35 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( 6.35) = 96.52 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋2500𝑋210.9 = 425.16 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (2.5 – 0.175 – 0.2109) X (6) = 12.68 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( 12.68) = 192.736 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear
 Punching Shear check

Transfer of moment by shear and flexure

𝑉𝑢 = 15.2 𝑋 ( (6𝑋2.5) − ( 0.7109 𝑋 0.5609 )) = 221.94 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.35+0.105) + (0.5 + 0.2109) = 1620.9 mm
𝑉𝑢 221.94𝑥103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 1620.9𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + (3) 𝑋√455.45/710.9

𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
Assume the axis of rotation is parallel to the edge
(210.9𝑋455.45𝑋355.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9𝑋455.45)
CAB = (210.9𝑋455.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9)
= 555.2 mm

455.45𝑥210.93 210.9𝑋455.453 455.45

𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑥 (( + ) + (455.45𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( − 555.22 ))
12 12 2

+ 710.9𝑋210.9𝑋555.22 = 1.09𝑋1011
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((12 + 0.5𝑋3.2)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 36.036 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
0.35𝑋(36.036𝑋106 )𝑋(555.2)
𝑣 = 0.67 + = 0.74 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.09𝑥1011
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14

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𝛼𝑠 = 30
500
𝛽= = 1.43
350
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.43
Equ.2
30𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.74
1528.1
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾
The slab passed the punching shear check for the exterior column

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 Design of Interior Panel (EF67) in Roof Level Using Direct Design Method

Total static Moment

𝑤𝑑 = 3 + 0.25𝑋24 = 9 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑋9 + 1.6𝑋1.5 = 13.2 𝐾𝑃𝑎
13.2𝑋5.5𝑋5.72
𝑀𝑜(𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔) = = 294.85 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
13.2𝑋6𝑋5.552
𝑀𝑜(𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = = 304.944 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8
Distributing the moment of column and middle strip
19.1
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔) = 250 − 20 − = 220.45 𝑚𝑚
2
19.1
𝑑(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 250 − 20 − 19.1 − 2 = 201.35 𝑚𝑚
Design of Internal Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 294.85 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋294.85 = 103.198 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋294.85 = 191.65 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.5 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.6
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 8.10.5.1 , 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 0.7

Column Strip Middle Strip

Long Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 143.74 61.92 41.28 47.53
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.6 0.69 0.27 0.32
𝜌 (%) 0.39 0.17 0.07 0.07
As (mm2) 1848 785 520 600
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 7#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 346 450 450 450
Table 15 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Long direction in Roof Level

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Design of Internal Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 304.944 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.35𝑋304.944 = 106.73 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65𝑋304.944 = 198.21 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment Distribution (%) 75 60 25 40
Mu (KN.m) 148.66 64.04 49.55 42.69
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 3750 3750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.65 0.71 0.33 0.28
𝜌 (%) 0.4 0.17 0.08 0.07
As (mm2) 1912.37 812 625 538
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1687.5 1687.5
#bars 7#19 4#19 6#19 6#19
Spacing < 450 mm 334.14 450 450 450
Table 16 : Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Short direction in Roof Level

Design of Exterior Panel (EF78) in Roof Level Using Direct Design Method

Design of Exterior Panel in Long direction along gird line 6 and E

𝑀𝑜 = 294.85 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋294.85 = 147.43 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋294.85 = 206.4 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋294.85 = 88.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Long Direction Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior
Moment Distribution (%) 69 100 69 31 31
Mu (KN.m) 142.42 88.46 101.73 63.984 45.7
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.58 0.98 1.13 0.43 0.3
𝜌 (%) 0.39 0.23 0.27 0.1 0.07
As (mm2) 1830 1126.14 1298 807.7 576
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1237.5 1237.5
#bars 7#19 4#19 5#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 349.16 450 450 450 450
Table 17: Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long direction in Roof Level

