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Chapter 1 - Part 2 PDF

The document defines key probability concepts such as random experiments, outcomes, events, and sample spaces. It then outlines the three axioms of probability: 1) probabilities of events are non-negative numbers, 2) the probability of the sample space is 1, and 3) for disjoint events, the probability of their union is the sum of their probabilities. Finally, it provides examples applying the axioms to calculate probabilities of events for experiments like drawing balls from an urn.

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أحمد الرقب
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69 views

Chapter 1 - Part 2 PDF

The document defines key probability concepts such as random experiments, outcomes, events, and sample spaces. It then outlines the three axioms of probability: 1) probabilities of events are non-negative numbers, 2) the probability of the sample space is 1, and 3) for disjoint events, the probability of their union is the sum of their probabilities. Finally, it provides examples applying the axioms to calculate probabilities of events for experiments like drawing balls from an urn.

Uploaded by

أحمد الرقب
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

1.

2 Applying Set Theory to Probability


Random experiment
Random experiment: A phenomenon whose outcome cannot be predicted
with certainty, such as
• Roll a die
• Roll a die three times
• Flip a coin
• Transmit one of a collection of waveforms over a channel. What waveform
does arrive at the receiver?

Outcome:
An outcome is the result of a random experiment.
• Roll a die 3
• Roll a die 3 times (2, 3, 6)

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1.2 Applying Set Theory to Probability
Random experiment
Events: An event is a set of outcomes of an experiment ( one (or more) outcomes.)
1- Flip a coin: observe head or tail
• Two possible outcomes (heads (H) or tails (T))
• Sample space:
2- Flip a coin 3 times: observe the sequence of heads and tails head or tail
• Sample space:

possible outcomes

• Possible Event: to have 2 or more heads


3- Flip a coin 3 times: observe the number of heads
• Sample space:

19
1.2 Applying Set Theory to Probability
Random experiment
4- Roll a die: random experiment

• Possible Event: the roll is even

5- Roll a die three times

elements an outcome

• Possible Event: All are equal

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1.3 Axioms of Probability

Definition. A probability measure is a function that maps events in the


sample space to real numbers. Such that:
Axiom 1: For any event

Axiom 2: Probability of the sample space is

Axiom 3: For any countable collection of disjoint events

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1.3 Axioms of Probability
Theorems
• For mutually exclusive events and

• If and for

• The probability of an event is the sum of the


probabilities of the outcomes contained in the event:

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1.3 Axioms of Probability
Theorems
• For an experiment with sample space in which each
outcome is equally likely,

Roll a fair die (fair: outcomes are equally likely).

disjoint

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1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples
• An urn contains 10 identical balls numbered 0,1,2,…9. A random experiment
involves selecting a ball from the urn and noting the number of the ball. Find
the probability of the following events:
• : number of ball selected is odd
• : number of ball selected is a multiple of 3
• : number of ball selected is less than 5

24
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Using the axioms:
1) what is

disjoint

25
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Using the axioms:
2)
empty

3)

(the first axiom)

26
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Using the axioms:
4)

27
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Using the axioms:
5)

Use Venn diagram.

6)

28
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples
• An urn contains 10 identical balls numbered 0,1,2,…9. A random experiment
involves selecting a ball from the urn and noting the number of the ball. Find
the probability of the following events:
• : number of ball selected is odd
• : number of ball selected is a multiple of 3

29
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples
Let be three events in the sample space S. Suppose we know:
1) A)
2)

3)

4)

Answer the following questions: B) Do form a partion of S?

No, since
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1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples
Let be three events in the sample space S. Suppose we know:
1) C)
2)

3)

4)

Answer the following questions:

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1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples
Let be three events in the sample space S. Suppose we know:
1) D) If , Find
2)

3)

4)

Answer the following questions:

32
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples

a)

b)

33
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples

c)

d)

34
1.3 Axioms of Probability
Examples

e)

f) Who send first by Email will get 1 mark Bonus.

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