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1.1 CDMA Overview

CDMA allows multiple users to access the full bandwidth of a channel simultaneously through the use of spread spectrum technology and unique codes assigned to each user. It works by spreading the signal for each user across the wide bandwidth through multiplication with a unique code. At the receiver, the desired signal can be recovered by multiplying the received signal by the same code while minimizing interference from other users. The document then discusses the process gain achieved in CDMA, which is the increase in signal strength relative to other signals and noise. It provides a MATLAB code example to calculate process gain for different baseband data rates, demonstrating that higher data rates result in greater process gain and thus higher capacity for CDMA systems.

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Manjushree Patil
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54 views5 pages

1.1 CDMA Overview

CDMA allows multiple users to access the full bandwidth of a channel simultaneously through the use of spread spectrum technology and unique codes assigned to each user. It works by spreading the signal for each user across the wide bandwidth through multiplication with a unique code. At the receiver, the desired signal can be recovered by multiplying the received signal by the same code while minimizing interference from other users. The document then discusses the process gain achieved in CDMA, which is the increase in signal strength relative to other signals and noise. It provides a MATLAB code example to calculate process gain for different baseband data rates, demonstrating that higher data rates result in greater process gain and thus higher capacity for CDMA systems.

Uploaded by

Manjushree Patil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction
1.1 CDMA overview
Code Division Multiple Access system is very different from time and frequency multiplexing. In
this system, a user has access to the whole bandwidth for the entire duration. The basic principle is
that different CDMA codes are used to distinguish among the different users.
Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation (DS-CDMA), frequency
hopping or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a signal is generated which extends over a
wide bandwidth. A code called spreading code is used to perform this action. Using a group of
codes, which are orthogonal to each other, it is possible to select a signal with a given code in the
presence of many other signals with different orthogonal codes.
1.2 How does it work?
CDMA allows up to 61 concurrent users in a 1.2288 MHz channel by processing each voice packet
with two PN codes. There are 64 Walsh codes available to differentiate between calls and
theoretical limits. Operational limits and quality issues will reduce the maximum number of calls
somewhat lower than this value.
In fact, many different "signals" baseband with different spreading codes can be modulated on the
same carrier to allow many different users to be supported. Using different orthogonal codes,
interference between the signals is minimal. Conversely, when signals are received from several
mobile stations, the base station is capable of isolating each as they have different orthogonal
spreading codes.
The following figure shows the technicality of the CDMA system. During the propagation, we
mixed the signals of all users, but by that you use the same code as the code that was used at the
time of sending the receiving side. You can take out only the signal of each user.
2. Process Gain of CDMA

CDMA is a spread spectrum technique. Each data bit is spread by a code sequence. This means,
energy per bit is also increased. This means that we get a gain of this.
It is given by ,P (gain) = 10log (W/R)
--> W is Spread Rate
-->R is Data Rate
For CDMA P (gain) = 10 log (1228800/9600) = 21dB
This is a gain factor and the actual data propagation rate. On an average, a typical transmission
condition requires a signal to the noise ratio of 7 dB for the adequate quality of voice.
Translated into a ratio, signal must be five times stronger than noise.
Actual processing gain = P (gain) - SNR
= 21 – 7
= 14dB
CDMA uses variable rate coder
The Voice Activity Factor of 0.4 is considered = -4dB.
Hence, CDMA has 100% frequency reuse. Use of same frequency in surrounding cells causes some
additional interference.
In CDMA frequency, reuse efficiency is 0.67 (70% eff.) = -1.73dB
2.1 MATLAB CODE
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Bc =1.2288*1000000;
Rb =9.6*1000;
Gp= Bc/Rb;
GpdB =10*log10(Gp);
Rb1 =4.8*1000;
Gp1 = Bc/Rb1;
Gp1dB =10*log10(Gp1);
Rb2 =2.4*1000;
Gp2 = Bc/Rb2;
Gp2dB =10*log10(Gp2);
Rb3 =1.2*1000;
Gp3 = Bc/Rb3;
Gp3dB =10*log10(Gp3);
Rb4 =19.2*1000;
Gp4 = Bc/Rb4;
Gp4dB =10*log10(Gp4);
disp("processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 9.6Kbps");
disp(GpdB);
disp("processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 4.8Kbps");
disp(Gp1dB);
disp("processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 2.4Kbps");
disp(Gp2dB);
disp("processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 1.2Kbps");
disp(Gp3dB);
disp("processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 19.2Kbps");
disp(Gp4dB);
2.2 Code Explanation:
First chip rate is calculated by 1.2288*10^6 and baseband data rate by 9.6*10^3.
Processing gain is then calculated as a ratio of chip rate and baseband data rate.
Obtained processing gain is converted in dB using logarithmic function at baseband data rate
of 9.6Kbps.
In similar way processing gain(dB) is calculated at baseband data rate of 4.8 Kbps, 2.4 Kbps,
1.2 Kbps and 19.2 Kbps by changing the baseband data rate.
3. Conclusion
Thus processing gain of cdma is succesfully calculated using MATLAB. Processing gain is main
factor which decides the cdma capacity.Hence we conclude that processing gain of cdma changes
as baseband data rate changes. Higher the baseband data rate higher is processing gain and cdma
capacity.

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