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Design of Exterior Panel in Short direction along gird line 6 and E
𝑀𝑜 = 304.944 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑝 = 0.5𝑋304.944 = 152.472 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀𝑛𝑖 = 0.7𝑋304.944 = 213.46 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑥 = 0.3𝑋304.944 = 91.48 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short Direction Negative Negative Negative Negative
Positive Positive
Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
Moment Distribution (%) 75 95.3 60 25 4.7 40
Mu (KN.m) 160.095 87.18 91.48 53.365 4.29 60.99
Width of strip (b) (mm) 2250 2250 2250 2750 2750 2750
Effective Depth (d) (mm) 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9 210.9
Ru (Mu/∅𝑏𝑑^2) 1.78 0.97 1.02 0.48 0.039 0.55
𝜌 (%) 0.43 0.23 0.25 0.12 0.01 0.13
As (mm2) 2063.64 1109.6 1165.18 674.25 53.84 771.38
Asmin (mm2) (0.0018XAg) 1012.5 1012.5 1012.5 1238 1238 1238
#bars 8#19 4#19 5#19 5#19 5#19 5#19
Spacing < 450 mm 309.64 450 450 450 450 450
Table 18 : Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short direction in Roof Level

One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of interior column F7 in the x-direction and
y-direction along grid line 7 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume #19 bars
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 250 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚 − 19.1 = 210.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑢 = 13.2𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Along X-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.4 – 0.2109) X (5.5) = 13.14 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( 13.14) = 173.448 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (3 – 0.225 – 0.2109) X (6) = 15.23 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( 15.23) = 201.036 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋5500𝑋210.9 = 935.36 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear

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Punching Shear check
Transfer of moment by shear and flexure
𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( (6𝑋5.5) − ( 1.01 𝑋 0.66 )) = 426.8 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.8+0.2109) + 2X (0.45 + 0.2109) = 3343.6 mm
𝑉𝑢 426.8𝑋103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.61 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 3343.6 𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + ( ) 𝑋√660.9/1010.9
3
𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
660.9𝑋210.93 210.9𝑋660.93 660.9 2
𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑋 ( + ) + 2𝑋(1010.9𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( )
12 12 2
= 5.77𝑋1010

𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((10.8 + 0.5𝑋2.4)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 13.86 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.35𝑋(13.86𝑋106 )𝑋(610.9)
𝑣 = 0.61 + = 0.66 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5.77𝑋1010
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 40
800
𝛽= = 1.78
450
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.78
Equ.2
40𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.14
3156.4
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾

The slab passed the punching shear check for the interior column

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One-way shear and Punching Shear checking of Exterior column F8 in the x-direction
and y-direction along grid line 8 and F

 Checking for one-way shear

Assume the slab covers the column completely

Tributary Area = (3 – 0.25 – 0.2109) X (2.5) = 6.35 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( 6.35) = 83.82 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋2500𝑋210.9 = 425.16 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
Along Y-direction
Tributary Area = (2.5 – 0.175 – 0.2109) X (6) = 12.68 mm2
𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( 12.68) = 167.38 𝐾𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 0.17 𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋6000𝑋210.9 = 1020 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑂𝐾)
The Slab is OK in one-way shear

 Punching Shear check

Transfer of moment by shear and flexure

𝑉𝑢 = 13.2 𝑋 ( (6𝑋2.5) − ( 0.7109 𝑋 0.5609 )) = 192.74 𝐾𝑁
b0 = 2X (0.35+0.105) + (0.5 + 0.2109) = 1620.9 mm
𝑉𝑢 192.74𝑥103
𝑣𝑢𝑔 = = = 0.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑋𝑑 1620.9𝑋210.9
According to Equ. 8.4.2.3.2 from ACI318.14M
1
𝛾𝑓 = = 0.65
2
1 + (3) 𝑋√455.45/710.9

𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35
Assume the axis of rotation is parallel to the edge
(210.9𝑋455.45𝑋355.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9𝑋455.45)
CAB = (210.9𝑋455.45)𝑋2+(710.9𝑋210.9)
= 555.2 mm

455.45𝑥210.93 210.9𝑋455.453 455.45

𝐽𝑐 = 2𝑥 (( + ) + (455.45𝑋210.9)𝑋 ( − 555.22 ))
12 12 2

+ 710.9𝑋210.9𝑋555.22 = 1.09𝑋1011
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07((10.8 + 0.5𝑋2.4)𝑋5.5𝑋(6)2 − (12)𝑋6𝑋(5.5)2 ) = 13.86 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
0.35𝑋(13.86𝑋106 )𝑋(555.2)
𝑣 = 0.56 + = 0.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.09𝑥1011

