Review of Related Literature and Studies

Various studies have sought to determine the affects of the use

of technology on student achievement. Technology changes the way we

access information, but also how we’re taught that information. The instructor

becomes less of a ‘sage on stage’ and more of a ‘guide on the side.’ From

accessing course materials online to watching video-recorded lectures,

technology opens up the possibility for teaching innovation: from collaborative

group work to flipped and hybrid classrooms. Instructors can also use

classroom response systems to assess students’ understanding of course

material and adjust the pace or content as needed in real time.

Research has shown both positive and negative affects on student

achievement through the implementation of technology. This area of research

is very significant due to the changing world of technology. Teachers and

administrators are constantly searching for new ideas to make classrooms

more technology-friendly.

Foreign Literature

All students need greater exposure to a plethora of technologies in the

classroom, but many schools may not be meeting this need (Bolkan, 2012).

Many students are found to have the capability to use technology, as well as

the access to do so at home, and many of those utilize it for educational

purposes (Erlich, Sporte, Sebring, & the Consortium on Chicago Schools,

2013). It was found that those in positions of authority at the schools are

responsible for setting expectations for technology use. However, throughout

all schools participating in the study, there was an inconsistency regarding

and teacher use in the different schools is 13 directly related to the culture for

technology integration. In the schools with a more positive culture towards

technology integration, more students and teachers tended to utilize

technology. It is important for the future generation of teachers to learn how to

teach in a manner that will best reach their students. Teacher training begins

at the collegiate level. The number of colleges and universities using

electronic learning (or e-learning) has been increasing, though there is a gap

in the research pertaining to student adaptability (Sung Youl Park, 2009).

Infrequent technology users were found to have difficulty in implementing

technology for teaching, while frequent technology users felt accomplished in

creating a technology supported environment (Meyer, Abrami, Wade, and

Scherzer, 2011).

It’s hard to determine whether technology in the classroom is

helpful or harmful. Samantha Cleaver (2014) wrote an article about it. With a

world of information at their fingertips nowadays, it seems like kids should be

finding it easier than ever to succeed in school. However, as more classrooms

invest in the latest technology, test scores remain the same, bringing its

effectiveness into question. “Incorporating technology into the classroom

requires a double innovation,” says Shelley Pasnik, director of the Center for

Education and Technology, Educators who receive new technology must first

learn how to use the equipment and then decide whether or not it supports the

class objectives and curriculum. Despite the challenges, incorporating

technology into education still has proven benefits, especially when it comes

to personalized learning. From math games that adjust the level of difficulty as
players progress to electronic books that talk and respond to the tap of a

finger, products that personalize the learning experience for students often

benefit their understanding. An interactive game is more engaging than a

book, so technology often promotes more practice and review in areas

requiring

memorization, such as spelling, math and geography. This frees up time in

the classroom so educators can focus on skills like problem solving, character

development and critical thinking.

Researchers have also sought to find the negative impacts on student's

achievement through the use of technology. Technology has not always been

promising within the classroom. Technology is a tool that should enhance

student learning and achievement. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is a

widely studied and supported method of teaching. Numerous review articles

have been published showing small but positive effects on student

achievement (Vogel, Greenwood Ericksen, Cannon-Bowers, Bowers, 2006,

105). A subcategory of CAI is learning games that provide motivation, reward,

interactivity, score, and challenge. The study involved 44 children ages 7 to

12 from a public elementary school in Florida. The control group was taught

with the CAI Program and the experimental group was given the opportunity

to experience virtual reality. The school was chosen because of its unique

computer lab devoted to virtual reality programs for educational settings.

Teachers had received no instruction on the computers; however, students

were given basic directions. Students were given pre and posttests that were

fifteen questions in length. Researchers were comparing the affects of

computer programs with gaming attributes or virtual reality. The study found
that the control group performed better on the math posttest compared to the

pretest. Using a 2-tailed test, which compared the control group versus the

experimental group in the math section, there was a significant difference in

changed scores. This suggests that the children using the traditional CAI

Program learned more than the experimental group with the gaming

8 attributes (Vogel, Greenwood-Ericksen, Cannon-Bowers, and Bowers,

2006, 110). Therefore the study showed that the learning-game format not

only failed to improve math skills. but actually negated the improvement

resulting from the use of the CAI system altogether. Technology overall in this

study did not seem to result in positive student achievement. Previous studies

had shown positive results in student achievement due to the presence of the

CAI Program. Further studies could compare the use of technology compared

to the use of traditional teaching and there might be more promising outcomes

and results.

Technology has proven to increase student achievement. In an

article by Charles F. Kiehl and B. Ann Harper of SUNY Brockport, hand-held

calculators were the main focus. The article provided advantages and

disadvantages on the use of the calculator in the classroom. Some educators

are afraid that children will not learn the basic mathematical skills and will

become dependent on the calculator to perform those operations (Kiehl and

Harper, 2001, 18). This article relates to the current study by giving a

framework on the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the

classroom. Are we actually helping students by providing them with

calculators to enhance student achievement or are we replacing the learning

process with a hand-held device? The article focuses on the various

the mathematical content. Calculators should be used to enable students to

perform operations more quickly and accurately. Educators can find many

things to do with the calculators. Some activities can become less appealing if

the calculator is absent. The calculator itself 9 does not promote academic

achievement. Future research should show the affects the calculator has on

children's learning of mathematics.

Local Literature

Technology saves teaching time as they require short-time to

present large information. They can be used to reveal needs and stimulate

students’ questions. Thus learners’ interest can be aroused, maintained, and

stimulate to promote their imaginative power. On the whole, media ensure the

application of classroom-oriented communication techniques. Therefore,

learners should be assisted, encouraged and motivated not only to learn, but

also to continue to learn (Kollins, 2019). He only means that technology is a

factor to the learning of the student, not only to learn but also to renew

something to learn.

According to Gertner, 2011, on his study about “The Effects of

Multimedia Technology on Learning”, he concludes that multimedia gives light

on some possible effects of it to the learning of students. This means that

technological devices may affects the learning performance of a student.

The recent increase in use of digital devices digital devices such as

laptop computers, iPads and web-enabled cell phones has generated concern
about how technologies affect student performance. Combining observation,

survey, and interview data, this research assesses the effects of technology

use on student attitudes and learning. Data were gathered in eight

introductory science courses st a major university.

Technology is a huge contributor to the well being of human

kind. Just try to imagine how hard it would be to make it through the day

without the simplest of technologies. We have grown by using the luxuries

that technology provides that many wouldn’t know how to adapt to the

traditional and simpler methods. Technology has surely proven itself to be

very beneficial, if not necessary. It is the systematic study of the methods and

techniques employed in industry, research, agriculture, and commerce. These

studies are then put to use in order to make daily life much easier. Some

might think that technology is not necessary due to the opinion that it brings

out the worst in people.

The Philippine Star created an article last 12 th of July 2014

about how technology helps students study well. According to it more and

more school use technology such as computers and the internet in their

classroom and several improvements on students have seen and they are

now getting better in education. These improvements are the following:

Independence and information gathering, Critical thinking and reflection,

Communication and collaboration, More engaging learning experience and

Preparation for jobs later on. By connecting the internet, students learn how to

do their own research and with the large information that they access.

Students are induced to learn to think critically. Through exchange of ideas

and messages, students are able to collaborate with each other to test their
understanding of lessons. Information today is more engaging to the mind and

the senses because of its multimedia nature. Knowing all of these

improvements and advantages. more and more schools are allowing not just

desktop computers and laptops, but also tablet devices and smart phones in

their classroom.