97 | P a g e
According to table 22.6.5.2 from ACI-318 14
𝛼𝑠 = 30
500
𝛽= = 1.43
350
Equ.1
2
𝑣𝑐 = 0.17 ( 1 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.43
Equ.2
30𝑋164.1
𝑣𝑐 = 0.083 (2 + ) 𝑥√40 = 2.74
1528.1
Equ.3
𝑣𝑐 = 0.33 𝑋 √40 = 2.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
Therefore , ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋 2.09 = 1.57 > 𝑣𝑢 𝑂𝐾
The slab passed the punching shear check for the exterior column

98 | P a g e
 Chapter 6: DESIGN OF A SHEAR WALL
This section includes the design of a Planer Shear Wall that tends to resist lateral and gravity loads.
The design is based on the General Reinforcing Method to check the flexural and shear capacity
of the wall against the bending and in-plane shear forces:
Design of a Planer Shear Wall at lowest level on Elevation A using General Reinforcement
Method
Initial checking for reinforcement ratios
Assume #22 bars stirrups and #22 longitudinal reinforcement bars placed in two layers of the wall.
Reference to 11.7.2.1 from ACI318-14M, the longitudinal reinforcement spacing = 400 mm <lw/5
(1200 mm) and 3h = 750 mm and 450 mm
Assume stirrups @spacing of 440 mm from two sides of the wall < lw/3 and 3h and 450 mm
𝐴𝑣 2𝑋387
𝜌𝑡 = = 250𝑋440 = 0.00704 > 0.0025 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑
ℎ𝑠

2𝑋387
𝜌𝑙 = = 0.00774
250𝑋400
Because the aspect ratio (hw/lw) =11.75 > 2.5
So section 11.6.1 will govern the minimum horizontal
reinforcement = 0.0015 OK.
Checking the moment strength
𝑀𝑢(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) =
Figure 76: Minimum reinforcement for shear walls in plane

25712 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 )

𝑁𝑢 = 25396 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 )
0.05𝑋(40 − 28)
𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.76 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 22.2.2.4.3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐶𝐼318 − 14𝑀
7
𝜌𝑙𝑋𝑓𝑦 0.00774𝑋420
𝜔= = = 0.081
𝑓𝑐 40
𝑁𝑢 25396000
𝛼= = = 0.42
ℎ𝑙𝑤𝑓𝑐 250𝑋6000𝑋40
𝛼+𝜔
𝑐=( ) 𝑙𝑤 = 3720.3 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝛽1 + 2𝜔
2𝑋384𝑋6000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 11520 𝑚𝑚2
400
Calculating the forces
6000 − 3720.3
𝑇 = 11520𝑋420𝑋 ( ) = 1838.35 𝐾𝑁
6000

6000 6000 − 3720.3

𝑀𝑛 = 1838.35𝑋 ( ) + 25396𝑋 ( ) = 34462.68 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9𝑋34462.68 = 31016 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

99 | P a g e
 Checking shear strength
𝑉𝑢 = 573.71 𝐾𝑁 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴)
According to Table 11.5.4.6 for the shear strength Using Detailed method accounting for
Tension and compression, by checking both equations:
Equ.1
25396000𝑋4800
𝑉𝑐 = 0.27𝑋1𝑋√40𝑋250𝑋0.8𝑋6000 + =
4𝑋6000

2049.16 𝐾𝑁.
Equ 2.
𝑉𝑢(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)𝑙𝑤
𝑀𝑢(𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) = 𝑀𝑢 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) − =
2

25712 − 573.71𝑋3 = 23990.87 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢
= 41.82 Figure 77: Concrete shear strength capacity fir walls
𝑉𝑢

6000(0.1𝑥√40+0.2 𝑋7.05
𝑉𝑐 = (0.05𝑋√40 + ) 𝑋600𝑋4800 = 1192.37 𝐾𝑁 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
41820−3000

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 𝑋1192.37 = 894.28 𝐾𝑁

Thus, the wall section has adequate shear and flexural capacity and satisfies all ACI code

sections.

Story Drift Checking

For the highest level (Story 20), the maximum drift from ETABS model was very small and
can be negligible = 0.000736 m. Reference to National Code of Canada limits for story drift ,
𝐻 6
Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 500 = 500 = 0.012 𝑚

Since Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 < Δ𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑

100 | P a g e
Shear wall cross section

Figure 78 : Cross section of the Planer shear wall on Elevation A

101 | P a g e
 Chapter 7: DESIGN OF A SPANDREL BEA, FOR TORSION
This section introduces a new topic in the design of spandrel edge beam. The section includes the design
of spandrel beam EF-1 for Torsional effects, flexure and shear:

Design of Compatible Edge beam (EF-1) in story 4 For Flexure, Shear and Torsion
Computing the bending moments on the beam
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑋(3) + 1.6𝑋(3) = 8.4 𝐾𝑃𝑎
8.4𝑋5𝑚 𝐾𝑁
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 21
2 𝑚

Factored Moments on beam from ETABS:

1. First interior negative: 89.98 KN.m
2. Mid Span positive: 56.22 KN.m
3. Exterior end negative: 91.19 KN.m

Computing the Required steel for flexure

d= 650-20-40-12.9/2 = 583.55 mm
1. First interior negative

89.98𝑋106
𝑅= = 0.65
0.9𝑋450𝑋583.552
𝜌 = 0.156 %

As= 410.36 mm^2

2. Mid Span Positive

56.22𝑋106
𝑅= = 0.41
0.9𝑋450𝑋583.552
𝜌 = 0.1 %
As= 257.91 mm^2
3. Exterior end negative

91.19 𝑋106
𝑅= = 0.66
0.9𝑋450𝑋583.552
𝜌 = 0.16 %

102 | P a g e
 As= 416.74 mm^2

Note
The actual selection of reinforcing bars will be delayed until the torsional requirements for
longitudinal steel have been determined

Computing the Torque Moment around the axis of the spandrel beam

𝑇𝑢 ( 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 42.12 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐵𝑆 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)

Computing the Shear End support forces on the beam

At support E
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑 =99.69 – 21 X (0.58355) = 87.44 KN
At support F
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑 =114.057 – 21 X (0.58355) = 101.802 KN
Computing the T (Threshold) torsion for solid cross sections
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 400X250 + 400X350 = 240000 mm^2
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 400 + 250 + 50 + 400 + 350 + 650 = 2100 𝑚𝑚
2400002
𝑇𝑡ℎ = 0.083𝑋√40𝑋 ( ) = 14.39 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2100

Since 𝑇𝑢 > ∅𝑇𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

Calculation of Cracking Torsion
2400002
𝑇𝑐𝑟 = 0.33𝑋√40𝑋 ( ) = 57.25 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2100
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑢 < ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑢 Figure 79 : Threshold torsion for solid cross section from
Table 22.7.4.1 from ACI318-14M
Checking the sufficiency of the section size to resist the
combined effect of shear and Torsion
Assuming #13 bars reinforcement
𝐴𝑜ℎ = (650 − 2𝑋40 − 12.7 )𝑋( 400 − 2𝑋40
− 12.7) = 171258.29 𝑚𝑚2
𝑝ℎ = 2𝑋(557.3 + 307.3 ) = 1729.2 𝑚𝑚

101802 2 42120 𝑋1729.2 2

√( ) +( ) =
350𝑋583.55 1.7𝑋171259.292 Figure 80: Cracking Torsion from Table 22.7.5.1 from ACI318-14M

0.49MPa
0.75𝑋( 0.17𝑋√40 + 0.66√40) = 3.94 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Because 0.43 is less than 3.94, therefore the section is large enough to resist the torsion and
shear combined effect

103 | P a g e
Computing the stirrups area required for shear in the edge beam
87440
𝐴𝑣 − 219596.3
≥ 0.75 = − 0.36 ( 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
𝑠 420𝑋683.55
42.12
𝐴𝑡 𝑋100000 𝑚𝑚2
≥ 0.75 = 0.4
𝑠 2𝑋0.85𝑋199123.29𝑋420 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑣 + 𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑚2
= + = 0.4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑚𝑚
Assume #13 double legged stirrups
s= 2X129 / 0.4 = 645 mm
Maximum spacing for shear reinforcement
according to table 9.7.6.2.2 is equal to d/2 =
583.55/2 = 291.78 mm Figure 81 : Maximum Spacing for shear reinforcement to resist shear
stress from Table 9.7.6.2.2 from ACI318-14M
For shear reinforcement of shear, s = 291.78 mm
For shear reinforcement of torsion, s=ph/8=1729.2/8= 216.15 mm
Then the shear reinforcement spacing = 216.15 mm
Design of longitudinal Torsional Reinforcement

𝐴𝑙 = 0.4𝑋1729.2 𝑋1𝑋1 = 691.68 𝑚𝑚2

Checking for minimun tosional reinforcement

240000
𝑎) 0.42𝑋√40𝑋 − 0.4𝑋1729.2𝑋1
420
= 826.213𝑚𝑚2 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
240000 0.17𝑋350
𝑏)0.42X√40𝑋 −( ) 𝑋1729.2𝑋1
420 420
= 1272.92 𝑚𝑚2

The steel area required = 865.27 mm^2

Figure 82: Minimum longitudinal reinforcement required to resist
torsional and flexural effects from 9.6.4.3 of ACI318-14M

The minimum bar diameter to satisfy the maximum stirrups spacing: For 228.65 mm,
0.042X216.15= 9.07
To satisfy a maximum spacing of 300 mm, provide 8 bars, 3 bars at top, 3 at bottom and
two at the sides.
826.213/8= 103.28 (Use #16 longitudinal bar reinforcement)

104 | P a g e
 For Interior Negative moment:
𝐴𝑠 = 410.36 + 3𝑋103.28 = 720.2 𝑚𝑚2 ( 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟔#𝟏𝟔 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
For Positive Mid span moment:
𝐴𝑠 = 257.91 + 2𝑋103.28 = 464.47 𝑚𝑚2 ( 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟒#𝟏𝟔 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟕𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
For Exterior End Span Negative moment:
𝐴𝑠 = 416.74 + 3𝑋103.28 = 726.58 𝑚𝑚2 ( 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟔#𝟏𝟔 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

Reinforcing Detailing:

Figure 83 : Cross section of Spandrel Beam EF-1 in Level 4

Figure 84 : Reinforcement detailing of Spandrel Beam EF-1 in level 4

105 | P a g e
 Chapter 8: DESIGN OF A SPREAD FOOTING
The last section of the Design Calculations includes a design of an isolated square footing under
the column E2. The design also considers the development length requirements:
Design of a Spread footing under column E2
Finding Footing Plan Dimensions
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 800 𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 75 𝑚𝑚
Assume 1.5 m depth of footing under the ground level
Assume soil weight = 16 KN/m3 and allowable soil pressure = 250 KPa
Assume #25 bars
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 800 − 75 − 25.4 = 699.6 𝑚𝑚
Footing weight
800 𝐾𝑁
𝑤𝑓 = 𝑋24 = 19.2 2
1000 𝑚
Soil weight
700 𝐾𝑁
𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑋16 = 11.2 2
1000 𝑚
𝑞𝑒 = 250 − 19.2 − 11.2 = 219.6 𝐾𝑃𝑎
4706.09 + 1573.98
𝐴= = 28.6 𝑚2
219.6
Use 5.5 m X 5.5 m footing
Minimum depth to resist Two-way and One-way shear stress
1.2𝑋(4706.09) + 1.6𝑋(1573.98)
𝑞𝑢 = = 269.94 𝐾𝑃𝑎
30.25
Critical Perimeter of Punching shear
𝑏0 = 2𝑋(450 + 699.6) + 2𝑋(800 + 699.6) =
5298.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢2 = (30.25 − (1.1496𝑋 1.4996))𝑋269.94 =
7700.32 𝐾𝑁
Equ.1
𝑉𝑐 = 0.33𝑋√50𝑋5298.4𝑋699.6 = 8649.55 𝐾𝑁
Controls
Equ.2
2
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝑋 (1 + ) 𝑋√50𝑋5298.4𝑋699.6
1.78
= 94632.37 𝐾𝑁 Figure 85 : Two-way shear strength provided by concrete

106 | P a g e
 Equ.3
40𝑋699.6
𝑉𝑐 = 0.083𝑋 (2 + ) 𝑋√50 𝑋 5298.4𝑋699.6 = 15841.06 𝐾𝑁
5298.4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
For one-way shear
𝑉𝑢1 = (5.5)𝑋1.6504𝑋269.94 = 2450.3 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝑋√50𝑋5500𝑋699.6 = 4625.37 𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
Flexural Design
wl2 269.94𝑋5.5𝑋2.35
Mu = = = 1744.49𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

1744.49𝑋106
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.72
0.9𝑋5500𝑋699.62
𝜌 = 0.00173 ( 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛1 = = 0.0033
420
0.25𝑋√50
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛2 = = 0.00421 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
420
𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.00421 𝑋5500𝑋699.6 = 16199.238 𝑚𝑚2
Use 20 bars #32 As= 16380 mm2
Spacing required = (5500 – 2X75 – 32.3) / 19 spaces = 279.88 mm
Use 20#32 @ 300 mm spacing
Calculating of Development Length
𝜑𝑡 = 1 ( 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 300 𝑚𝑚)
𝜑𝑒 = 1 ( 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑥𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 )
𝜑𝑠 = 1 ( 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜. 22)
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑏 = 75 𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
32.3
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑏 = 75 + = 91.15 𝑚𝑚 Figure 86 : Development Length Formula
2
300
𝑂𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 150 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑡𝑟 = 0
𝑙𝑑 420 1𝑋1𝑋1
= 𝑋 = 23.27 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑑𝑏 1.1𝑋√50 2.32
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 16199.238
23.27𝑋 ( ) = 23.27𝑋 ( ) = 23.01 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 16380
𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑑 = 23.01 𝑋32.3 = 743.223 𝑚𝑚

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 5500 800
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = − 75 − = 2275 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝐾

Cross section of the footing:

Figure 87 : Footing under Column E2 Cross section

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 Chapter 9: DESIGN RESULTS
Beam Design
The results showed no big differences when considering the beam EF-1 for different
levels. For Level 1, 4, 10 and roof level have approximately same ratios of bottom and top
steel. For shear reinforcement, the higher the level, the less shear force on the beam and thus
smaller ratio of stirrups required to resist shear stresses. The roof level beam EF-1 didn’t require
a shear reinforcement since the applied shear force is less than the half of the concrete shear
strength. The following linear graph (Figure 89) show the variation in bottom steel, top steel
and shear reinforcement when considering the same beam under different levels:

Beam EF-1 Design

600

500
Steel Area (mm^2)

400

300

200

100

0
Level 1 Level 4 Level 10 Roof Level
Story

Bottom steel (mm^2) Top steel (mm^2) Shear reinforcement (mm^2)

Figure 88: Beam EF-1 Design graph

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Column Design
The following charts (Figures 90 and 91) illustrate the summary of column design for
interior column 6E and exterior column 8F in different levels:

Interior Column 6E
4000

3500

3000
Steel Area (mm^2)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Level 1 Level 7 Level 12 Roof Level
Story

Longitudinal Steel (mm^2) Shear Reinforcement (mm^2)

Figure 89: Interior Column 6E Design chart

Exterior Column 8F
4500

4000

3500
Steel Area (mm^2)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Level 1 Level 7 Level 12 Roof Level
Story

Longitudinal steel (mm^2) Shear reinforcement (mm^2)

Figure 90: Exterior Column 8F Design chart

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Two-way slab design
Direct design method was implemented to estimate the distribution of two-way slab
moments on column strips and middle strips for interior and exterior panels in different sections
of buildings. Figure 85,86,87 and 88 show the summary of reinforcement design for interior
panel EF67 and exterior panel EF78 in level 1, 4,10 and the roof level for two directions:

Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Long Direction

4500
4000
3500
Steel Area (mm^2)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Story Level

Column strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2) Middle Strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2)

Figure 91: Design graph of Interior Panel EF67 in Long direction

Design of Interior Panel EF67 in Short Direction

4500
4000
3500
Steel Area (mm^2)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Story Level

Column strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2) Middle Strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2)

Figure 92 : Design graph of Interior Panel EF67 in Short direction

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 Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long Direction
7000

6000

5000
Steel Area (mm^2)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Story Level

Column strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2) Middle Strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2)

Figure 93 : Design graph of Exterior Panel EF78 in Long Direction

Design of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short Direction

7000

6000

5000
Steel Area (mm^2)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Story Level

Column strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2) Middle Strip Reinforcement Area (mm^2)

Figure 94 : Design graph of Exterior Panel EF78 in Short Direction

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Design for Torsion
The design of an Exterior Edge beam EF-1 in story 4 shows that torsional effects must
be considered when the factored torque produced by the loads on slab acting on the spandrel
beam is way more than the minimum threshold torsion. All the External beams in the building
were assumed to be a part of compatible system where the failure in slab doesn’t have direct
impact on the spandrel beams because of moment re-distribution considerations.

Beam EF-1 in Level 4 Torsional Design Summary

Threshold Torsion (KN.m) 15.21
Cracking Torsion (KN.m) 60.48
Factored Torsion Load (KN.m/m) 42.12
Total Longitudinal Reinforcement 12#16 bars
Total Shear Reinforcement Double legged 13#stirrups @250mm
Table 19: Beam EF-1 in Level 4 Torsional Design Summary

Shear wall Design

The design was simple planer shear wall was based on the General Reinforcing method
for checking the flexural and shear adequacy of the wall against the lateral and bending load.
The results were positive and the design passed the checking as the wall is a part of three
dimensional assembly having strong resistance from all sides of building against wind and
seismic loading.

Spread footing
The thickness of the footing assumed was adequate to resist the shear stresses from one-
way or punching. Flexural steel to provided @spacing of 300 mm and there was enough space
in the footing width for the development length of the flexural steel. Overall, the design passed
all required checking as per the ACI 318-14 code.

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 Chapter 10: Project Findings
Table 20 summarizes the findings of the manual design calculations. Those finding
represents sense of engineering knowledge and judgment based on experience learned from
course materials:

Frame Element Finding Engineering Comment

 Bottom and Top steel follow same trend  The values of bending moments on
line decreasing as going higher stories. tension and compression side
decrease as we go higher levels
Beams  The higher the level , the less shear  The shear stress is maximum at
reinforcement needed bottom decreasing upward

 Similar section sizes with almost equal  The sections were taken for the same
amount of longitudinal steel bars and beam in different level. Thus , it was
shear reinforcement expected to find small variations in
Columns the steel reinforcement required

 The steel reinforcement on column  The distribution factors of column

strips are higher than on middle strips strips from static moment are higher
for interior and exterior panels than the remaining moments for
Slab middle strips
 Large spacing between rebar  Thickness of slab is large enough to
carry the loads so no need for smaller
spacing and more reinforcement
 Torsion force is more than the  Twisting effects had to be considered
torsional threshold in the design of edge beams
 The code enforces the need for a
Torsion  The longitudinal vertical spacing not more than 300 mm
reinforcement were distributed on all between two successive bars
the cover faces of the beam cross
section
 The wall has enough flexural and shear  The wall is a part of compatible
capacity to resist the loadings frame and three dimensional
assembly of walls
Shear Wall

 The Total steel area for flexure was big  The large ultimate column loads on
as 20 bars of 32 provided the footing impacts the flexural
design which led to big number of
Spread Footing steel bars. However , there was
enough space for development of
steel in the footing width.

Table 20 : Project Findings

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 Conclusion
This project aims to draw on theoretical knowledge of Reinforced Concrete design to
develop practical skills and engineering sense. The design was based on the American Code
(ACI318-14) and other supporting sources when needed. However, difficulties occurred
throughout the design phase which could be fixed and solved by the collaborative team work
that led to sense of engineering. In case of any uncertainty in a design step, a common
engineering sense had been adopted to express technical opinion based on theoretical
background and knowledge learned from the courses material. The target was to deliver the
outcomes of Capstone Project in a professional way and well appearance. This was an
exceptional experience in the concrete design field before entering the job market which could
be reference for further design work in the future. This project reference can be modified and
improved by gaining more experience and technical skills. We promise that this project will be
our reference in career journey and to be improved to become a remarkable assembly of
information for Concrete Design.

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 APPENDICES
Interaction Diagrams

COLUMN 6E IN LEVEL 1 INTERACTION

5000
4672.23

4500

4000

3500
PHI PN (KN)

3000
2393.47
2500 Compression
2000

1500 1089.828
1000 Balanced
500 Tension
4.578
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PHI MN (KN.M)

Figure 95: Interaction diagram for column 6E in Level 1

COLUMN 8F IN LEVEL 1 INTERACTION

6000
5218.868

5000

4000
PHI PN (KN)

Compression 2935.869
3000
2400.631

2000

Balanced
1000

50.5
Tension
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
PHI MN (KN.M)

Figure 96: Interaction diagram for column 8F in Level 1

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 COLUMN 6E IN LEVEL 7 INTERACTION
4000
3770.808

3500

3000
2443.765
2500
PHI PN (KN)

Compression
1871.61
2000

1500

Balanced
1000

500 Tension
9.88
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
PHI MN (KN.M)

Figure 97: Interaction diagram for column 6E in Level 7

COLUMN 8F IN LEVEL 7 INTERACTION

2500
2268.245

2000

1500 Compression
PHI PN (KN)

1108.447

1000 892.162

Balanced
500
195.715
38.947
Tension
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
PHI MN (KN.M)

Figure 98: Interaction diagram for column 8F in Level 7

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Screenshots from Model

Figure 99: Deflected shape under wind load on 3D Model

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 Figure 100 : Deflected shape under gravity loads on 3D Model

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